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Introduction. Currently, there is a tendency of steady decline in the value of ethnic identity in the self-consciousness of young people. The assessment and study of the dynamics of ethnic self-awareness are related to the need for a comprehensive approach to the problem of patriotism development of modern Russian youth. The purpose of this article is to analyze the ethnic self-consciousness and ethnic attitudes among Russian youth enrolled in humanities degree programmes at the National Research Mordovia State University. Materials and Methods. 150 junior students took part in the empirical research. The following methods were used: the 16PF questionnaire by R. Cattell (form C), the “Types of Ethnic Identity” method by G. U. Soldatova and S. V. Ryzhova, the Method for assessing the positivity and uncertainty of ethnic identity by A. N. Tatarko, N. M. Lebedeva, ethnic affiliation questionnaire by G. U. Soldatova, S. V. Ryzhova. The authors used methods of correlation and factor analysis. Results. The study revealed a high level of positive ethnic identity in the majority of Russian students. The greater part of students have an average level of ethnic identity. The results of correlation analysis showed the presence of significant relationships between types of ethnic identity and ethnic attitudes. As a result of factor analysis, five groups of factors reflecting the relationship between types of ethnic identity and personal qualities of students were identified. Discussion and Conclusion. The authorsʼ findings contribute to the study of the problem of ethnic identity and its relationship with ethnic attitudes and personality traits of Russian students. The materials of the article can be useful for specialists in the field of ethnic psychology to study and develop studentsʼ deep understanding of their own ethnic identity.

This longitudinal study (three waves across a school year) investigated the links between children's motivations to respond without prejudice and their ethnic outgroup attitudes at the between-person level (means and changes over time) and the within-person level (time-specific fluctuations). Participants were 945 ethnic majority students (MageW1 = 9.86 years, SD = 1.21; 471 girls) from 51 grade 3–6 classrooms in the Netherlands. Children reported (increasingly) more positive outgroup attitudes when their internal motivation was structurally high (between-person effects) and temporarily high (within-person effect), and less positive attitudes when their external motivation was structurally and temporarily high. The between-person effects were independent of the ethnic composition and the antiprejudice climate of the classroom. These findings may help in developing interventions aimed at reducing prejudice in late childhood. Public Significance Statement: The present study showed that children's temporal and structural motivations to respond without prejudice are relevant for their attitudes toward ethnic others. Children are and become more positive toward other-ethnic peers if they find this personally relevant and attractive, but not if they want to act nonprejudiced to avoid social disapproval. These findings are important for attempts to reduce children's prejudice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of group norms is often tested via people's norm perceptions. Yet, people's group norm perceptions can be inaccurate, which raises the question to what extent effects of perceived norms indicate real group influence. The present study sought to obtain a better understanding of the value of group norm perceptions in social influence research. We used (longitudinal) data collected in 51 primary school classrooms in the Netherlands (Grades 3–6) and examined how majority of children's (N = 779; aged 7–13 years) perceptions of the anti‐prejudice norm of their classroom peer group affected their ethnic outgroup attitudes both concurrently and over time. We divided these perceptions into a consensual and a unique part and investigated the moderating role of ingroup identification. Results showed concurrent effects of the consensual and unique norm perceptions, but a longitudinal effect of the consensual perceptions only. Classroom identification increased the concurrent effect of unique norm perceptions but decreased their longitudinal effect. Our findings indicate that norm perceptions can be important sources of actual group influence as long these perceptions are consensually shared, and that especially high identifiers rely less on their unique norm perceptions over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite their number in East Asia never exceeding 36,000 (currently around 10,000), Jews there are the subject of both distinctly strong positive and negative views. The presence of these attitudes is astounding not only because most of those who hold them have never come across a Jew, but also because the region misses most of the 'classical' motives for either philosemitism or antisemitism. An analysis of contemporary attitudes towards Jews in China, Japan and South Korea, including reactions to the still ongoing Israel–Hamas war, reveals that the distinctions between antisemitism and philosemitism are more blurred and nuanced than is often acknowledged. In East Asia, these two attitudes tend to reflect similar functions, and people often express both views without being aware of their historical and religious context elsewhere. Accordingly, this study by Kowner, Ainslie and Podoler calls for a reassessment of antisemitism beyond the Christian and Islamic spheres, to address this new and changing world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The level of ethnic identity, the measure of its actualization, and the nature of ethnic attitudes that reflect the attitude of Russians to the ethno-cultural diversity of public space are considered on the basis of data from representative national research and researches in Tatarstan and Sacha (Yakutia). It is concluded that the high values of ethnic identity and the ethnic solidarity (formed on its basis) indicate the most important role of culture in the formation of all-Russian unity. The actualization of ethnic identity and interest in protecting ethnic and cultural diversity vary at the Federal districts: the highest values were obtained in the North Caucasus Federal district. Also, the risks of possible inter-ethnic and inter-religious tensions in the North Caucasus Federal district are perceived more acutely than in the Russian Federation on average. Orientations that recognize the right of all Russian peoples to state support for their cultures and religions are very widely represented, but at the same time alternative orientations that are aimed at priority support for the culture and religion of the Russian majority are also supported in public opinion. Research shows the trend of participation of ethnic identity of Russians in the formation of state-civil unity; there is a consensus in the society in the field of interethnic relations. Along with the actualization of ethnic identity, all-Russians have a high level of ethnic tolerance; however, violations of justice against the people or faith can be a destabilizing factor in inter-ethnic relations.

