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Background: Ketapang District, located in West Kalimantan, is a region where rabies is endemic. The first human death from rabies was reported in 2014 and the problem persists to this day. In response, the government has implemented the one health approach to control rabies since 2017. This study aimed to assess the disease burden of rabies control using zDALY metrics. Methods: The zoonotic burden for human and animal was measured by developing Zoonotic Disability-Adjusted Life Years (zDALY), which combines DALY and local values of animals and their products, considering animal morbidity and mortality due to the disease (Animal Loss Equivalent/ALE). Data were gathered through interviews with victims or their families, dog owners, and secondary data from the Animal Husbandry Service, and the District Health Office. Results: Before implementing the one health approach, the zDALY value was 1,561.22 person-years (the zDALY rate: 109.53 years/100,000 people). After the intervention, the zDALY value was 1,808.86 person-years (the zDALY rate: 86.62 years/100,000 people). Conclusions: This reduction in the zDaly rate indicates that rabies control through the one health approach in Ketapang District was effective in alleviating the disease burden caused by rabies.

Tuberkulosis adalah penyakit dengan tingkat kejadian kasus tinggi pada masyarakat di Indonesia. Bovine tuberculosis pada sapi perah disebabkan oleh bakteri M. bovis, diduga turut berperan dalam menyebabkan kasus tuberkulosis karena dapat menular ke manusia (zoonosis) melalui konsumsi susu. Wilayah tengah dan timur Pulau Jawa merupakan sentra peternakan sapi perah di Indonesia yang masih melaporkan tingginya kasus tuberkulosis pada manusia. Informasi mengenai keberadaan bakteri M. bovis pada susu yang dihasilkan di wilayah tersebut belum pernah dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk skrining keberadaan M. bovis di susu pada peternakan sapi perah di wilayah tengah dan timur Pulau Jawa. Sampel susu diambil dari 163 ekor sapi menggunakan metode cluster random sampling dari 3 provinsi yaitu Jawa Tengah, Yogyakarta dan Jawa Timur. Sampel susu diuji dengan menggunakan PCR konvensional dengan metode multiplex PCR untuk mengidentifikasi M. bovis dan M. tuberculosis dalam waktu bersamaan. Skrining dengan uji PCR terhadap 163 sampel susu dari peternakan sapi perah di wilayah tengah dan timur Pulau Jawa menunjukkan bahwa susu yang dihasilkan oleh sapi perah yang dipelihara di wilayah ini tidak mengandung bakteri M. Bovis dan M. Tuberculosis.

The quality of meat sold in Bekasi City is affected by the implementation of animal welfare during the slaughtering process in Slaughterhouses. The research aimed to analyze the animal welfare implementation during the slaughtering process at Bekasi City slaughterhouses. The data was conducted by observing the five-freedom implementation for five slaughterhouses throughout Bekasi City, from the shelter cages to the slaughter. Herding officers ensured no disturbance in the herding route, hitting only animals' backs when the animals stopped walking, and confirmed that animals did not pile up on the herding lane and that live animals did not see the slaughter process. However, some officers still wear clothing that contrasts with the environment, hit the animals repeatedly, and shout at the animals excessively during the herding process. Animal welfare aspects of the slaughter process, such as officers already in position when the animal enters the restraining box, the sharpness of the knife being checked before slaughtering, having a spare knife, and animals slaughtered less than 30 seconds after stunning, have been implemented by all officers. The butcher animal welfare implementation, such as checking the animals' death after being slaughtered, still needs to be improved. This research concluded that Bekasi City's slaughterhouse officers had implemented aspects of animal welfare. However, some improvements are still required through training to increase the competence of officers.

Resistansi antibiotik atau sering disebut sebagai pandemi senyap, merupakan satu diantara penyebab masalah kesehatan global yang harus diwaspadai. Susu segar merupakan media pembawa yang mudah terkontaminasi bakteri, salah satunya ialah bakteri E. coli. Antibiotik yang sering dipakai dalam pengobatan terhadap sapi adalah penisilin yaitu antibiotik golongan betalatam yang memiliki kemampuan membunuh bakteri dengan mencegah pembentukan protein dinding sel. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeteksi keberadaan dan prevalensi E. coli pada susu segar, serta menguji resistansinya terhadap antibiotik penisilin. Sebanyak 75 sampel susu kandang dipilih secara acak, berasal dari 6 kelompok ternak sapi perah dan dikumpulkan oleh masing-masing petugas lapang. Uji identifikasi keberadaan E. coli mengacu kepada Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) nomor 01-2897-2008 tentang metode pengujian cemaran mikroba pada susu, daging dan telur. Isolat bakteri yang teridentfikasi E. coli dilaukan pengujian resistansi terhadap antibiotik penisilin menggunakan metode Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion dengan penentuan standar berdasarkan Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Wawancara terstruktur dilakukan kepada 75 peternak yang diambil sampel susu kandang. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan bahwa bakteri E. coli yang terdeteksi pada sampel susu kandang sebanyak 24/75 isolat (32%). Hasil uji resistansi menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 23/24 isolat E. coli (96%) resistan terhadap antibiotik penisilin. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini E. coli yang berhasil diisolasi dari susu kandang di wilayah KPSCU telah resistan terhadap antibiotik penisilin, sehingga dibutuhkan penerapan praktik higiene sanitasi, pengawasan penggunaan antibiotik, peningkatan pengetahuan peternak dan petugas kesehatan hewan terkait penggunaan antibiotik di lapangan.

