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In a first-order theory $\varTheta $, the decision problem for a class of formulae $\varPhi $ is solvable if there is an algorithmic procedure that can assess whether or not the existential closure $\varphi ^{\exists }$ of $\varphi $ belongs to $\varTheta $, for any $\varphi \in \varPhi $. In 1988, Parlamento and Policriti already showed how to tailor arguments à la Gödel to a very weak axiomatic set theory, referring them to the class of $\varSigma _{1}$-formulae with $(\forall \exists \forall )_{0}$-matrix, i.e. existential closures of formulae that contain just restricted quantifiers of the forms $(\forall x \in y)$ and $(\exists x \in y)$ and are writable in prenex form with at most two alternations of restricted quantifiers (the outermost quantifier being a ‘$\forall $’). While revisiting their work, we show slightly less weak theories under which incompleteness for recursively axiomatizable extensions holds with respect to existential closures of $(\forall \exists )_{0}$-matrices, namely formulae with at most one alternation of restricted quantifiers.

Contains fulltext : 291736.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Cancer of Unknown Primary (CUP) is metastatic cancer with an unidentifiable primary tumour origin during life. It remains difficult to study the occurrence and aetiology of CUP. Hitherto, it is unclear whether risk factors are associated with CUP, yet identifying these factors could reveal whether CUP is a specific entity or a cluster of metastasised cancers from various primary tumour origins. Epidemiological studies on possible CUP risk factors were systematically searched in PubMed and Web of Science on February 1(st), 2022. Studies, published before 2022, were included if they were observational human-based, provided relative risk estimates, and investigated possible CUP risk factors. A total of 5 case-control and 14 cohort studies were included. There appears to be an increased risk for smoking in relation to CUP. However, limited suggestive evidence was found to link alcohol consumption, diabetes mellitus, and family history of cancer as increased risks for CUP. No conclusive associations could be made for anthropometry, food intake (animal or plant-based), immunity disorders, lifestyle (overall), physical activity, or socioeconomic status and CUP risk. No other CUP risk factors have been studied. This review highlights smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes mellitus and family history of cancer as CUP risk factors. Yet, there remains insufficient epidemiological evidence to conclude that CUP has its own specific risk factor profile.

PurposeThe article demonstrates the dangers of gerontocracy and offers solutions.Design/methodology/approachThe article combines desk research, literature review and economic analytical reasoning.FindingsGerontocracy in developed countries is a threat to financial, labour market and political sustainability of care for older people. Without actions today, the problem will become bigger every year, not least because of increased electoral weight of older people. This article proposes to handle gerontocracy in two ways. First is by using the potential of healthy retired people as volunteers, thereby mitigating the intergenerational solidarity challenges. Second is by taxing part of the windfall profits on the housing market, where older generation profited disproportionally.Originality/valueThe added value of the article is twofold. First, it signals a serious problem in affluent societies that is largely ignored, both in the academic world and in politics. Second, it offers original solutions that mitigate the problem.

We empirically examine the moral theory of Public Service Motivation (PSM) with data from a large online Dutch household panel. Inspired by Moral Foundation Theory, we develop and test several hypotheses on the role of moral foundations in shaping PSM, as well as the behavioral implications regarding participation in social organizations. The individualizing foundations of Care and Fairness (jointly referred to as INDV) are found to positively relate to all four dimensions of PSM—Compassion (COM), Self-Sacrifice (SS), Attraction to Public Service (APS), and Commitment to Public Values (CPV). Moreover, PSM mediates the positive relationship between INDV and participation in humanitarian and environmental organizations. Sanctity is positively correlated with SS and APS, mediating the often-observed relationship between PSM and religious activities. Loyalty is significantly and positively associated with SS, with the correlations with other PSM dimensions being gender-specific. Authority is significantly and negatively related to COM, SS, and APS. Overall, we provide empirical evidence on the influential role of moral foundations in engendering PSM and its behavioral consequences.

We introduce proper display calculi for intuitionistic, bi-intuitionistic and classical linear logics with exponentials, which are sound, complete, conservative, and enjoy cut elimination and subformula property. Based on the same design, we introduce a variant of Lambek calculus with exponentials, aimed at capturing the controlled application of exchange and associativity. Properness (i.e., closure under uniform substitution of all parametric parts in rules) is the main technical novelty of the present proposal, allowing both for the smoothest proof of cut elimination and for the development of an overarching and modular treatment for a vast class of axiomatic extensions and expansions of intuitionistic, bi-intuitionistic, and classical linear logics with exponentials. Our proposal builds on an algebraic and order-theoretic analysis of linear logic and applies the guidelines of the multi-type methodology in the design of display calculi.