Based on research conducted in eight Russian regions, trust and ethnic attitudes are analyzed as parts of regional social capital. It is concluded that in communities with a high level of ethnicity bonding (according to R. Putnam), social capital helps to sustain their cultural identity, while bridging social capital creates the conditions for the formation of the civil society. Intra-ethnic trust, ethnic solidarity, actualized ethnic identity and ethnopolitical mobilization are analyzed as parts of the bonding social capital. Inter-ethnic and generalized trust, trust in neighbors and colleagues, ethnic tolerance and readiness for the integration of migrants are considered as elements of bridging social capital. Ethnic diversity of Russian society can be converted into social capital, however, these processes occur unevenly in different regions. Ethnic solidarity is the most influential element of bonding social capital, it is made manifest from 70% in Tatarstan to 95% in Astrakhan region. Bridging social capital is more differentiated. For example, figures for such elements as trust in neighbors and colleagues and readiness for the integration of migrants in Moscow and Moscow region are much lower than in other regions. At the same time, it is in Moscow that generalized trust as the key element of the bridging social capital is actively involved in the formation of ethnic tolerance. In order for the democracy attitudes and civil structures to be successfully established in the regional communities, there should be a balance between intra-ethnic and inter-ethnic trust together with high level of confidence in the regional and local governments, as well as in the judiciary system. But the development of the civic culture is still lagging behind the cultural level of inter-ethnic trust: in all the regions under analysis, confidence in regional and local authorities is below the level of the inter-ethnic trust.

Very little research has been done specifically on the condition of the Gypsy slaves in Wallachia. Most general histories ignore them, and few contemporary observers studied them. This is just one more sign of their discrimination and neglect. This study draws on the exhaustive nominal lists of the Romani population from the database MapRom which draws on the first preserved count of the population of Danubian principalities (1838). Many aspects of the rob-slave condition have been analysed, the household size, the socio-professional and juridical categories and the Gypsy owners, the degree to which the Gypsies in Wallachia were integrated into the majority population and the ethnic attitudes of the surrounding population, and a case study of formation of a Gypsy settlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sotsiaal- ja kodanikupädevuse üks komponent on oskus suhelda teisest rahvusest inimestega. Selle oskuse olulised mõjutajad on hoiakud teiste rahvusrühmade suhtes. Omavahelise vähese suhtlemise tulemusena tekivad teise rahvusrühma suhtes sageli stereotüüpsed negatiivsed hoiakud, mis suhtlemist takistavad. Artiklis käsitletavas uuringus võrreldi 8.–9. klassi eesti ja eestivene õpilaste vastastikuseid hoiakuid enne ja pärast mängustatud koostöötegevuste projektis osalemist. Uuriti Integratsiooni SA tellimisel firma Game Club 2018. aasta sügisel korraldatud neljas neli päeva kestnud lõimumisprojektis osalenud noorte (n = 80) hoiakuid teise rahvusrühma suhtes. Projektis osalejad täitsid enne ja pärast projekti ankeetküsitluse (Likerti tüüpi skaalaküsimused, vabad vastused), millega mõõdeti nende hoiakuid teise rahvusrühmaga suhtlemise suhtes. Ankeetküsitluse tulemusi analüüsiti kvantitatiivselt ja kvalitatiivselt. Uuringu tulemusena selgus, et noorte hoiakud teise rahvusrühma suhtes olid pärast projekti positiivsemad, kuid eri rahvusrühmadel ja eri aspektides eri määral. Teadlikult ja täpselt korraldatud intensiivsetel mängustatud koostöötegevustel võib olla potentsiaali eri rahvusest noorte lähendamisel. Summary

The present study examined the effects of antiprejudice norms on children's ethnic attitudes by taking their antiprejudice motivations into account. In a sample of 767 native Dutch preadolescents we found evidence for both an internal and an external motivation to be nonprejudiced which were, respectively, positively versus negatively related to children's out-group attitudes. Overall, children's norm perceptions were linked to more positive ethnic attitudes, and this relation was partly explained by their internal antiprejudice motivation. Some normative aspects were found be less effective (moral rule to be nice and honest) than others (equality message) by stimulating an external motivation rather than undermining it and stimulating an internal one. Distinguishing between different normative sources further showed that parents and peers were more influential than teachers. Our findings underline the importance of including motivations in research on norms and out-group attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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How