Background and Aim: Antibiotic resistance is a component of antimicrobial resistance and is often referred to as the silent pandemic. It is one of the causes of global health problems that must be addressed. Resistance occurs due to frequent misuse and overuse of antibiotics by dairy farmers. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the influence of the characteristics of dairy farmers and analyze the variables that directly and indirectly affected the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of dairy farmers regarding antibiotic resistance in a dairy farmers' cooperative in North Cianjur. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional design was used with a structured questionnaire validated by Pearson correlation and reliability tested with Alpha Cronbach. Data were obtained from interviews with 75 dairy farmers in KPSCU, Cianjur District, West Java, Indonesia. The outcome variables were analyzed using descriptive and pathway analyses. Results: The results showed that dairy farmers had good and sufficient knowledge (42.7%), the attitude level was positive (81.3%), and all farmers had sufficient practices (100%). The results also showed that most dairy farmers were over 40 years of age, with 54.7% having elementary school education. Approximately 50.7% of farmers had been engaged in breeding for 10–20 years, 80% owned their livestock, and 76% had never attended training. There was a significant relationship between age, education, training, and knowledge level. Knowledge was the primary factor influencing the overall attitude. In addition, age, education, type of business, knowledge, and attitude were factors that influenced the practice of antibiotic resistance. Conclusion: Training and education really influenced KAP of farmers. Therefore, the best way to reduce antibiotic resistance is by increasing farmers’ knowledge and understanding of antibiotic resistance and monitoring the use of antibiotics.

Background and Aim: Dogs and cats are popular pets that play integral roles in human societies worldwide. Unfortunately, they can carry potential zoonotic helminths that can be transmitted to humans. However, data on the gastrointestinal helminths affecting dogs and cats in Bogor, Indonesia, are currently lacking. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites in pets from this area using a retrospective analysis. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of IPB University, Bogor. Cat and dog patients from January 2014 to April 2019 were tested for helminth infections and the results as well as their age, sex, and breed data were analyzed using the Chi-square test. Results: Among the dogs and cats examined for internal parasites, 61.11% (33/51) of the dogs and 53.80% (92/171) of the cats were infected by helminths. Among the dogs, hookworm (37.04%) and Toxocara spp. (24.07%) were detected, while in the cats, hookworm (11.11%), Toxocara spp. (38.01%), and Dipylidium caninum (4.68%) were detected. The prevalence of hookworm and D. caninum was higher in older pets, while Toxocara spp. infected younger cats and dogs (

Brucellosis is an infectious and zoonotic disease that causes a negative impact on the health and economy of people in almost all countries. The prevalence of brucellosis in several regions in Indonesia is still quite high. The purpose of this study was to analyze the role of farmers in the brucellosis control and surveillance program in Bogor Regency. The study was conducted through a survey of 151 farmers in Bogor Regency from May to July 2022. A total of 68.9% of respondents are aged 25-50 years with an education level of 69.8% are low educated (Elementary School, Junior High School) and not in school . The experience of raising more than five years (58.2%) with the number of dairy cattle ownership is less than five heads, namely 41.7%. The brucellosis prevention practices that need to be improved are related to the use of disinfectants when cleaning the cage, livestock group management practices (separating pregnant cows from other cows, separating cows with suspected brucellosis from other healthy cows, separating newly purchased cows for two weeks before being merged with cows). long in the cage). The practice of brucellosis control that needs to be improved is proper handling of the placenta and cows infected with brucellosis properly. Surveillance practices that need to be improved are the practice of recording and reporting cases of miscarriage in the final trimester. After identifying farmer practices, it is very important to plan interventions in the form of training with a curriculum that refers to the level of farmer practice that is still lacking. It is hoped that by conducting training interventions for farmers, the level of knowledge of farmers will increase and the level of practice of farmers will also increase.

This study aims to identify the expression of the a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) gene as a marker of Alzheimer's disease in long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). This study used six brain samples (hippocampus and cortex regions) of long-tailed macaques which was divided into two groups consisting of aged long-tailed macaques and adult long-tailed macaques. The expression of ADAM17 gene was determined by comparing the relative quantification values between the two age groups, and brain regions consisting of the hippocampus and cortex regions. The results of data analysis showed no significant difference in the expression of ADAM17 gene between brain regions and between age groups of long-tailed macaques. However, numerically the results showed a lower expression of ADAM17 gene in the hippocampus region of aged macaques. Lower expression of ADAM17 gene could be a marker of old animals indicating the stages of Alzheimer's disease.

Background and Aim: Brucellosis is an infectious and zoonotic disease that affects people's health and the economy in most countries. Brucellosis is still prevalent in several Indonesian regions. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between the characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of dairy farmers in Bogor District in supporting brucellosis control and surveillance programs. Materials and Methods: The study was cross-sectional. Data were collected through interviews with 151 dairy farmers in Bogor Regency, West Java, Indonesia. The outcome is brucellosis surveillance and control practice among dairy farmers, and the variables include individual characteristics, knowledge, and attitudes toward brucellosis surveillance and control. Descriptive analysis and path analysis were used in statistical analysis. Results: The majority of farmers' knowledge, attitudes and practices were moderate, with the percentages 67.55%, 60.92%, and 41.72% respectively. Formal education, training, and dairy rising length are variables that have a direct and significant impact on knowledge level. Knowledge is the variable that influences the overall level of attitude. Age, knowledge, and attitude are factors that influence the practice of brucellosis surveillance and control. Conclusion: Although the practice level of brucellosis surveillance and control for dairy farmers in Bogor Regency is moderate, efforts to improve it are still required. The basic effort is critical for increasing farmers' knowledge.

