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Purpose: This study aims to investigate the radiation enhancement effects of ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles (USMB) with X-rays and nanoparticles on pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. Methods: Sonazoid™ microbubbles were used for USMB treatment with a commercially available ultrasound unit. The characterization of the microbubbles before and after ultrasound exposure with different mechanical parameters was evaluated microscopically. Two pancreatic cancer cell lines, MIAPaCa-2 and PANC-1, were treated with different concentrations of microbubbles in combination with 150 kVp X-rays and hydrogen peroxide-modified titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Cell viability was evaluated using a water-soluble tetrazolium dye and a colony formation assay. In addition, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by the combined treatment were assessed. Results: The number of burst microbubbles increased with ultrasound's higher mechanical index and the exposure time. A significant radiation enhancement effect with a significant increase in ROS levels was observed in MIAPaCa-2 cells treated with USMB and 6 Gy X-rays, whereas it was not significant in PANC-1 cells treated with the same. When a higher concentration of USMB was applied with X-rays, no radiation enhancement effects were observed in either cell line. Moreover, there was no radiation enhancement effect by USMB between cells treated with and without nanoparticles. Conclusions: The results indicate that USMB treatment can additively enhance the therapeutic efficacy of radiation therapy on pancreatic cancer cells, while the synergistic enhancement effects are likely to be cell type and microbubble concentration dependent. In addition, USMB did not improve the efficacy of nanoparticle-induced radiosensitization in the current setting. Keywords: Microbubbles, nanoparticles, radiation therapy, radiosensitizer, ultrasound, Author(s): Masao Nakayama (corresponding author) [1,2,3]; Ayaha Noda [4]; Hiroaki Akasaka [1,5]; Takahiro Tominaga [4]; Giulia McCorkell [2]; Moshi Geso [2]; Ryohei Sasaki [1] INTRODUCTION Microbubbles have been used clinically [...]

Relationships between form and function have been the subject of many morphological and evolutionary studies (e.g., Dean et al., 2007; Kolmann et al., 2014). For example, elongated rostra have appeared [...]

ABSTRACT A thermo‐responsive ruthenium catalyst was produced by immobilizing poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) on the silica surface coated iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4@Si). After being exposed to ethylenediamine, the amino‐modified support (Fe3O4@Si‐PNIPAM‐NH2) was produced, and Fe3O4@Si‐PNIPAM‐NH2‐EDTA was made in the ensuing reaction with EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). Ru NPs were introduced to the modified magnetic support to create a well‐organized heterogeneous catalytic system with several advantages, such as enabling catalyst recycling and simple separation. This new catalyst was characterized by means of various techniques, including TGA, ICP, FT‐IR, DLS, TEM, SEM, EDX, VSM, XRD, CHN, and XPS. In the presence of H2O2 or air alone, this catalyst showed a significant effect in the oxidation of various alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes or ketones. Furthermore, the catalyst exhibited outstanding capacity in the aerobic oxidation of olefines to the carbonyl or oxirane counterparts. A main aspect of this catalytic system is the reusability of the catalyst at least eight times in consecutive runs without causing any discernible loss of activity, structural change, or leaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practical Application The lipoxygenase (LOX) activity of major tropical fish used for surimi production, including threadfin bream (TB), lizardfish (LZ), and goatfish (GF), was measured in the gills, skin, and muscle. The highest LOX activity was observed in the LZ samples (p < 0.05), with the gills exhibiting the greatest activity at 376.56 U/mg (p < 0.05). The highest peroxide value was detected in the TB samples, particularly in the gills (p < 0.05). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were the main polyunsaturated fatty acids in all the tissues and surimi. The total lipid and DHA contents of washed mince reduced considerably after the screw press process. Although LOX activity decreased during surimi production, a residual activity of 21.33 U/g was observed in the finished surimi. LOX was partially purified and characterized from LZ gills. The purification was conducted using two successive chromatographic steps, Sephacryl S‐200 and diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)–sepharose, resulting in a 3.52% yield and a 22.43‐fold increase in purity. The optimum activity was found at 25°C and pH 7.5, with pH stability between 6.0 and 8.5. The relatively high thermal stability at 4°C–10°C suggested that LOX might contribute to fish lipid oxidation during cold storage. The enzyme was thermally inactivated at 60°C. The preferred substrate was EPA. LOX from the LZ gills was inhibited by 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and activated by 1 mM Fe2+, Na+, and Ca2+.Elucidating lipoxygenase activity and lipid oxidation in various tropical fish tissues, as well as understanding the characteristics of LOX, can help take appropriate postharvest actions to afford high‐quality surimi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to provide the impact of different endodontic irrigation treatments after post space preparation on the push‐out bond strength of fiber posts to dentin using self‐adhesive cements. Methods and Materials: A total of 180 extracted premolar teeth were selected. The canals were instrumented by and then were filled. After preparing the post space, teeth were divided into 12 groups according to irrigants (normal saline solution; 17% EDTA [ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid] + 5.25% NaOCl [sodium hypochlorite]; 17% EDTA; 5.25% NaOCl; and 1.2% chlorhexidine [CHX]) and irrigation technique (conventional syringe irrigation [CSI] and passive ultrasonic irrigation [PUI]). After cementation, the samples were sectioned to obtain 1‐mm disks from coronal and apical parts, a push‐out test was performed using a universal testing machine (Z050, Zwick/Roell, Ulm, Germany) at a speed of 1 mm/min. The data were analyzed using one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Mann–Whitney U tests. Results: The push‐out bond strength was higher in coronal segment in comparison to apical segment. The highest push‐out bond strength value was related to NaOCl + EDTA using PUI (12.39 ± 1.08). There are significant differences when comparing NaOCl + EDTA group with EDTA group using CSI or PUI technique (p < 0.05) except in coronal region with CSI technique. In both apical and coronal regions, phosphoric acid irrigation was found to be similar to normal saline solution and CHX groups regardless of activation technique. Conclusion: The push‐out bond strength values were significantly affected by the irrigation protocol. Using PUI and 17% EDTA + 5.25% NaOCl in apical region could be an effective irrigant for smear layer removal after post space preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lectin extracted from Amaranthus hypochondriacus was purified using an affinity column with an agarose-fetuin matrix specific to the lectin of interest. Purification was confirmed by SDS-PAGE, revealing a single protein band with a molecular mass of 34.4 kDa. A hemagglutination assay showed that the lectin had a higher affinity for human type A erythrocytes, and its hemagglutinating activity was inhibited only by fetuin, not by mono-, di-, or trisaccharides. This demonstrated the lectin's selectivity for the N-acetylgalactosamine present on the surface of type A erythrocytes and fetuin. Amaranth lectin exhibited antioxidant activity, which was attributed to the phenolic compounds, amino acids, and specific peptides within the protein structure that are known for their antioxidant properties. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy provided a structural analysis and confirmed lectin glycosylation, a crucial factor in its stability and its ability to bind specific glycans on cell surfaces. Cu2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+ ions were found in the lectin, and these ions were strongly bound to the protein, as dialysis against ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) did not remove them. pH and temperature influenced lectin stability, with higher hemagglutinating activity observed at pH 7, and it remained thermostable at 25 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional autoverification rules evaluate analytes independently, potentially missing unusual patterns of results indicative of errors such as serum contamination by collection tube additives. This study assessed whether multivariate anomaly detection algorithms could enhance the detection of such errors. Multivariate Gaussian, k-nearest neighbours (KNN) distance, and one-class support vector machine (SVM) anomaly detection models, along with conventional limit checks, were developed using a training dataset of 127,451 electrolyte, urea, and creatinine (EUC) results, with a 5 % flagging rate targeted for all approaches. The models were compared with limit checks for their ability to detect atypical EUC results from samples spiked with additives from collection tubes: EDTA, fluoride, sodium citrate, or acid citrate dextrose (n=200 per contaminant). The study additionally assessed the ability of the models to identify 127,449 single-analyte errors, a potential weakness of multivariate models. The KNN distance and SVM models outperformed limit checks for detecting all contaminants (p-values <0.05). The multivariate Gaussian model did not surpass limit checks for detecting EDTA contamination but was superior for detecting the other additives. All models surpassed limit checks for identifying single-analyte errors, with the KNN distance model demonstrating the highest overall sensitivity. Multivariate anomaly detection models, particularly the KNN distance model, were superior to the conventional approach for detecting serum contamination and single-analyte errors. Developing multivariate approaches to autoverification is warranted to optimise error detection and improve patient safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research into sustainable packaging materials has gained increasing importance due to the pressing environmental concerns related to plastic waste. The present study focused on developing a sustainable paper coating based on modified natural rubber (NR) latex filled with gelatin (GT). The graft copolymer latex of NR and poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) bearing quaternary ammonium groups, abbreviated as NR-g-QPVBC, was first synthesized. GT was then incorporated into the latex, and the combination of these materials resulted in a heat-sealable film with good tensile properties and a water barrier. The ionic crosslinking of the latex film was achieved by the reaction with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Heat-sealing studies of the NR-g-QPVBC latex film filled with GT (NR-g-QPVBC/GT) revealed its heat-sealability at 160 °C. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis further confirmed the diffusion of the chains across the interface during heat sealing. Dip coating was a method for depositing latex film on kraft paper. The paper coated with the NR-g-QPVBC/GT latex showed a significant increase in dry and wet-tensile strength compared to the uncoated paper. The sealing process was optimized to achieve a heat-seal strength of 755.31 N/m at a dwell time of 3 s and a temperature of 160 °C. The research's practical application was demonstrated by transforming the coated paper into various heat-sealable bags using a handheld bag sealer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intracanal medicament (ICM) eliminates remaining bacteria and their toxins that were not removed by chemomechanical preparation during endodontic treatment. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the removal of ozonated oil-based, silicone oil-based, and distilled water-based ICM with two calcium chelators, i.e., 0.2% chitosan and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Materials and Methods: A total of 54 mandibular permanent premolars were included and randomly allocated into 3 groups after cleaning and shaping along with thorough irrigation. Group 1 - ozonized calcium hydroxide group; Group 2 - Metapex group; Group 3 - Ca(OH)2 with distilled water group. Using an irrigant for removal, the teeth in each group were distributed at random to two subgroups – (A) 0.2% chitosan solution; (B) 17% EDTA solution. All the samples were ultrasonically agitated and the volume remaining in each tooth after retrieval was estimated using additional cone-beam computed tomography scans. The result was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, following post hoc Tukey test. Results: The mean percentage of ozonized Ca(OH)2, aqueous calcium hydroxide, and Metapex removed by 0.2% chitosan had greater values in comparison to 17% EDTA. When eliminating aqueous-based calcium hydroxide, both chelators showed similar effectiveness (P > 0.05). In contrast, 0.2% chitosan outperformed 17% EDTA in retrieving oil-based Ca(OH)2 (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The aqueous-based form of Ca(OH)2 was removed more easily compared to the oil-based form. A combination of 0.2% chitosan and ultrasonics proved to be more effective than 17% EDTA in eliminating oil-based calcium hydroxide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lead encephalopathy, while thankfully rare, is a devastating and potentially fatal consequence of lead intoxication. Owing to successful public health measures, severe lead toxicity is not often encountered by most practicing physicians in the United States, making both its recognition and management challenging. Article summary: A case study of a 4-year-old female presenting in refractory status epilepticus, found to have severe microcytic anemia and lead level > 100 mcg/dL. Case presentation: We report a case of a 4-year-old girl who presented with refractory seizures, severe microcytic anemia, and a history of developmental delay who was ultimately diagnosed with lead encephalopathy, requiring multiple courses of calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and succimer for rebounding lead levels. Conclusion: Rapid recognition and appropriate management is essential to ensure neurologically intact survival. This case documents one of the first cases of successful lead chelation after multiple courses of calcium disodium EDTA and succimer dual therapy since the removal of dimercaprol from the United States market. This case also highlights the importance of using body surface area dosing for chelation therapy in order to prevent under-dosing in young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of biological scaffolds in regenerative endodontics has gained much attention in recent years. The search for a new biomimetic scaffold that contains tissue-specific cell homing factors could lead to more predictable tissue regeneration. The aim of this study was to prepare and characterize decellularized bovine dental pulp-derived extracellular matrix (P-ECM) hydrogels for regenerative endodontic applications. Methods: Freshly extracted bovine molar teeth were collected. Bovine dental pulp tissues were harvested, and stored at -40º C. For decellularization, a 5-day protocol was implemented incorporating trypsin/EDTA, deionized water and DNase treatment. Decellularization was evaluated by DNA quantification and histological examination to assess collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) content. This was followed by the preparation of P-ECM hydrogel alone or combined with hyaluronic acid gel (P-ECM + HA). The fabricated scaffolds were then characterized using protein quantification, hydrogel topology and porosity, biodegradability, and growth factor content using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): transforming growth factor beta-1(TGF-β1), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Results: Decellularization was histologically confirmed, and DNA content was below (50 ng/mg tissue). P-ECM hydrogel was prepared with a final ECM concentration of 3.00 mg/ml while P-ECM + HA hydrogel was prepared with a final ECM concentration of 1.5 mg/ml. Total protein content in P-ECM hydrogel was found to be (439.0 ± 123.4 µg/µl). P-ECM + HA showed sustained protein release while the P-ECM group showed gradual decreasing release. Degradation was higher in P-ECM + HA which had a significantly larger fiber diameter, while P-ECM had a larger pore area percentage. ELISA confirmed the retention and release of growth factors where P-ECM hydrogel had higher BMP-2 release, while P-ECM + HA had higher release of TGF-β1, bFGF, and VEGF. Conclusions: Both P-ECM and P-ECM + HA retained their bioactive properties demonstrating a potential role as functionalized scaffolds for regenerative endodontic procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modulating the molecular structure to achieve the full reaction including oxygen reduction reaction and water oxidation reaction is a promising strategy for efficient photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) but remains a challenge. Herein, a triphenylamine and naphthalimide‐based conjugated porous polymers are synthesized with photo oxidation‐reduction structures, then sulfonate (─SO3H) and quaternary ammonium groups are introduced via a post‐modification strategy to produce two photocatalysts named NI‐TPA‐NI‐SO3H and NI‐TPA‐NI‐N, respectively. Introducing charged functional groups has improved the hydrophilicity and oxygen (O2) adsorption, beyond that, the ─SO3H further stabilizes the adsorbed O2 via hydrogen bonding as well as accelerates the photogenerated carrier separation and electron/proton transport that enables full reaction photosynthesis of H2O2. Therefore, motivated by efficient charge separation, stabilized O2 adsorption, and boosted proton‐coupled electron transfer, NI‐TPA‐NI‐SO3H exhibits the highest light‐driven H2O2 production rate among the three photocatalysts, reaching 3.40 