immigration is framed in the media can influence ethnic attitudes and support for anti-immigration policies. This work analysed the effects of media representations about immigration (as an invasion or an opportunity for the economic growth of the country) on the perceptions (i.e., perceived [im]morality, realistic and symbolic threat) and emotions of anger and fear of Spanish (Study 1) and Italian participants (Study 2), and their willingness to accept anti-immigration policies proposed by far-right parties such as Vox (in Spain) or La Lega (in Italy). Results showed direct effects of news frames on perceived immorality, threat and anger in Spain. News frames indirectly affected support for anti-immigration policies through perceived immorality and realistic threat (serially). In Italy, news frames only affected perceived immorality and anger among Italians with rightist orientation. The opportunity-frame (vs. invasion-frame) was indirectly associated with less support for anti-immigration policies, through perceived immorality, for those with a more conservative orientation. These findings suggest that news frames can indirectly influence the support for anti-immigration parties through psychosocial processes in an era of political populism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roma children are often segregated within the Serbian education system: They are disproportionally placed in special schools or put in ethnically homogeneous classrooms. Even in nonsegregated environments, they face everyday discrimination—an 80% dropout rate from elementary school testifies to that. Being a stigmatized minority might contribute to negative social identity, manifested in reversed in-group–out-group preferences. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated (a) if Roma children exhibit implicit/explicit preference for the majority group, and compared their preferences with those of majority children; (b) if these preferences differ in two age groups (second/third and seventh-grade elementary school); and (c) if they relate to academic self-efficacy. A total of 89 children completed the implicit associations test (IAT) test, three measures of explicit ethnic preference (semantic differential, feeling thermometer, and social distance), and a measure of academic self-efficacy. While Serbian children showed consistent explicit and implicit in-group preference, in Roma, we found out-group preferences on both sets of measures. Age-wise, the older group of Roma showed less explicit out-group preferences only in social distance, but not in other measures; the older children showed higher implicit out-group preference (Roma), and slightly lower implicit in-group preference (Serbs), in comparison with the younger. Finally, implicit, but not explicit, out-group preference predicted lower academic self-efficacy in Roma. Our findings demonstrate that out-group preference in Roma children is a robust phenomenon, and that implicit preference is stronger with age. This implies that schooling alone will not reduce negative social identity and that the minority children need to be strategically empowered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Framed from an integrative approach, the current article examined the associations between ethnic identity exploration (EIE), ethnic identity commitment (EIC), and acculturative stress by investigating the mediating role of ethnic attitudes (i.e., in-group favoritism and out-group derogation) in these relationships. Additionally, the moderating role of age was analyzed. A multiple-group path analysis was performed on data collected from 256 Tunisians in early and 248 in middle adolescence living in Italy, which is an interesting and understudied immigrant group characterized by similarities and differences with the host population. In younger adolescents, EIE and EIC were indirectly and positively related to acculturative stress via the mediating role of in-group favoritism and out-group derogation. In older adolescents, EIE was related to higher levels of EIC, which, in turn, was predictive of acculturative stress. The findings are discussed in light of the theoretical framework, research context and limitations, and implications for practice are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article will endeavor to build a causal model of ethnic attitudes of students in grades 8 to 12 from a great Transylvanian city with a large Hungarian population. The theoretical model built at the beginning of the study was tested applying multivariate statistical techniques to data of a survey of about 2500 teenagers. My results show that attitudes about the rights of members of minorities are attributable to both individual and contextual factors. On the one hand, gender, cognitive constraints and selfesteem play an important role in this attitudinal make up. On the other hand, the relative positions on in-group and out-group in the special context of interaction – in my case the classroom – are playing important parts in determining how strong the biases will be.