Background and Aim: Rabies is one of the prioritized zoonoses in Indonesia and West Kalimantan is one of the rabies-endemic provinces in the country. This study aimed to evaluate a locally-initiated One Health approach to implement rabies prevention and control programs in Pontianak City and Sanggau District (through a bottom-up approach), and the central government initiated a program in Ketapang District (through a top-down approach). Materials and Methods: Data were collected using three focused group discussions involving public health and animal health/veterinary sectors from each district or city. This study collected data from the rabies control program in West Kalimantan from 2014 to 2020. Results: The evaluation results of the rabies prevention and control program in Pontianak City and Sanggau District that used the local initiative approach were considered effective in reducing the number of rabies cases in these areas, and they overcame the challenges, for example, limited resources, in this area. Pontianak City and Sanggau District initiatives' approach was a bottom-up policy. Thus, this program had better sustainability than the One Health approach in the Ketapang District, which used a top-down implementation. The approach in Ketapang District was also considered adequate to reduce the number of rabies cases in the area. However, the reshuffle of animal health officers and health workers in 2020, which was not followed by training on One Health for the new officers, became a challenge in implementing One Health in Ketapang District. Conclusion: National and local initiatives' One Health approach implemented by Ketapang District, Sanggau District, and Pontianak City involved multiple sectors and was considered effective in preventing and controlling rabies in these areas. However, the sustainability of this program in the Ketapang District requires commitment and support from the local government.

Background and Aim: African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious disease and a major viral pig disease that threatens pork production in several locations globally. The mortality rate of ASF in domestic pigs is very high, causing a decrease in pig populations and significant economic losses for farmers. Environmental or ecological risk factors are the most important associated with the spread of the ASF virus. Environmental (or ecological) niche models are commonly used to estimate the probability of an event using the maximum entropy (Maxent) method. This study aimed to estimate the probability risk of future ASF outbreaks in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Secondary data from the National Animal Health System Database (iSIKHNAS), including data on the ASF outbreaks of 2019–2020 in North Sumatra, Indonesia, were used in this study. The first analysis performed involved the identification of environmental risk factors using multiple regression analysis. The second analysis performed was the estimation of probability risk for future ASF outbreaks in North Sumatra, Indonesia, using the Maxent method. Data processing was performed using Microsoft Excel, ArcGIS version 10.5 software (ESRI, California, United States), Maxent version 3.4.4 software, and Rstudio (http://www.r-project.org/). Results: The Maxent method was found to be highly accurate with a statistically significant area under the curve value of 0.860. The greatest contributing environmental factor identified by the model was the harbor, which contributed 57%. The range of high probability risk of future ASF outbreaks was found to be 0.723–0.84. Conclusion: The estimation of the highest probability risk of future ASF outbreaks in North Sumatra, Indonesia, was 0.723–0.84. The most contributing environmental factor identified using the Maxent method was harbors, at 57%. This methodology can be used to carry out subsequent ASF analyses and contribute to developing prevention and control strategies in this area.

Waktu henti antibiotik merupakan salah satu faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap residu antibiotik. Residu obat dalam unggas dan produk unggas menjadi perhatian karena membahayakan kesehatan masyarakat seperti berupa reaksi alergi dan hipersensitivitas, gangguan reproduksi, karsinogenisitas, nefropati, gangguan flora normal usus dan resistansi antibiotik. Peternak broiler yang memperhatikan waktu henti antibiotik baru sekitar separuhnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor yang mempengaruhi waktu henti antibiotik pada broiler. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional study. Sampel penelitian diambil sebanyak 103 Rumah Tangga Peternak (RTP) dengan kriteria sampel adalah peternak yang menggunakan antibiotik dalam proses pemeliharaan broilernya. Data diambil menggunakan kuesioner dengan cara wawancara. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan uji korelasi dan uji t dengan taraf signifikan (α) sebesar 5 %. Hasil penelitian menemukan faktor yang berkorelasi secara signifikan terhadap waktu henti antibiotik adalah umur peternak dengan kekuatan korelasi lemah dan cukup, Lama bekerja dengan kekuatan korelasi yang cukup, dan jumlah kepemilikan broiler dengan kekuatan korelasi yang cukup. Waktu henti antibiotik secara rerata berbeda nyata berdasarkan pada faktor pengambil keputusan dan penggunaan kombinasi antibiotik. Pengambil keputusan yang dilakukan oleh peternak dan yang tidak menggunakan kombinasi antibiotik waktu henti antibiotiknya lebih panjang.

Background and Aim: Antibiotics are often overused and misused by broiler farmers. Moreover, this practice may lead to antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics may be used for various purposes such as therapy, prophylaxis, flushing, and growth promoters. The study aimed to examine the association of knowledge and attitudes with antibiotics used by broiler farmers. Materials and Methods: The study design was cross-sectional. The data were obtained from interviewing 132 farmers' households in Bogor District, West Java, Indonesia. The outcome variable was antibiotic use, whereas the independent variables included knowledge and attitude toward antibiotic resistance. The statistical analysis used a t-test and correlation test. Results: A total of 78% of broilers farmers use antibiotics, and most of the farmers used antibiotics for flushing and prophylaxis. Furthermore, antibiotic use was associated with broiler farmers' knowledge and attitudes toward antibiotic resistance. However, there is no significant correlation between the duration of antibiotics use and their knowledge and attitude. Conclusion: The use of antibiotics in broilers is still high in Bogor, and most of the used antibiotics belong to the Medically Important Antimicrobial category. In general, the use of antibiotics in broilers is influenced by knowledge.