mmol g−1 h−1, which is 4.9‐fold of NI‐TPA‐NI. Remarkably, in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt, its rate significantly enhances to 14.5 mmol g−1 h−1, superior to most reported organic photocatalysts to the best of the knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In dairy cattle research, in vitro assessment of innate immune function is commonly evaluated by flow cytometry via the quantitative analysis of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) functionalities specifically focusing on the capacities for phagocytosis (PC) and oxidative burst (OB). Variations in these PMN functions, however, may not only be influenced by the health status of the animals but also by technical, non-animal related factors. Our objectives were to assess the PMN viability, PC and OB capacities from blood samples collected in tubes coated with different anticoagulants (acid citrate dextrose (ACD) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)) and stored for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h at 4°C (to mimic transportation timeframe). Furthermore, we evaluated the PMN functionalities (PC and OB) in samples incubated in culture medium with glucose (7.2 mM) versus no glucose. Over five replicates, coccygeal blood samples were collected from three nulliparous Holstein heifers (5 ACD and 5 EDTA per heifer) and allocated in a refrigerated container (4°C) for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h. At each time point, PMN were isolated using gradient centrifugation. Immunolabeled PMN (CH138A) were subjected to a tricolor fluorescent staining to evaluate their viability (viable, apoptotic, and necrotic PMN). Phagocytosis and OB were assessed by incubating PMN with fluorescent beads and by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulation, respectively. The effects of anticoagulant type, storage time, and presence of glucose in the culture medium on PMN viability and function parameters were fitted in mixed linear regression models. The proportion of viable PMN at 0 h was similar for ACD and EDTA (92 ± 4.6% and 93 ± 4.6%, respectively) but it decreased to 78 ± 4.6% for ACD and 79 ± 4.6% for EDTA after 6 h of storage. The proportion of viable PMN was not different between ACD and EDTA at any time point. The proportion of PMN that engulfed beads (PC percentage) and the PC median fluorescence intensity (MFI) reached their highest value after 3 h of storage compared with the other time points. However, the anticoagulant type (ACD versus EDTA) and the presence of glucose in the culture medium did not influence these PC parameters. Oxidative burst MFI was higher in PMN incubated in glucose-supplemented culture medium versus no glucose. We demonstrated that technical factors interfere with the evaluation of PMN viability and functionality, which can potentially lead to bias in the findings of a research hypothesis. To conclude, the present study showed that the optimal timeframe for performing PMN function analyses is within 3 hours after blood sampling. Furthermore, the presence of 7.2 mM glucose in the culture medium, a common concentration in formulation of cell culture medium, increases the in vitro OB capacity, potentially masking any impairments in in vivo PMN dysfunctionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study systematically examined the dissolution behavior of furazolidone in 12 different pure solvents and in aqueous solutions containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-2Na). The solubility data indicated that polar aprotic solvents demonstrated a marginally higher solubility of furazolidone compared to alcohols and water. Interestingly, a co-solvency effect was observed in the aqueous solutions of EDTA-2Na, where the solubility of furazolidone initially increased and then decreased with the gradual addition of EDTA-2Na, peaking at a mass fraction of 0.03 (1.949 × 10–5 at 323.15 K). The analysis using the Kamlet-Abboud-Taft Linear Solvation Energy Relationship (KAT-LSER) model suggested that the dissolution of furazolidone in these systems was predominantly influenced by non-specific solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions. Furthermore, Hansen solubility parameter calculations revealed that N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC) exhibited superior dissolution capabilities compared to other solvents. It was also found that the partial solubility parameters played a crucial role in determining the overall solubility behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel method was developed for the rapid detection of heavy metals in firework solutions with high sensitivity and minimal pretreatment by enriching them with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) reagent and analyzing them using microwave plasma torch mass spectrometry (MPT‐MS). Quantitative results showed that the limits of detection and quantification for heavy metals (Pb, Ba, Sr, and Ag) ranged from 0.05 to 0.25 and 0.38 to 0.71 μg·L−1, respectively. The linear dynamic ranges covered at least two orders of magnitude, with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.99. Fireworks from five regions in China were also analyzed quantitatively, detecting heavy metals including Pb, Ba, Sr, and Ag, with recovery rates ranging from 87.9% to 107.5%. Good separation between the firework samples from different regions was achieved by using element ratios and principal component analysis (PCA). These results from the preliminary study showed that the EDTA‐assisted MPT‐MS combined with PCA is a powerful tool for characterizing firework samples and tracing them back to their sources, which is valuable to effectively regulate and manage banned fireworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Treating tooth root canal systems with Er:YAG laser together with irrigants has been shown to be effective in reducing biofilms formed by Enterococcus faecalis. This study investigated whether laser-activated irrigation (LAI) with side-firing Endo tip (LiteTouch™; Light Instruments, Yokneam, Israel) affects dentin mineral composition when used with common endodontic irrigants. Methods: Root canals of extracted human teeth were treated with Er:YAG laser using a side-firing Endo tip combined with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and/or 2.5% NaOCl in continuous or intermittent mode for 60 s. Dentin mineral composition (Ca, P, O) in coronal, middle, and apical regions of root canals was examined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results: The use of LAI with continuous EDTA resulted in the largest reduction in Ca and P levels. A final NaOCl rinse mitigated the EDTA-mediated mineral loss in all root canal regions and increased the O content. Likewise, the reduced Ca/O and Ca/P ratios caused by continuous EDTA irrigation were reversed when combined with a final NaOCl rinse. Conclusions: LAI with Er:YAG Endo tip using continuous EDTA irrigation followed by NaOCl caused minimal dentin mineral loss and can therefore be considered to be a safe treatment module for cleaning root canals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most hazardous pollutants of natural water resources is lead -Pb (II)- which poses a significant threat to human health and environmental safety. The accumulation of this heavy metal in an organism affects a number of systems and is particularly dangerous for children. At low levels of intake over short periods, it induces diarrhea, abdominal pain, and renal damage, with the potential for fatal outcomes in extreme cases. The principal sources of lead pollution are industries, coal-fired power plants and motor vehicles. In response to the critical demand for effective lead detection, researchers have developed advanced Micro-Electromechanical Systems (MEMS) piezoresistive cantilever sensors that make use of the chelating properties of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) and the superior electrical properties of reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO). It has been proven that this composite can be effectively immobilized on a MEMS cantilever surface, enabling the selective removal of Pb (II) ions from wastewater. This adsorption process exerts stress on the surface of the cantilever, resulting in variations in resistance that can subsequently be measured. A sensitive and selective MEMS piezoresistive cantilever sensor for Pb (II) has been developed, offering significant potential as a lead monitoring tool in water samples. The sensor demonstrated high sensitivity and selectivity, with a detection limit of 1 ppb and a linear response range of 10-100 ppb. This novel approach has the potential to significantly enhance pollution monitoring and provide substantial benefits for public health by enabling real-time, on-site mapping of lead contamination across aqueous environments. This technological advancement in the environmental surveillance domain offers a new perspective on the safety of water and the reduction of potential health hazards associated with lead consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkaline EDTA solution has been previously identified as an effective leaching agent for solubilising rare-earth oxalates. These oxalates are