Communication in social media is increasingly being found to reproduce or even reinforce ethnic prejudice and hostility toward migrants. In Russia of the 2010s, with its world's second largest immigrant population, polls have detected high levels of hostility of the Russian population toward migranty (migrants), a label attached to resettlers from Central Asia and the Caucasus. We tested the online hostility hypothesis by using the data of 363,000 posts from the Russian-language LiveJournal. We applied data mining, regression analysis, and selective interpretative reading to map bloggers' attitudes toward migranty, among other ethnicities and nations. Our findings significantly alter the picture drawn from the polls: Migranty neither provoke the biggest amount of discussion nor experience the worst treatment in Russian blogs, in which Americans take the lead. Furthermore, Central Asians and North Caucasians are treated very differently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined native Dutch adolescents’ motivations to regulate their out-group prejudice, and tested the relations with their ethnic attitudes and the perceived multicultural norms of their friends and parents. Three types of anti-prejudice motivation were assessed using a slightly adapted version of the Motivation to be Nonprejudiced Scale (MNPS; Legault et al., 2007): a strongly self-determined motivation (involving an intrinsic appreciation of out-groups and a personal endorsement of equality and out-group acceptance), a weakly self-determined motivation (including concerns with negative reactions from self and others), and amotivation (the absence of a clear motivation). Only the strongly self-determined motivation was consistently related to less negative ethnic attitudes, and it partly mediated the link between the perceived norms and these attitudes. The perceived norms of the friends were positively associated with the weakly self-determined motivation but the latter was not effective. Practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ethnosocial processes unfolding in the sociocultural space of the Adyghe have demonstrated that globalization is more than an entropic challenge to ethnocultural identity; it expands the space of ethnic communication through cooptation of universal humanistic values, while preserving ethnocultural authenticity.1 The cultural impact of the Western and Eastern (Islamic) civilizations and the Russian culture in particular in the Northern Caucasus has not engulfed the very specific local culture. This impact can be felt, but cultural elements are never borrowed.2 The external and internal cultural impact in the Northern Caucasus is transformed and reshaped into the region's civilizational and cultural specifics during extremely complicated and dynamic integration/disintegration interaction. The sociocultural processes in the Northern Caucasus, which civilizationally remains a multi-layered structure, are fairly risky.3 This unique sociocultural phenomenon rests on the specific autochthonous culture of local societies with Arab Muslim, Russian, and Western cultural layers.4 Its transformations are caused by narrowing down the spheres of the Russian and Western layers or squeezing them out altogether, as well as an expansion of the Arab-Islamic cultural component. In this context, we should analyze the region's negative image stemming from the ethnic stereotypes tagged to the local peoples. Today, the commonly shared opinion of the North Caucasian peoples are based on outdated and yet very much alive stereotypes to a much greater extent than before, even though the rising regional tension makes it much more important to arrive at adequate and unbiased ideas about them. It should be said that people with superficial ideas about members of any ethnicity tend to rely on stereotypical opinions. To look into the genesis and assess the importance of the Adyghe ethnic stereotypes and their role in ethnic interaction, we have discussed the role of ethnic stereotypes in the region and identified the most common and the most substantiated among them. Study of the ethnic stereotypes of the Adyghe as regulators of internal social behavior when dealing with "others" ("aliens") has supplied us with an idea of the evolutionary processes among the North Caucasian peoples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research, which used a sample of 407 members of both Bosniak and Serb nationality in Sarajevo and Banja Luka, analyzes the structure and content of ethnic stereotypes of Bosnia and Herzegovina's youth. The results reveal significant negative stereotypes of Bosniak and Serb youth toward one another, but also show conspicuous similarities regarding their stereotypes toward other ethnic groups. The concluding remarks set forth theoretical and pragmatic consequences of the results obtained. It can be concluded that people are clearly divided into groups based on the ethnicity criterion. This, substantiated by the earlier history of conflict, creates perceptions and assessments saturated by negative attributes, and can lead to potential conflicts in future. The research suggests that possible solution lies in a conflict resolution education, greater interethnic communication.