African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly contagious hemorrhagic viral disease that attacks pigs and wild pigs causing economic losses for farms small and large scale. ASF outbreaks that occurred in several regions in the world have caused unrest for the livestock sector. The rapid spread of the ASF virus has resulted in very high pig mortality. ASF virus transmission can occur through direct or indirect contact. Urine and faecal excretion of pigs is an important route of ASF transmission. The ASF virus has three transmission cycles, namely the silvatic, domestic and wild boar cycles. Outbreaks that occur in several countries encourage the strategy of controlling and overcoming the disease through surveillance. ASF disease control that has been carried out includes improving farm biosecurity management systems and limiting the movement of animals and animal products before the ASF vaccine is found.

Cryptosporidial infection is one of the most common causes of diarrhea in humans and livestock worldwide. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection and to identify potential risk factors associated with shedding of oocysts in Bogor. A total of 308 faecal samples were collected from 136 calves less than 6 months, 44 from those 6-12 months and 128 from those than 12 months. Data of factors potentially associated with the likelihood of Cryptosporidium spp. infection were recorded (i.e., enviromental status, size of herd, and herd management). Cryptosporidium spp. oocyst was identified by using modified acid fast (Ziehl Neelsen) staining technique and microscopically examined under 400x magnifition. Results showed that the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in Bogor was 21.1% (CI 95%; 16.5%-25.6%). The highest prevalence was 29% (CI 95%; 26.8%-31.7%) in cattle aged less than 6 months. The oocysts abundance were around

Sukabumi District is reported to date as an endemic rabies area in West Java Province. In supporting the rabies control programs, the occurrence of rabies needs to be determined to decrease the number of cases. This research aims to determine the seroprevalence of rabies and identify the risk factors associated with rabies in the district. The research was conducted in Jampang Tengah and Cisolok sub-districts with positive rabies cases on dogs and humans. The blood samples were taken from 191 selected dogs using simple random sampling. Rabies antibody titer was measured using ELISA, and the risk factor was identified using selected dogs’ data classified into intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test and the calculation of the odds ratio. The results showed that the seroprevalence of rabies was 7.9% (4.9-10.9%). The average antibody titer was 0.23 EU with a minimum value of 0.03 EU and a maximum of 0.96 EU. Thus, as high as 7.8% of the population showed rabies seropositivity from the unvaccinated dogs, while among the vaccinated dogs, only 8.0% of the population with rabies protective antibody titer. The significant risk factor of rabies seroprevalence is the typology of raising area (p = 0.003), revealing that the dogs raised in the coastal area had the odds of 5.8 (1.6-21.2) higher to get the rabies seropositivity than the dogs raised in the highland area. Keywords: antibody titre, dogs, rabies, risk factor, seroprevalence

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the risk of rabies entry through the movement of hunting dog from Garut District to Sumatera Island with a semi-quantitative approach. Materials and Methods: Rabies entry assessment used the standard risk analysis according to the World Organization for Animal Health, with a semi-quantitative approach referring to Australian Biosecurity. Risk estimation calculation used Microsoft Excel and probabilities were estimated using Monte Carlo stochastic simulation modeling with @Risk (Palisade Corporation). Results: Risk estimation were considered as very low with a 0.02 (90%; 0.010.03) probability. The probability of undetected rabies-infected dog during Veterinary Certificate issuance [node probability (NP4)] was considered as the highest, with moderate likelihood and 0.63 (90%; 0.510.75) of probability value. The number of dog movement to Sumatera reached 27,000 heads per year which 5,050 heads of them come from Garut District. There were 2 of 100 dogs from Garut District entered to Sumatera possibly infected by rabies. The five highest parameters most determinant of the risk were dog vaccination before transported (0.66), dog obtained from other District (0.41), vaccination program (0.32), serologically test (0.27), and history of vaccination (0.23). Conclusion: Risk estimation from assessing on rabies entry to Sumatera through hunting dogs movement from Garut District was considered very low. Risk mitigation is focused on the highest parameters that contribute the most to risk based on the results of the sensitivity analysis. Semi-quantitative likelihood evaluations can consider the volume of dog traffic which is an important issue in risk analysis which is not easy to get with a simpler qualitative approach. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(2.000): 148-157]

The Aceh cattle are local Indonesian beef cattle that are farmed in Aceh Province. This type of cattle is one of the sources of meat for the Aceh people. This study aims to analyze the quality of two primal cuts (longissimus lumborum and semitendinosus muscle) from Aceh cattle based on the muscle microstructure characteristics and MSTN gene expression. This study used a sample of longissimus lumborum and semitendinosus muscles from 18 adult male Aceh cattle with the age of 2–2.5 years and a BCS of 3.24. Muscle samples were obtained shortly after the cattle were slaughtered in slaughterhouses in Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar districts. Muscle microstructure analysis was performed using the HE, Masson’s trichrome, and immunohistochemistry staining methods, while the MSTN gene expression analysis was performed using the qPCR method. The analysis of the physical quality of meat includes pH, meat color, fat color, cooking loss, water holding capacity, and WBSF value. The results showed that the area of LL muscle fibers was smaller than that of ST with relatively the same diameter. Both muscles were dominated by fast fibers with a percentage of 82.37% (LL muscle) and 91.80% (ST muscle). The area and composition of the type of muscle fibers are the main factors that influence the tenderness of Aceh beef. A higher distribution of collagen was found in ST muscles than in LL muscles. MSTN gene expression in both muscle types was relatively the same. Aceh cattle have large muscle fibers and are dominated by fast fibers with a high percentage, resulting in a low level of the tenderness of Aceh beef. However, the level of tenderness of Aceh beef is still in accordance with the cooking preparation of original and favorite cuisine of Aceh people.