the product of an oxalic acid conversion leach dissolving monazite and redepositing the salt. Pervious work suggested a significant increase in recovery was observed between pH 8 and 10; we have demonstrated that, in an excess of EDTA, this is not the case, and the dissolution is similar. While demonstrating that, at a nominal solid loading of 100 g/L, 0.2 M EDTA solution produced the highest dissolution, elevated solids require an equivalent increase in lixiviant concentration driven by consumption. Very-high-solution concentrations (>50 g/L dissolved TREEs) were achieved at a high solid loading, indicating both that a solution equilibrium is yet to be reached and that a build-up of oxalate in the system (estimated at ~1 M) does not impact the leach efficiency. We have also demonstrated the recycling of EDTA to use in multiple stages as well as the ability to recover oxalate from this solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As high-value chitosan derivatives, chitooligosaccharides (COSs) with biodegradable, biocompatible, nontoxic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities have been widely applied in food-related fields. Chitosanases can hydrolyze chitosan to produce COSs. Herein, a chitosanase (LeCho1) from Lentinula edodes was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and was then purified and characterized. LeCho1 had a low sequence identity with other chitosanases reported from the GH75 family. The recombinant protein showed a molecular mass of 27 kDa on SDS-PAGE. LeCho1 preferentially hydrolyzed chitosan with a high degree of deacetylation (DDA) and exhibited maximal activity (71.88 U/mg) towards 95% DDA chitosan at pH 3.0 and 50 °C. It possessed good stability at pH 2.0–6.0 and temperatures below 45 °C. Its hydrolytic activity was remarkably enhanced by the metal ion Mn2+ at 1 mM, while it was totally inhibited by 1 mM Fe3+ or 10 mM EDTA. Its Km and Vmax values were 0.04 μM and 76.81 μmol·min−1·mg−1, respectively, indicating good substrate affinity. LeCho1 degraded chitosan into COSs with degrees of polymerization (DPs) of 2–5, while it had no action on COSs with DPs of less than 5, revealing its endo-chitosanase activity. This study proved that chitosanase LeCho1 is a promising candidate in the industrial preparation of COSs due to its excellent properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation involved the isolation of a Cr(VI) tolerant fungal (native) isolate (DK04) from Sukinda Chromite Mine, Odisha, exhibiting a tolerance potential of Cr(VI) 300 mg/L for the metal species. The isolate was identified as Trichoderma virens DK04 based on sequencing of the ITS region. The ability of the isolate to reduce and remove Cr(VI) demonstrated that at 100 mg/L concentration of Cr(VI) 99.83% reduction in titer was acheived within 144 hours. SEM, FTIR, EDX, and XRD analysis, reveal deficiency of mycelia pellets for removal of chromium by an adsorption/precipitation mechanism. The isolate DK04, showed promising bioreducing capabilities over a range of temperature (20-400C), pH (5.0-9.0), heavy metals (Zn, Fe, Ni, As) and metabolic inhibitors (phenol and EDTA). The result showed that T. virens isolate has an exceptional potentialto cope with Cr(VI) under stress and has a huge possibility for application performance in Cr(VI) detoxification at Sukinda Chromite Mine as well as other Chromium contaminated sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The continuous emergence and spread of polymyxin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pose a significant global health challenge, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Aloe, with its long-standing history of medicinal use, has recently been the subject of substantial research for its efficacy against pathogenic infections. Methods: This study investigates the potential application of anthraquinone components in aloe against polymyxin-resistant A. baumannii by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, in vitro activity assessment, and construction of animal infection models. Results: The findings demonstrate that aloe emodin, emodin, rhein, and their mixtures in equal mass ratios (EAR) exhibit strain-specific antibacterial activities against polymyxin-resistant A. baumannii. Co-administration of EAR with EDTA synergistically and universally enhanced the antibacterial activity and bactericidal efficacy of polymyxins against polymyxin-resistant A. baumannii, while also reducing the frequency of polymyxin-resistant mutations in polymyxinssensitive A. baumannii. Following toxicity assessment on human hepatic and renal cell lines, the combination therapy was applied to skin wounds in mice infected with polymyxin-resistant A. baumannii. Compared to monotherapy, the combination therapy significantly accelerated wound healing and reduced bacterial burden. Conclusions: The combination of EAR and EDTA with polymyxins offers a novel therapeutic approach for managing skin infections caused by polymyxinresistant A. baumannii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary We report on the role of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in addition to the structural and material properties of acid milk gels formed via addition of glucono‐delta‐lactone (GDL) and these properties of corresponding analogue cream cheeses prepared from these gels. Increasing addition of EDTA to cheese milks prior to acidulation reduced the concentration of insoluble calcium in the milks. Acid gelation of milks, as measured by small deformation rheology, showed a decreased rate of gelation and lower relative elastic modulus of gels with increasing EDTA concentration. The sequestration of colloidal calcium phosphate from the casein micelle by the addition of EDTA led to the lower gelation rate and elastic modulus. The lower extent of ionic binding is considered the causative mechanism for formation of weaker gel structures. Cream cheeses prepared using acid gels with GDL acidulant were compositionally unaffected by EDTA concentration. However, variations in G′ observed in the acid gels containing increasing levels of EDTA correlated with large deformation material property changes in cream cheese analogues. In addition, the increasing inclusion of EDTA in cheese milks translated to reduced water‐holding capacity of the cream cheeses prepared from those milks. These results provide insights on the specific role of milk calcium on the structure, material and physical properties of acid milk gels and corresponding cream cheese analogues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decomposition mechanisms of Fe(EDTA)− and Fe(EDTMP)− complexes, widely used in various industrial applications, were investigated through a theoretical approach. Despite their structural similarities, the phosphonic acid and carboxylic acid groups in these complexes lead to vastly different decomposition behaviors. Fe(EDTA)−, stabilized by delocalized π bonds in carboxylic acid groups, exhibited higher stability than that of Fe(EDTMP)−, which has only σ bonds in phosphonic acid groups. Interaction Region Indicator (IRI) analysis revealed that the steric hindrance of Fe(EDTMP)− was stronger than that of Fe(EDTA)−. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations revealed that Fe(EDTMP)− undergoes rapid decomposition due to the ease of breaking P-C bonds and the repulsion between phosphonic acid groups. In contrast, Fe(EDTA)− decomposes more slowly. These findings suggest the incorporation of phosphonic acid groups for easier degradation pathways when designing organic acid molecules. Understanding these mechanisms provides a basis for developing strategies for wastewater treatment in industrial settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carmine is an aluminium and/or calcium‐chelated complex form of carminic acid (CA), which is derived from the Dactylopius coccus extract (cochineal), and is globally used as a red‐colourant in foods and cosmetics. Although several allergens in carmine allergies, such as CC38K, have been reported, it remains unknown whether chelation affects the allergenicity of carmine. We report a case of Japanese fish sausage (Gyoniku Sausage) anaphylaxis induced by epicutaneous sensitization to carmine contained in eyeshadows. In addition, we report on the effect of chelation on carmine allergy. A 32‐year‐old woman had experienced itching, wheals, and swelling of her eyelids immediately after applying pink eyeshadows, which contained carmine, on several occasions for 3 years. Two months ago, she developed itching, wheals, and swelling on her whole body, especially her eyelids, and dyspnea immediately after ingesting fried pink fish sausages, which contained cochineal. In skin prick tests (SPTs) with all ingredients ingested in the two episodes of anaphylaxis, only fish sausage was positive. SPT was also positive for carmine. In IgE‐immunoblotting using the eyeshadow and fish sausage, the patient serum IgE was bound to three protein bands at approximately 86, 114, and 130 kDa. In addition, IgE‐immunoblotting using the carmine showed a broad band at 86–130 kDa, which were consistent with those using the eyeshadow and fish sausage, whereas there is no band using CA. Interestingly, the protein bands using