Is diversity associated with ethnic aversion? To address this issue we employ a theoretical perspective to explain global patterns in individual ethnic attitudes. We suggest that there is a turning point of tolerance, and this could be why earlier studies differ in their conclusions. In short, we argue that up until a certain point more intergroup contact will lead to increased tolerance. However, when this threshold is reached, any further diversity will lead to less tolerance. This study applies data from all five waves of the World Values Survey, combined with the updated ethnolinguistical fractionalisation index and relevant controls. Our models reveal a threshold effect in non-Western societies, and that ethnically polarised societies are most tolerant. This finding supports the argument that conflicts taking place along ethnic lines are not caused primarily by ethnic hatred, indicating that ethnicity might be used as an instrument to create violent conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on residents' perceptions toward ethnic neighborhood tourism have primarily been conducted from the perspective of minority residents whose culture is represented to tourists. This study explored perceptions of Japanese residents living in a Brazilian neighborhood in Gunma, Japan, toward ethnic neighborhood tourism focusing on Brazilian culture. The research examined ways in which residents' ethnic attitudes towards Brazilians influence the same residents' level of support for this unique form of tourism. A survey of 456 households revealed that those who had positive attitudes towards Brazilians perceived ethnic neighborhood tourism as an opportunity to employ, involve and interact with Brazilian neighbors in town. The results also indicated that socio-demographic and residential factors influenced individuals' perceptions about ethnic neighborhood tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking advantage of a comparative study, this paper discusses the concept of ethnic attitudes paying attention especially to the challenges of measuring. The concept of ethnic attitudes proved complex and troublesome to be measured. In a cross-national comparison a big number of lingual nuances must be considered in order to create a valid measurement shared by each individual country. The comparative study, on which this paper is based was about ethnic attitudes of young people on three countries, Estonia, Finland and Russia. The characteristics of the questionnaire used in the study were analysed using Principal Component Analysis. The analysis indicated the key factors of ethnic attitudes. Clarifying the concept by providing information about the basic dimensions of ethnic attitudes, this paper contributes both to research, education and practices of social work with people from different ethnic background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article illustrates how the events of the 2003 Cricket World Cup did not have a positive impact on democracy and human rights issue in Zimbabwe.

Background. There is marked ethnic or racial disparity in the utilization of joint replacement of osteoarthritis. The reasons are not known. Pain is the reason most patients with osteoarthritis seek care. Cultural and psychosocial factors influence how patients experience and express pain. We examined whether patient descriptions of chronic pain vary by ethnicity and if they correlate with important clinical measures used in arthritis care. Methods. Sample consisted of 300 male veterans who were [greater than or equal to] 50 years of age with moderate to severe symptomatic knee or hip osteoarthritis. Structured surveys were used to assess patient descriptions of pain and to collect important demographic, clinical, and psychosocial variables. Factor analysis was used to assess patterns of pain description in a comparison of African-American and Caucasian patients. Pearson correlations were used to examine relationships between pain descriptions and clinical variables. Results. The two groups were similar with respect to age and other baseline clinical characteristics. A confirmatory factor analysis on quality of pain description showed that a four-factor model converged for Caucasian patients (chi square = 39.6, comparative fit index = 0.95, Tucker Lewis index = 0.93, and root mean square error of approximation = 0.047), but a three-factor model was supported by the data for African-American patients (chi square= 25.4, comparative fit index = 1.00, Tucker Lewis index = 1.05, and root mean square error of approximation [less than or equal to] 0.001). Chronic pain quality descriptions correlate significantly with Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index scores but not with radiologic stage of disease. Conclusions. African-American and Caucasian elderly patients with chronic knee or hip symptomatic osteoarthritis describe the quality of their pain differently. Patient descriptions of quality of chronic knee or hip pain do not correlate with radiologic stage of disease.

Due to their sociocognitive limitations, children between the ages of 4 and 8 years tend to resist antibias messages from others. The purpose of this study was to examine if children would be more responsive to an antibias message as a function of the race of the communicator, the strength of the antibias message, and their ability to reconcile different perspectives. As children’s inferences of communicators’ attitudes constitute an unintended message, we assessed children’s inferences of communicators’ Black and White attitudes before and after the intervention. Children’s own attitudes and cognitive elaboration of the antibias message were assessed after the intervention. Very few children were able to reconcile different ethnic perspectives. Results further revealed that communicators were inferred to hold more positive attitudes after the intervention, but that this was largely due to an increase in the ingroup communicator’s inferred White attitudes and when the message was weak. Moreover, no difference was observed for children’s own attitudes and cognitive elaboration of the message. Results are discussed with respect to social cognitive barriers that result in children’s distortion or dismissal of antibias messages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issues concerning critical works on the subject of color, gender and culture in the nineteen sixties are discussed. Particular attention is given to Marxist approaches and to the considerable growth of scholarship on the subject in the nineteen eighties.