This study aims to evaluate the economic potential of Aceh cattle from the perspective of stock farmers, traders, and consumers as the three main players in the business. This study was conducted from June to August 2018 in Banda Aceh City and Aceh Besar District, Aceh Province, Indonesia. It used related literature and a survey method that involved interviews, observations, and questionnaires from 9 stock farmers, 23 traders, and 22 consumers to obtain data. The data presented descriptively and analyzed using SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis. The results show that the strength factors of the Aceh beef business are high selling prices, easy maintenance, the good taste of meat, and that do not shrink quickly when cooked. Meanwhile, the weakness factors are the limitation of the availability of seeds, traditional methods of assessing carcass weight during the buying and selling process, and the low productivity of the cattle compared with other breeds. The factors that become opportunities include the high demand for the beef, on both weekdays and religious holidays, the selling price tends to increase each year, and the government's commitment to increase local cattle productivity through various programs. However, there are certain threats to the development of these cattle, and they include the high price of calves, competition with other more productive breeds, the existence of other cheaper sources of animal protein, and a decrease in consumer purchasing power. The difference between the value of the strength and weakness factors was 0.12, which signified a positive result, while that between the opportunity and threat factors was −0.29, which signified a negative result. Furthermore, the coordinate value from the Cartesian field shows that the development of these cattle is in quadrant IV, which means that the prospect for development is still quite high, regardless of the threat. In conclusion, Aceh cattle have a high economic potential to be developed, which needs to be strengthened through the rebranding program while at the same time maintaining the sustainability of the Aceh cattle breed in Indonesia. Meanwhile, the government is expected to supervise and regulate the trade of these cattle to provide beef at an affordable price for consumers.

Colistin sulphate is the ultimate antimicrobial choice for the treatment of multidrug resistance gram negative bacteria infections with in human. The purposes of this study were to detect the presence of colistin resistant E. coli and mcr-1 gene in broiler and to transfer the mcr-1 gene to Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076. A total of 54 one day old broilers were divided into three groups that consists of 18 chicks broiler per group and raised up to 40 days old. The first group was used as control. The first treatment group was given colistin sulphate 5 ìg/g feed for 40 days and broilers in second treatment group was given 80.000 IU/kg body weight for first three days. Swab cloaca samples were taken every 10 days from each broiler. At age 40 days all chickens were slaughtered and meat samples were collected. Samples of cloacal swabs, fresh and cooked meat were examined for the presence of colistin resistant E. coli and mcr-1 gene. Susceptibility to colistin sulfate was conducted by agar dilution method, and detection of mcr-1 gene was conducted using polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that no colistin resistant E. coli was detected in the control group. Colistin resistant E. coli (27.78%) and mcr-1 gene (20.00%) were detected in animals in the first treatment group, respectively. Whilst 11.11% colistin resistant E. coli and 5.56% were carriying mcr-1 gene in the second treatment group. Colistin resistant E. coli were found 5.56% from raw meat samples and 3.70% had mcr-1 gene. Transfer of mcr-1 gene from colistin resistant E. coli to Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076 was success. These results showed the necessity of limitation usage of colistin sulphate in food animal.

Sukabumi District is one of the districts in West Java Province that has not been rabies-free since there are still reported rabies dog bites and rabies-positive cases in humans. The aim of the study was to measure the knowledge, attitude and practice of dog’s owner towards rabies which will then be useful for designing the appropriate rabies control programs. A total of 141 dog owners were selected as samples/ respondents. Respondents were taken from two sub-districts in Sukabumi District, which were 66 people from Jampang Tengah Sub-district and 75 people from Cisolok Sub-district. The data were taken using structured questionnaire. The result showed that most of respondent’s level of knowledge (51.1%) was in moderate category, meanwhile the respondent’s level of attitude related to rabies control program mostly (69.5%) was in positive category. But the positive attitude was not reflected with their practice towards rabies control program which many of them (63.1%) was in bad category of rabies control practices. From analytical result showed that only one characteristic variablewhich was the information access about rabies that had significant correlation (c2=9.959, p=0.006) towards respondent’s level of knowledge. Furthermore, another result showed that there was a significant relationship between knowledge variable with respondent’s attitude level (p= 0.000, r= 0.275).

Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by parasitic roundworms of the nematode class Trichinella spp, which is distributed worldwide. Indonesia is one of the countries with trichinellosis cases. This study aims to determine the seroprevalence of Trichinellosis in pigs in Tangerang Village, Banten Province. The sample size is determined with 95% confidence level, the expected prevalence is 5%, and the error rate is 5%. A total of 80 sera were collected from farm (27 sera) and from the sample banks of Disease Investigation Centre Subang (DIC Subang(53 sera)). The sample collection was examined serologically by the ELISA method for the examination of anti-Trichinella antibodies. The results showed that seroprevalence of trichinellosis in this study was 1.25% (confidence interval (CI) 95%; 0,22-6,75%). This case can be a threat to human health. Pigs that show seropositive results were the pigs with traditional husbandry practices with ground flooring and without fences. The results of the questionnaires that distributed to the farmers indicated that all farmers did not know about trichinellosis, this may affect the presence of Trichinella in pigs.