the eyeshadow and carmine were diminished by preincubation in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a chelating agent. The results indicated that the causative allergens of carmine contained in the eyeshadows could be dechelated by EDTA, reducing its allergenicity. In conclusion, carmine contained in cosmetics can cause epicutaneous sensitisation and consequently can induce food anaphylaxis. To prevent sensitisation in carmine allergy, the effect of chelation on allergenicity of carmine should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐quality perovskite (PVK) films is essential for the fabrication of efficient and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, unstable colloidal particles in PVK suspensions often hinder the formation of crystalline films with low defect densities. Herein, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a colloidal stabilizer into lead iodide (PbI2) is introduced colloidal solutions. EDTA forms chelated complexes with Pb2+, enhancing the electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance between colloidal particles. This stabilizes the particles and inhibits disordered motion (Brownian motion) and excessive aggregation. As a result, PbI2 films with a uniform hole distribution are formed, providing ample pathways for subsequent PVK film growth and sufficient space. During the film formation process, the replacement of molecules by formamidinium iodide (FAI) and EDTA slows down crystallization, ultimately leading to PVK films with large grain sizes and low defect density. By using this approach, champion power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 24.05% for FA0.97Cs0.03PbI3 PSC, 11.08% for CsPbBr3 PSC, and 25.19% for FA0.945MA0.025Cs0.03Pb(I0.975Br0.025)3 PSC are achieved. Moreover, the EDTA‐based FA0.97Cs0.03PbI3 device retains over 90% of its initial PCE after 1000 h at the maximum power point (MPP) under continuous illumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon-based metal-free catalysts are promising green catalysts for photocatalysis and electrocatalysis due to their low cost and environmental friendliness. A key challenge in utilizing these catalysts is identifying their active sites, given their poor crystallinity and complex structures. Here we demonstrate the key structure of the double-bonded conjugated carbon group as a metal-free active site, enabling efficient O2 photoreduction to H2O2 through a cascaded water oxidation − O2 reduction process. Using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as a precursor, we synthesized various carbon-based photocatalysts and analyzed their structural evolution. Under the polymerization conditions of 260 °C to 400 °C, an N-ethyl-2-piperazinone-like structure was formed on the surface of the catalyst, resulting in high photocatalytic H2O2 photoproduction (2884.7 μmol g−1h−1) under visible light. A series of control experiments and theoretical calculations further confirm that the double-bond conjugated carbonyl structure is the key and universal feature of the active site of metal-free photocatalysts. Elucidating active sites and reaction pathways is an important goal for understanding catalytic reaction mechanisms. Here, the authors report the key role of conjugated carbonyl sites in carbon nitrides for photocatalytic H2O2 production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emission of glyphosate and antibiotic residues from human activities threatens the diversity and functioning of the microbial community. This study examines the impact of a glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) and common antibiotics on Gram-negative bacteria within the ESKAPEE group (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp. and Escherichia coli). Ten strains, including type and multidrug-resistant strains for each species were analysed and eight antibiotics (cefotaxime, meropenem, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, tigecycline, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and colistin) were combined with the GBH. While most combinations yielded additive or indifferent effects in 70 associations, antagonistic effects were observed with ciprofloxacin and gentamicin in five strains. GBH notably decreased the minimum inhibitory concentration of colistin in eight strains and displayed synergistic activity with meropenem against metallo-β-lactamase (MBL)-producing strains. Investigation into the effect of GBH properties on outer membrane permeability involved exposing strains to a combination of this GBH and vancomycin. Results indicated that GBH rendered strains sensitive to vancomycin, which is typically ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, we examined the impact of GBH in combination with three carbapenem agents on 14 strains exhibiting varying carbapenem-resistance mechanisms to assess its effect on carbapenemase activity. The GBH efficiently inhibited MBL activity, demonstrating similar effects to EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). Chelating effect of GBH may have multifaceted impacts on bacterial cells, potentially by increasing outer membrane permeability and inactivating metalloenzyme activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nosocomial infections are a global problem in hospitals all around the world. It is considered a major health problem, especially in developing countries. The increase in the patient's stay in hospitals has increased the mortality rate, and consequently, the costs drastically increase. The main purpose of using disinfectants in the hospital environment is to reduce the risk of nosocomial infections. Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) causes lysis and increases susceptibility to antimicrobial agents in the planktonic form of bacteria. This substance affects the permeability of the outer membrane of bacteria. It also prevents the formation of biofilms by bacteria. Materials and methods: In the current study, 120 isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) were confirmed by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Antibiogram was performed and then the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of isolates against 5% sodium hypochlorite, ethanol %70, sayasept-HP 2%, chlorhexidine 2%, dettol 4/8% were evaluated. In addition, the disinfectant effect was re-evaluated with the mixture of EDTA solution. All isolates were examined for biofilm presence by crystal violet staining method in triplicates and repeated three times for each strain. Also for all isolates detection of efflux pump genes (Qac-E, qacE-Δ1, SUG-E) by PCR technique was done. Results: Antibiogram results of A. baumannii showed that 6.7% were Multi-drug-resistant (MDR), and 89.2% were Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) isolates. The highest effect of disinfectants was related to 5% sodium hypochlorite, and the least effect was 70% ethanol. EDTA increases the efficacy of selected disinfectants significantly. The highest prevalence of the efflux pump genes was related to SUG-E (95%) and Qac-E (91.7%), and, the qacE-Δ1 gene with 12.5%. The biofilm production rate was 91.3% among all isolates. Conclusion: The best and safest way to disinfect hospital floors and surfaces is to choose the right disinfectants, and learn how to use them properly. In this study, a mixture of disinfectants and EDTA had a significant effect on bactericidal activity. it was found that improper use of disinfectants, especially the use of sub-inhibitory dilutions, increases the resistance of bacteria to disinfectants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the effect of detoxifying substances on U(VI) removal by bacteria isolated from mine soil. The results demonstrated that the highest U(VI) removal efficiency (85.6%) was achieved at pH 6.0 and a temperature of 35 °C, with an initial U(VI) concentration of 10 mg/L. For detoxifying substances, signaling molecules acyl homoserine lactone (AHLs, 0.1 µmol/L), anthraquinone-2, 6-disulfonic acid (AQDS, 1 mmol/L), reduced glutathione (GSH, 0.1 mmol/L), selenium (Se, 1 mg/L), montmorillonite (MT, 1 g/L), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, 0.1 mmol/L) substantially enhanced the bacterial U(VI) removal by 34.9%, 37.4%, 54.5%, 35.1%, 32.8%, and 47.8% after 12 h, respectively. This was due to the alleviation of U(VI) toxicity in bacteria through detoxifying substances, as evidenced by lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content and higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities for bacteria exposed to U(VI) and detoxifying substances, compared to those exposed to U(VI) alone. FTIR results showed that hydroxyl, carboxyl, phosphorus, and amide groups participated in the U(VI) removal. After exposure to U(VI), the relative abundances of Chryseobacterium and Stenotrophomonas increased by 48.5% and 12.5%, respectively, suggesting their tolerance ability to U(VI). Gene function prediction further demonstrated that the detoxifying substances AHLs alleviate U(VI) toxicity by influencing bacterial metabolism. This study suggests the potential application of detoxifying substances in the U(VI)-containing wastewater treatment through bioremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic diabetic wound repair is a global medical challenge. Developing a hydrogel dressing to effectively promote angiogenesis and detect wound state in diabetic wound management is an unmet medical requirement. Herein, a facile and efficient strategy to prepare self‐healing hydrogel with enhanced angiogenesis and real‐time monitoring for diabetic wounds is presented, by cross‐linking carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with precoordinated europium‐ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Eu‐EDTA) complexes. Benefiting from the dynamic and reversible coordination interaction formation, the hydrogel exhibits remarkable injectability and self‐healing properties, thus forming efficient coverage in irregular and deep wounds with minimally invasive procedures. Furthermore, the fluorescence of the hydrogel changes linearly with pH value in the range of 4.5–7.5 and enables real‐time pH measurement to monitor the wound state. More importantly, the hydrogel can effectively promote the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells and enhance tube formation ability, demonstrating great angiogenesis capacity in tissue remodeling. The in vivo experiments manifested that the hydrogel can enhance angiogenesis by upregulating the expression of angiogenesis‐related factors and downregulating matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9), contributing to granulation tissue formation, collagen deposition, and diabetic wound repair. This work can provide a promising strategy for diagnosis and therapy in clinical diabetic wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although blood urine is frequently observed in dromedary camels, little attention is gained and only it was reported as case reports. Aim: This study was carried out to examine dromedary camels suffering from red urine syndrome from the points of clinical, etiological, hematobiochemical, ultrasonographic, and pathological characteristics. Methods: Thirty-one camels with red urine and fifteen controls were enrolled. With a duration ranging from five days to nine months, clinical manifestations included weakness, red discoloration of the urine, dribbling of urine, straining during urination, and abdominal pain. Blood was sampled in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and plain tubes. Results: The urine red color intensity was marked in 23 camels. In five camels discolored red urine was moderate while red urine was voided intermittently in the remaining three camels. The wide stance of the hind legs and pain reactions during urination were recorded in 18 camels. In all 31 camels, urine samples were centrifuged and sedimentation of red deposits was found. Nephrolithiasis was detected in three animals. One female camel had bilateral hydronephrosis. Hyperechoic urine was imaged within the renal pelvis in seven camels. In addition, hypoechoic fluid was imaged within the peritoneal cavity in 8 animals. A ruptured and collapsed urinary bladder was found in two male camels. In addition, bilateral pyelonephritis was found in another male camel. Abscessation of the left and right kidneys confirmed by ultrasound-guided aspiration was confirmed in 3 and 2 females, respectively. Peri-renal abscessation of the right kidney was detected in a female camel. A large, misshaped hypoechoic mass involving the right kidney was found in 1 female. A large mass king neoplasia was also imaged in a female camel distal to and compressing the left kidney, which proved histologically to be a leiomyoma. Moderate to severe thickening and corrugation of the urinary bladder mucosa were detected in 18 of the diseased camels. Conclusion: This study's syndrome of red urine in camels resulted mainly from hematuria. The existing etiologies were nephrolithiasis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, peri-renal and renal abscessation, and renal neoplasia. Ultrasonography was superior in assessing the renal parenchyma and urinary bladder for the verification of the existing nephrolithiasis, hydronephrosis, pyelonephritis, peri-renal and renal abscessation, cystitis, and ruptured or perforated bladder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is a peptide secreted by pituitary gland that plays an important role in regulating cortisol secretion. Its determination is difficult because of instability in whole blood. Several factors that influence ACTH stability in blood before analysis have been identified: temperature, hemolysis, time to centrifugation and presence of protease inhibitors. Published results on ACTH whole blood stability seem contradictory. Materials and methods: We performed a stability study in 10 healthy volunteers. Three different conditions were tested: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) at 4 °C, EDTA + aprotinin at 4 °C, EDTA + aprotinin at room temperature. Stability was evaluated for 8 hours. Adrenocorticotropic hormone measurements and hemolysis index were performed respectively on Cobas e602 and c701 (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). We compared percentage deviations with total change limit using a threshold of 7.5%. Results: We showed that ACTH is stable 8 hours with EDTA at 4 °C, 4 hours with EDTA + aprotinin at 4 °C and 2 hours with EDTA + aprotinin at 22 °C. Conclusions: Aprotinin does not appear to give ACTH greater stability but can be used without exceeding 4 hours at 4 °C. Refrigerated pouch transport also seems to be more appropriate for ACTH in whole blood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to address the diagnostic challenges associated with pancreatic disorders, such as chronic pancreatitis (CP) and pancreatic cancer (PC) and highlight the importance of protease activity as a crucial prognostic marker for these conditions. METHODS: Total proteolytic activity was determined using casein as a substrate. To measure the activity of metal-dependent and serine proteases, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride were used. The content of low- and middle-molecular-weight (LMMW) substances was determined spectrophotometrically. The protein profile was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), while zymography was performed to indicate the molecular weight of active enzymes. RESULTS: The pathogenesis of both pancreatic disorders was found to be accompanied by a proteolytic imbalance in pancreatic tissues, manifested in either the increase in the total proteolytic activity under pancreatitis or the decrease in the total proteolytic activity under pancreatic cancer. The increase in the levels of both metal-dependent and serine proteases was indicated in the blood plasma of patients in both studied groups. This proteolytic imbalance was accompanied by the accumulation of protein degradation fragments and LMMW substances. Results of zymography were also informative: pancreatic tissue and plasma samples from patients with either CP or PC were characterized by the presence of additional bands, indicating altered proteolytic activity in both pathological conditions. CONCLUSIONS: This study underscores the importance of proteolytic features in distinguishing CP and PC, offering potential diagnostic markers. Proteolytic shifts may aid in differentiating pathologies, detecting transitions, and developing specific protease inhibitors. Further research is crucial for advancing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for CP and PC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of antioxidants to cryopreservation media reportedly improves sperm post‐thaw quality and reproductive performance after artificial insemination. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate if the addition of L‐carnitine and pyruvate to freezing media, or their addition to samples after thawing, improves the post‐thaw quality of equine spermatozoa. Thus, in Experiment 1, stallion semen samples were cryopreserved in: (1) EDTA–glucose–based extender with 20% egg yolk and 5% dimethylformamide (EDTA control); (2) skim milk–based extender with 20% egg yolk and 5% dimethylformamide (milk control); (3) Extender 1 supplemented with 50 mM L‐carnitine and 10 mM pyruvate (EDTA‐carnitine‐pyruvate); and (4) Extender 2 supplemented with 50 mM L‐carnitine and 10 mM pyruvate (milk‐carnitine‐pyruvate). In Experiment 2, 50 mM L‐carnitine and 10 mM pyruvate were added post‐thaw to samples cryopreserved with extenders 1 and 2 (EDTA control and milk control). Sperm kinematic parameters, DNA fragmentation, membrane lipid peroxidation, acrosome status and viability were evaluated after thawing. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed for most of the kinematic parameters, DNA fragmentation, membrane lipid peroxidation, acrosome status and viability of spermatozoa, between the samples frozen in the presence or absence of L‐carnitine and pyruvate, nor between the samples after the post‐thaw addition of these components. A higher (p < 0.05) mean velocity and higher (p < 0.05) amplitude of lateral head displacement were observed in the samples frozen in the milk‐based extender with the addition of L‐carnitine and pyruvate after thawing. The addition of 50 mM L‐carnitine and 10 mM pyruvate, either to the freezing extenders or after thawing, was not deleterious for sperm; however, it did not improve equine sperm motility, viability, acrosome and DNA integrity, nor decrease membrane lipid peroxidation after thawing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peptide therapeutics play an increasingly important role in modern drug discovery. Improving the pharmacokinetic profile of bioactive peptides has been effectively achieved with chemical modifications, especially macrocyclisation reactions. Consequently, there is a great demand for highly constrained compounds such as bicyclic peptides. In our previous research, we introduced peptide–bismuth bicycles and peptide–arsenic bicycles as new classes of constrained peptides. In this work, we extend our peptide bicyclisation strategy towards antimony. Similar to arsenic and bismuth, antimony(III) selectively binds to three cysteine residues in peptides, enabling the in situ formation of stable bicycles. The bicyclisation reaction occurs instantaneously under biocompatible conditions at physiological pH. Antimony–peptide bicycles remain largely intact in the presence of the common metal chelator ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and the main endogenous thiol competitor glutathione (GSH). Furthermore, when challenged with bismuth(III) from water-soluble gastrodenol (bismuth tripotassium dicitrate), antimony–peptide bicycles convert into the corresponding bismuth–peptide bicycle, highlighting the superior thiophilicity of bismuth over other pnictogens. Our study further expands the toolbox of peptide multicyclisation with main group elements previously underexplored in chemical biology. Cyclic peptide drugs are important therapeutics. Previously, bismuth and arsenic were introduced to create peptide bicycles by binding three cysteines. Now, antimony complements this set of elements to form stable bicyclic peptides. These remain stable in the presence of a common metal chelator and glutathione. Bismuth outcompetes antimony as the core atom in peptide bicycles. (Image credit: Lani Davies.) This article belongs to the 10th Anniversary Collection of RACI and AAS Award papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the purification and impact of metal ions on Aspergillus niger tannase, a metalloenzyme. Gel permeation chromatography achieved a 22.03-fold purification, yielding a specific activity of 106 U/mg. The enzyme, confirmed as a homodimer (100 kDa native, 50 kDa SDS PAGE), exhibited enhanced activity in the presence of calcium ions, reaching 163.46 U/mg, a 1.42-fold increase. UV absorption with 6 µM Ca ions indicated structural stability. Kinetic studies revealed a sigmoidal Michaelis–Menten graph with calcium ions, suggesting allosteric effects. The Lineweaver–Burk plot showed increased Km (14.04 to 36.39 mM) with mercuric ions, indicating competitive inhibition, while Vmax remained stable. Reactivation studies with DTT and different metal ions showed maximum reactivation with Hg (88.8%) and Ag (81.4%), implicating binding with cysteine residue in inactivation. EDTA-induced reactivation displayed maximum reactivation with Cu ions (67.6%) and minimum with Hg (22.5%), indicating Cu ions form complexes with amino acid groups. In contrast, Hg forms a coordination sphere with the thiol group of a cysteine residue. This comprehensive examination provides insights for optimizing tannase-based processes in various industries and expanding its biotechnological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of several universal adhesives to dentin treated with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and NaOCl followed by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Adhese Universal, Scotchbond Universal, Prime & Bond Elect, Prime & Bond Active, and Optibond XTR were included in the study. SBS values were determined in self-etch mode with no pretreatment of the dentin, after a 20-minute exposure of the dentin to 6% NaOCl, and after a 20-minute exposure to NaOCl followed by a one-minute exposure to 17% EDTA. Experimental groups were repeated using a total-etch technique (except Optibond XTR). Adhesives in self-etch mode had significantly reduced SBS following dentin exposure to NaOCl (P <.05), while with a total-etch technique, only Prime & Bond Active was affected (P <.05). SBS in self-etch mode when NaOCl exposure was followed by EDTA were equal to or higher than negative control values (P <.05). For total-etch groups, Adhese Universal was negatively affected by NaOCl + EDTA exposure (P <.05). Prime & Bond Elect exhibited lower SBS following NaOCl + EDTA exposure when compared to just NaOCl exposure but was not different from the negative control (P <.05). For the adhesives tested, the use of 17% EDTA following NaOCl exposure negated the negative effects of NaOCl on SBS in self-etch mode. When used in total-etch mode, results varied significantly, with some adhesives performing better or worse depending on the specific testing condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In regenerative endodontics, eradicating antibiotic residues from root canals is imperative, given their detrimental effects on human apical papilla stem cells. Previous antibiotic removal studies lacked precision in identifying types and quantities of residual antibiotics. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) enhances sensitivity and specificity, enabling accurate detection and quantification of residual drugs. Using HPLC analysis, this study explored the influence of vehicles and irrigation solutions and methods on double antibiotic paste (DAP) removal from root canals. Two DAP formulations, each containing 5 mg/mL ciprofloxacin and metronidazole, were created using distinct vehicles: macrogol and propylene glycol (MP) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). Subsequently, 5 μL of DAP was applied to 200 simulated immature teeth with open apices (n = 100 per formulation) and cultured for 28 days at 37°C. Samples were then divided into 11 groups (n = 20 per group), and canals were irrigated with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or 10% citric acid, employing a positive pressure syringe or passive ultrasonic irrigation. The irrigation solution and dentin sample from each tooth were evaluated via HPLC for ciprofloxacin and metronidazole quantification. Citric acid exhibited significantly superior efficacy in antibiotic removal from root canals, with no observable effect of irrigation methods on drug removal. The HPMC-based DAP formulation significantly enhanced ciprofloxacin removal compared with MP-based DAP. For antibiotic paste removal from root canals, citric acid is effective, and HPMC is a preferable vehicle over MP. Overall, HPLC is a valuable method for detecting, removing, and quantifying residual antibiotics in root canals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioceramic endodontic cements, known for their antibacterial properties, calcium ion release, and alkaline pH, may come into contact with various irrigants after furcal perforation repair. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different irrigating solutions and setting times on the shear bond strength (SBS) of Biodentine® (Septodont, Saint-Maur-des-Fosses Cedex, France) to a self-adhering flowable composite. Sixty Biodentine® (Septodont, Saint-Maur-des-Fosses Cedex, France) blocks were prepared and divided into two groups based on the setting time: 72 h and 7 days. These were further subdivided into five subgroups based on the irrigation solution applied: distilled water, sodium hypochlorite, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, chlorhexidine, and phosphoric acid. They were then restored with Dyad FlowTM (KerrTM, Orange, CA, USA). SBS and failure modes were assessed at 24 h and 6 months. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was performed to analyze the effect of the different irrigating solutions and setting times on the SBS of Biodentine® (Septodont, Saint-Maur-des-Fosses Cedex, France) and Dyad FlowTM (KerrTM, Orange, CA, USA). The level of significance was set at a ≤0.05. At 24 h, SBS was significantly influenced by both the irrigant solution (p = 0.029) and setting time (p = 0.018); at 6 months, SBS was influenced only by the irrigating solutions (p < 0.001). The predominant mode of bond failure was adhesive across all groups. In conclusion, while the setting time did not affect the bond strength, certain irrigating solutions reduced it. Thus, careful consideration of surface treatments applied to Biodentine® is crucial for successful endodontic and restorative outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endodontic sealers limit bacteria growth and clean the smear layer of the root canal. Biocompatible irrigants silver citrate and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) have a chelating agent that increases sealer penetration in dentinal tubules. Purpose: This study aims to investigate the final irrigation difference in epoxy resin and bioceramic sealer penetration into dentinal tubules at the apical third. Methods: A total of 30 extracted mandibular premolars were split into six groups; three received epoxy resin sealer and three received bioceramic resin with aquadest, silver citrate (BioAKT) or EDTA 17% irrigation. A confocal