The aims of this study were to identify biosecurity condition and to analyse the relation of bird vendors characteristics toward biosecurity practices and biosecurity condition related to Avian influenza in Jakarta bird markets. Data were collected from four bird markets in Jakarta using randomly interview method of 75 respondents and observe the biosecurity practices in bird markets. Data were analysed using chi-square test and gamma test to analyse the relation between bird vendors’ characteristics and biosecurity condition. The result showed that 69,3% of bird vendors did the biosecurity practice in moderate level and only 10,7% did it well, meanwhile, most of bird kiosks (53,5%) in Jakarta got the poor category of biosecurity level. Beside that, bird vendors’ characteristics which has the significant relation (p

Mastitis is udder inflammation that can be caused by the entry of pathogenic bacteria through the teat. One of the treatments that can prevent bacteria infection is teat dipping. This research was aimed to identify the effect of teat dipping after milking to the presence of pathogenic bacteria that cause subclinical mastitis (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Escherichia coli) and the presence of pathogenic bacteria that cause subclinical mastitis by quarter of udder. Milk samples were taken from normal lactation period of dairy cows, clinically healthy, and positive subclinical mastitis status when the intervention was applied. Sixty seven samples of quarters from 18 dairy cows were identified to the presence of pathogenic bacteria that cause subclinical mastitis before teat dipping and at 1st, 2nd, and 3rd months after teat dipping. Identification of the presence of pathogenic bacteria was done by culturing samples on selective agar media. The presence of common pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli decreased significantly after teat dipping, while Streptococcus agalactiae and other pathogenic bacteria did not decrease significantly. The presence of pathogenic bacteria based on the quarter of udder did not show the significance difference. Application of teat dipping after milking was able to decrease the presence of pathogenic bacteria that cause subclinical mastitis.

The research of using borax in meatballs which was undertaken in the Bengkulu City in 2011 showed that 10% from 100 samples of meatballs containing borax. Considering the dangers of borax for the consumer if consume continuously and increasing the number of meatball traders until 2013, it is necessary to study with more meatballs samples and widely area. The aim of the study was to detect the presence of borax in meatballs, borax content after heating, storability meatballs which containing borax and determine the factors that support the meatball traders to use borax. The study was designed using cross sectional study using two types of data, they were data of meatball sample test in the laboratory and interview data to meatball traders in the Bengkulu City. Total of 160 meatball samples from traders and five meatball samples from grinders were collected and examined with qualitative test using turmeric paper. The qualitative test showed that 165 samples (100%) taken from meatball traders and grinders didn't contain borax. Knowledge and attitudes level of traders were at a good level. There were significant relationship between education level with knowledge, information source from television with attitude, and knowledge with attitude of traders in Bengkulu City (p < 0,05).

Brucellosis is a zoonosis and occupational diseases transmision. The diseases caused by bacterial and attack multiple species of animals. Common species that infects goats as the most pathogenic species (zoonotic) is Brucella melitensis; however, the species B. abortus could also infect goats. The study purposed to find out the brucellosis seropositive in goat in Jakarta slaughterhouse and to detect caused agent of brucellosis. Sampling was done through slaughtered goats that come from brucellosis endemic area. The samples were collected from slaughtered mature female goats i.e serum, goat milk, vaginal swab, mamary gland, limphoglandula supramamary, limph, and uterus. The detection method was used i.e patological lession, serological, culture and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. The serological detection of brucellosis in goats was done parallelly between Rose Bengal Test (RBT), Complement Fixation Test (CFT) and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The results of this study demonstrated that out of the 119 serum samples serologically tested, negative for RBT, one was positive for CFT and none were positive with ELISA. Patological observation in the Brucella predilection organs, there were 5 goat carcases showed pathological lession (vagina discharge, hemoragy at limph and limphoglandula, crumbly limph and there were pus in uterus). The serum samples that had reacted positively and the organs with pathological lesion were confirmed further with PCR, bacterial isolation and identification. The PCR test results and the culture of milk samples, vaginal swabs and organs did not reveal any Brucella spp bacteria (B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. ovis dan B. suis) and also vaccine strains of RB51. Based on these results, it was concluded that brucellosis in goats on Java Island was a 0.84% seropositive (confidence interval 95%; 0.00826 - 0.00854) (1/119), although the species of Brucella that had infected them remains unknown.

This study was aimed to compare somatic cell count and milk production on dairy cattle after teat dipping post milking application. Samples collected from total of 121 quarters of dairy cattle in normal lactation period and identified as infected by subclinical mastitis. Subclinical mastitis examination was done by IPB Test Mastitis Test, somatic cell count calculation was done by Breed Method, and observation of milk production was done by calculating milk volume per quarter. Observations were performed during normal lactation periods of 12 weeks. Data were analyzed statistically using Mann-Whitney Test and unpaired t-test. The results showed that the number of somatic cells count in the treatment group with post milking teat dipping application was lower than in the control group and significantly different at week 11 (p = 0.039). Furthermore, the volume of milk production in the treatment group was higher than in the control group and significantly different in almost all weeks of observation (p

This study is aimed to estimate the prevalence of resistant Salmonella spp., determine the spread of bacterial resistance and investigate the serotypes of bacteria in the chicken’s digestion tract in the broiler farms in Subang District. As many as 74 farms were chosen, five poled caeca samples were taken from each farm and tested for isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. Salmonella isolates obtained were tested antimicrobial susceptibility against 8 antibiotics using the agar dilution method. The antibiotics were gentamycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole. The result showed that 8 out of 74 samples were positive for Salmonella. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in the digestion tract was 10.8%; 95% confidence interval 3.7%-17.9%. Based on the serological test eight serotypes obtained were Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella oslo, Salmonella narashino, Salmonella nakuru, and Salmonella nordufer. The result of antibiotic resistance test showed that from 8 Salmonella isolates obtained, 12.5% were found to be sensitive, 75% isolates were resistant to one or two antibiotics, and the remaining 12.5% isolates were resistant to more than two antibiotics; 95% confidence interval (0%-35.4%). The prevalence of resistant Salmonella spp. bacteria in chicken digestion tract in broiler farms in Subang District was high, so integrated control program to reduce antimicrobial resistance problem in broiler farm are greatly needed.

Colistin is the last drug choice for dealing with the carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae bacteria; hence, this drug is very crucial to human health. The discovery of a plasmid-mediated colistin-resistant gene, the mobilized colistin resistance-1 (mcr-1), signals a significant global health threat. Colistin sulfate is an antimicrobial agent which has been approved for use in broilers in Indonesia. Thus, this study aimed to measure the prevalence of colistin-resistant E. coli and to detect the mcr-1 colistin-resistant gene in E. coli, and E. coli O157:H7 in the entire supply chain of broilers in Bogor Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. Samples were taken from 47 flocks that used colistin sulfate (47 samples of cloacal swabs, 47 samples of drinking water, and 47 samples of litters), seventy fresh meat samples and seven samples plucker swabs from seven small-scale poultry slaughterhouses, seventy fresh meat samples from seven traditional markets, and seventy cooked meat samples from seven small restaurants. The isolation of E. coli was done on each of the 358 samples, and 493 isolates were obtained. All the E. coli isolates were then tested for their susceptibility to colistin sulfate by using the agar dilution method. The detection of the mcr-1 gene from the colistin-resistant isolates (minimum inhibitory concentration > 2 µg/mL) was conducted using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The prevalence value of colistin-resistant E. coli in all the isolates was at 11.76% (CI 95%; CL 9.21–14.91%), and the prevalence of mcr-1 gene was at 10.55% CI 95%; CL 8.13–13.57%).  A very good agreement correlation existed between the colistin-resistant phenotype and the mcr-1 gene (ĸ = 0.939). The mcr-1 gene was found in 89.66% colistin-resistant E. coli isolates. The two colistin-resistant and mcr-1 carrying gene isolates were identified as E. coli O157:H7 serotype. This research was the first study attempt on the mcr-1 gene in Indonesia, covering the entire supply chain of broiler meat from farms to consumers. The results indicated the necessity to reduce the use of colistin sulfate in broiler management and to improve biosecurity measures, not only in farms but also in the entire supply chain of broiler meat production.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of coccidiosis. Samples were obtained from 400 dairy cattle (196 calves aged 6 months, 37 calves aged 6-12 months, and 167 calves aged 12 months). Feces samples were collected, examined and counted for prevalence and number of oocyst per gram faeces (OPG) by McMaster technique. A questionnaire was design to record information about animal health and husbandry, individually. Risk factors associated with the prevalence of Eimeria in cattle were analyzed by logistic regression model. The overall prevalence and the average of OPG of Eimeria in cattle was 179 (44.75%) and 286.75, while highest prevalence of Eimeria was observed in calves aged less than 6 months. Cattle aged more than 12 months showed significantly different relationship (P0.05) to the prevalence of Eimeria infection compare to calves aged less than 6 months and aged 6-12 months. The presence of an immature immune system in younger calves resulting in their higher susceptibility to coccidiosis. Among management and animal health practices, floor type and treatment of cattle influence the prevalence of Eimeria in cattle.

The aims of this research were to estimate the prevalence and to determine the risk factors related to Toxocara cati (T. cati) infection in pet cats in Bogor. This study was cross sectional study using two types of data; laboratory examination results of feces samples and interview results of the cat owner using a structured questionnaires including characteristics of pet owner and pet care management. The data obtained from this study was analyzed using chi-square test. The results showed that 85 of 243 cats were positively infected by T. cati with 35% prevalence. The significant risk factor associated with the T. cati infection were: sex, sand provided, deworming and type of feed. Pet care management in Kota Bogor were well managed, however the prevalence of T. cati infection was still high. Therefore it can be a potential public health problem especially on cat owners.

This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of Brucella canis of imported dog for breederthrough Soekarno Hatta International Airport, Cengkareng Tanggerang, Indonesia. A total of 64 serumsamples were obtained from breeder dogs imported to Indonesia between Mei–September 2014. Theserums were examined by Immunochromatographic Assay. None of the serum samples in this studytested positive. Result of this study indicated that antibodies of B. canis were not detected in 64 dogsimported to Indonesia during the research period. A Knowledge, Attitude and Practises (KAP) Survey wasalso performed. This study used 32 respondents and data were analyzed by using path analysis. Therespondents were breeding kennel owners (breeder) who imported dogs through Soekarno HattaInternational Airport during the research period. The study concluded that the knowledge significantlyinfluenced the attitude of the breeder, and also the attitude significantly influenced the practises ofpreventing and controlling brucellosis. The annually income was also identified as a variable thatsignificantly influenced the practises. Practice prevention and control of canine brucellosis can be improvedby increasing the knowledge of the breeding kennel owner.

Mycobacterial culture provides definitive diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB), but commercially readyto-use culture media for Mycobacterium bovis are rarely available. The aims of this study were todevelop and to evaluate the ability of M. Bovis to grow in Modified Ogawa Agar (MOA) in comparisonwith the available culture media, such as Löwenstein Jensen (LJ) and Modified Ogawa (MO). Eachmedia were inculation with 0.1 ml suspension of 105 CFU/mL M. bovis and M. phlei in PhosphateBuffer Saline (PBS) and each media was replicated in five tubes. Mycobacterium phlei grew in everymedium since day 4. M. bovis grew in media LJ and MO since day 17, but failed to grow in mediumMOA. The recovery rate of M. phlei in LJ and MOA were significantly different. The ability of MOA tocultivate M. phlei was different from LJ. Colonies of M. phlei in MOA were easier to be harvested, muchsimpler to prepare, and more feasible than medium LJ. The recovery rate of M. bovis in media LJ andMO were not significantly different, but medium MO were much simpler to prepare and more feasiblethan medium LJ. Media MOA were able to cultivate M. phlei, but proven unable to cultivate M. bovisin this research.