laser scanning microscope estimated sealer penetration in dentinal tubules. For quantitative data analysis, Olympus Fluoview ver.4.2a was used. Results: Silver citrate final irrigation with bioceramic resin sealer had the highest dentinal tubular penetration (24%; 1,431 μm), followed by EDTA 17% (20%; 1,202 μm), aquadest (16.3%; 969 μm), EDTA 17% with epoxy resin (15.8%; 938 μm, 14%; 803 μm), and distilled water (10%; 584 μm). Significant differences existed in all groups (p = 0.001). Epoxy resin sealer penetration into dentinal tubules was similar between final irrigants (p = 0.257) and bioceramic resin groups (p = 0.658). Conclusion: Silver citrate (BioAKT), a bioceramic resin sealer-based final irrigation solution, penetrates dentinal tubules better for endodontic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiac troponin T (cTnT) is key in diagnosing myocardial infarction (MI) but is also elevated in endstage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Specific larger cTnT proteoforms were identified for the acute phase of MI, while in serum of ESRD patients solely small cTnT fragments were found. However, others allocated this to a pre-analytic effect due to abundant thrombin generation in serum. Therefore, we investigated the effect of various anticoagulation methods on cTnT composition and concentration and compared the cTnT composition of MI and ESRD patients. Methods: The agreement of cTnT concentrations between simultaneously collected serum, lithium-heparin (LH) plasma, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) plasma was studied using the high-sensitivity (hs-)cTnT immunoassay. cTnT proteoform composition was investigated in a standardized time-dependent manner through spike experiments and in simultaneously collected blood matrixes of MI and ESRD patients. Results: Excellent hs-cTnT concentration agreements were observed across all blood matrixes (slopes > 0.98; 95% CI, 0.96-1.04). Time-dependent degradation (40 kDa intact:29 kDa fragment:15 to 18 kDa fragments) was found in LH plasma and EDTA plasma, and serum in ratios (%) of 90:10:0, 0:5:95, and 0:0:100, respectively (48 h after blood collection). Moreover, gel filtration chromatography (GFC) profiles illustrated mainly larger cTnT proteoforms in MI patients, while in ESRD patients mainly 15 to 18 kDa fragments were found for all matrices. Conclusions: The extent of cTnT degradation in vitro is dependent on the (anti)coagulation method, without impacting hs-cTnT concentrations. Furthermore, mainly larger cTnT proteoforms were present in MI patients, while in ESRD patients mainly small 15 to 18 kDa cTnT fragments were found. These insights are essential when developing a novel hs-cTnT assay targeting larger cTnT proteoforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simarteriviruses (order Nidovirales, family Arteriviridae, subfamily Simarterivirinae) are genetically diverse viruses that naturally infect cercopithecoid monkeys throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Many divergent simarteriviruses can infect macaques, although severity of disease ranges [...]

Introduction: Dental plaque is a biofilm or an accumulation of bacteria that grows in the internal surfaces of the mouth and can be observed as a white to pale yellow layer over or between teeth. The continuous formation and accumulation of dental plaque lead to oral diseases. As a result, it is necessary to prevent the aggregation of dental plaque and clean it daily. Recently, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) has been utilized in toothpaste to prevent plaque formation as an EDTA-transporting enhancer, methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) can effectively increase its local effect. Xylitol decreases the Streptococcus mutans count by changing the metabolic pathways. Aims: In the present study, we synthesized a solution containing silver nanoparticles, EDTA, MSM, and xylitol and evaluated its toxicity on the Vero cell line through the MTT assay. Materials and Methods: To produce silver nanoparticles, we dissolved silver nitrate in sodium citrate. Then we used a solution of distilled water and polyvinylpyrrolidone, which resulted in the encapsulation and stabilization of silver nanoparticles, and the solution was made by mixing other ingredients. We evaluated the cytotoxicity of this spray using the Vero cell line. We cultured the cells in the 10% FBS-containing RPMI culture medium. For performing the cytotoxicity test, we put 10,000 cells in each well of the 96-well plate, and the next day added the synthesized solution to each well at dilutions 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5%, and 10%. As the control group, we used 4 wells containing live Vero cells without adding the solution. After 24, 48, and 72 h, we added the MTT solution to each well and incubated the plates at 37°C for 4 h. Finally, we evaluated the rate of living cells by reading the absorbance with an ELISA device at 570 nm. Results and Discussion: We used the Mann–Whitney nonparametric test to evaluate the cytotoxicity of different concentrations of the synthesized spray solution and compare the cell viability rate of groups with the controls in various periods. According to the cytotoxicity results of different concentrations of the spray solution on the Vero cell line, there was no significant difference in cytotoxicity between the 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.5%, and control groups at 24, 48, and 72 h (P > 0.05). No significant difference existed in cytotoxicity between 1% and 2% concentrations and the controls 24 h after exposure; this became significant after 48 and 72 h (P = 0.014). However, a significant difference existed in cytotoxicity between 5% concentration and the controls 24, 48, and 72 h after exposure (P = 0.014). The CC50 of the spray solution was calculated at 3.51%. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the synthesized solution is nontoxic; therefore, this spray solution can be used safely as an oral mouthwash and spray.

Purpose. To demonstrate the effectiveness of combined surgery including calcific band keratopathy (CBK) treatment followed by cataract extraction with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in pediatric patients, assessed through preoperative and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and changes in corneal transparency. Methods. This retrospective study was conducted on the medical records of patients treated for CBK combined with cataract secondary to chronic uveitis between January 2018 and December 2020. The study included 15 eyes of 14 pediatric patients. Clinical parameters recorded included age, primary diagnosis, and preoperative and postoperative BCVA using a Tumbling E chart. Postoperative data were collected at 3 days, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery. Results. Preoperative BCVA averaged 2.03 ± 0.69. On the 3rd postoperative day, BCVA improved to 0.82 ± 0.39, with further improvements to 0.78 ± 0.43 at 6 months and 0.69 ± 0.45 at 12 months. The mean BCVA increased by 2 lines, and BCVA improved by 6 lines within one year postoperatively. Recurrence of CBK was observed in 3 eyes (20%) at 6-month follow-up. Conclusion. Simultaneous EDTA chelation of calcium plaques and phacoaspiration with IOL implantation is an effective and safe treatment for CBK combined with cataract in pediatric patients. This combined approach resulted in significant improvements in visual acuity and corneal transparency and symptomatic relief. However, the high recurrence rate indicates the need for further research.

Background: Nonsurgical periodontal therapy results in the formation of a smear layer which inhibits tissue regeneration. Root biomodification (RB) using various agents has been tried for the enhancement of new attachment formation. However, no substantial therapeutic advantages of currently available root conditioning agents have been reported emphasizing the need for additional biologically acceptable agents. Glycolic acid (GA) due to its antimicrobial nature and ability of initiation and proliferation of fibroblasts may potentially modify root surface enabling regeneration. Materials and Methods: Eighty specimens from 40 single-rooted teeth were treated with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 5% GA and scanning electron microscopy analysis was done. The micrographs were examined for the evaluation of smear layer removal, total number of dentinal tubules, total number of patent dentinal tubules, mean diameter and surface area of dentinal tubules, and dentin erosion. Statistical analysis was done using unpaired t-test for intergroup comparison. Results: The efficacy of smear layer removal (P = 0.01) and dentin erosion (P = 0.042) was significantly better in the GA group. Both the groups showed no difference in dentinal tubule-related parameters. Conclusion: GA showed improved RB with greater smear layer removal and lesser dentin erosion, indicating its use as a potent alternative to the conventional EDTA root conditioning.

Byline: W. Gao, Y. Liu and S. Wu Keywords: dietary, chitosan oligosaccharides, laying ducks. INTRODUCTION Egg duck breeding is part of the traditional animal husbandry in China, which also has [...]