The application of teat dipping to control subclinical mastitis especially in small dairy farms is important; however, the application needs additional activity that has an impact on labor usage. This paper aimed to describe the labor usage to apply teat dipping for subclinical mastitis control in the small dairy farms. The convenience sampling techniques applied to select 34 farmers in Bogor as the respondents. Workload analysis and labor productivity were used in examining the application of dot dipping in various small dairy farms in Bogor City to control subclinical mastitis. This study was based on two types of experiments in small dairy farms in Bogor, West Java, namely teat dipping and without teat dipping. The findings show that the application of teat dipping had an impact on three things, namely an increase in labor usage and its workload, an increase in labor productivity and a decrease in the number of subclinical mastitis prevalence. This study concluded that labor was an important factor to control subclinical mastitis in small dairy farms. An increase in labor productivity had an impact on reducing the costs of mastitis treatment and finally increase farmer’s income. Keywords: mastitis, labor, small dairy farms, teat dipping, workload analysis

Trichinellosisis is a zoonotic disease caused by infection of Trichinella spp. and is found world-wide.The seroprevalence of trichinellosis in pig population has never been reported in East Nusa TenggaraProvince particularly Kupang City. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence oftrichinellosis in pig at Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara. A cross-sectional study was conducted byexamining 376 blood samples of pigs collected from slaughterhouses in Oeba, Kupang using simplerandom sampling method. Blood samples were tested by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) using Screen®Trichinella indirect multi-species ELISA kit. Test results showed that 3 (0.8%)serum samples were positive of trichinella antibody. In conclusion ,some pigs in the city of Kupang hasbeen infected by Trichinella sp. and could be a threat for human health.

Coccidiosis is one of the most widely distributed parasitic diseases of cattle throughout the world. Coccidiosis infection in ruminants was caused by Eimeria spp.  The objective of this study was to determine Eimeria species composition and various factors influencing Eimeria oocysts shedding in dairy farm. This study was conducted with a cross-sectional study design in dairy farm in South Bandung District from July 2014 to January 2015. Samples were obtained from 400 dairy cattle (196 cattle at age < 6 months, 37 cattle at age 6 - 12 months and 167 cattle at age > 12 months). Fecal samples were collected, examined and counted for Eimeria species composition and numbers of oocysts per gram of feces (OPG) using McMaster technique. A questionnaire was completed for individual dairy cattle farmer to record information about cattle’s health and husbandry. The effect of cattle’s sex, age and type of pen flooring to OPG values were analyzed using Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The Kruskal-Wallis test was performed followed by Dunn test as a multiple comparison test. Ten species of Eimeria were identified in all infected cattle. Among the Eimeria identified species, Eimeria bovis was found to have the highest prevalence (42.5%), followed subsequently by Eimeria wyomingensis (39.1%), Eimeria bukidnonensis (32.4%), Eimeria pellita (26.3%), Eimeria auburnensis (19.6%), Eimeria zuernii (17.3%), Eimeria cylindrica (3.9%), Eimeria canadensis (3.9%), Eimeria brasiliensis (3.4%) and Eimeria alabamensis (1.1%). The numbers of oocysts shed was correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with cattle’s sex and age as well type of pen flooring which influenced the infection pressure. Younger calves aged less than 6 months shed the highest amount of Eimeria oocysts than older cattle. Many factors may cause the increasing number of OPG in fecal samples. Therefore, it is important to keep good sanitation and control of Eimeria among dairy cattle in the KPBS Pangalengan dairy farm.

The aim of the study was to determine the association between the implementation of poultryhealth management and the spread of avian influenza virus in Poultry Collecting Facilities (PCFs). Thestudy was performed by maintaining 7-8 sentinel chickens in 39 PCFs in Jakarta for three months. Thevariables evaluated for poultry health management were health certificate, health inspection, healthinspector, health inspection method, and handling of sick and dead birds. Data on the variables werecollected by interview with supervisor of PCFs. The AIV infection were detected by rt-PCR from the cloacaland tracheal swab of the dead birds with. The results showed that the methodes of handling of sick birdswere significantly associated with infection of AIV (RR=2,00 ; 95% CI = 1,31-3,05). The other variables didnot show significance association. The risk of AIV infection was twice higher the sick keeping side birdsalive, or by separating, or treating the birds in the same cage than by slaughtering them. Poultry healthmanagement in PCFs need to be improved in order to prevent and control the spreading of AIV in Indonesia.

Long lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) is one effective way to prevent malaria. Permethrin treatedLLIN is one type of LLIN which is recommended by WHO. Several studies have shown that these types ofLLIN requiring heat assisted regeneration after washing to enhance the biological activity of insecticidethat contained in the LLIN fibers. This study aimed to compare the incidence rates of malaria in childrenunder five years old who live in the intervention area (where the heat assisted regeneration on LLIN afterwashing was applied) and control area (where the heat assisted regeneration on LLIN after washing wasnot applied). Data of malaria cases was collected from laboratory log book at all health centers in BangkaDistrict, in the period of June June 2007 until July 2008. Data were analyzed with Poisson regressionmodels. The results showed that the incidence rate of malaria in children under five years old was notsignificantly different between the treatment and control areas.