INTRODUCTION: Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) affects a quarter of all women, with half having no structural cause. Dutch guidelines recommend a stepped care approach to the management of such idiopathic HMB, starting with medication or a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (LNG-IUD), before progressing to endometrial ablation, and ultimately, hysterectomy. However, practice variation between hospitals could lead to suboptimal health outcomes and increased healthcare costs for some women.OBJECTIVES: To evaluate adherence to stepped care for women with idiopathic HMB and to identify practice variation among Dutch hospitals.STUDY DESIGN: This population-based cross-sectional study used Dutch insurance claims data from primary and secondary care for all women with idiopathic HMB referred to a gynecologist between January 2019 and December 2020. We calculated the average number of treatments in the 3 years before each treatment step at each hospital, making adjustments for age, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity. Variation in medical practice was measured by the coefficient of variation (CV).RESULTS: We studied 20,715 women treated with LNG-IUDs (56%), endometrial ablation (36%), laparoscopic hysterectomy (13%), or vaginal hysterectomy (4%) in 93 hospitals. Before endometrial ablation, on average 47% used medication (hospital range 27%-71%; CV 0.17) and 16% used an LNG-IUD (hospital range 8%-29%, CV 0.32). Before hysterectomy, 52% (hospital range 28%-65%, CV 0.16) used medication, 21% (hospital range 6%-38%, CV 0.35) used an LNG-IUD, and 23% underwent endometrial ablation (hospital range 0%-59%, CV 0.55). On average, women underwent 0.63 (hospital range 0.36-1.00, adjusted rate 0.40-0.98, CV 0.17) and 0.96 (hospital range 0.56-1.45, adjusted rate 0.56-1.44, CV 0.18) treatments before endometrial ablation and hysterectomy, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: Considerable practice variation exists among Dutch hospitals in the stepped care approach to idiopathic HMB. Improving adherence to this approach could improve quality of care and reduce costs.

Gebruikte matrassen worden steeds vaker gescheiden ingezameld en gerecycled, wat een lagere CO2-uitstoot kent. Toch lijkt dit niet altijd verstandig omdat het recyclen van matrassen relatief duur is.

This paper proposes a semantic framework for Business Model evaluation and its application to a real case study in the context of smart energy and sustainable mobility. It presents an ontology based representation of an original business model and examples of inferential rules for knowledge extraction and automatic population of the ontology. The real case study belongs to the GreenCharge European Project, that in these last years is proposing some original business models to promote sustainable e-mobility plans. An original OWL Ontology contains all relevant Business Model concepts referring to GreenCharge’s domain, including a semantic description of TestCards, survey results and inferential rules.

A recent strand of research in structural proof theory aims at exploring the notion of analytic calculi (i.e. those calculi that support general and modular proof-strategies for cut elimination), and at identifying classes of logics that can be captured in terms of these calculi. In this context, Wansing introduced the notion of proper display calculi as one possible design framework for proof calculi in which the analiticity desiderata are realized in a particularly transparent way. Recently, the theory of properly displayable logics (i.e. those logics that can be equivalently presented with some proper display calculus) has been developed in connection with generalized Sahlqvist theory (aka unified correspondence). Specifically, properly displayable logics have been syntactically characterized as those axiomatized by analytic inductive axioms, which can be equivalently and algorithmically transformed into analytic structural rules so that the resulting proper display calculi enjoy a set of basic properties: soundness, completeness, conservativity, cut elimination and subformula property. In this context, the proof that the given calculus is complete w.r.t. the original logic is usually carried out syntactically, i.e. by showing that a (cut free) derivation exists of each given axiom of the logic in the basic system to which the analytic structural rules algorithmically generated from the given axiom have been added. However, so far this proof strategy for syntactic completeness has been implemented on a case-by-case base, and not in general. In this paper, we address this gap by proving syntactic completeness for properly displayable logics in any normal (distributive) lattice expansion signature. Specifically, we show that for every analytic inductive axiom a cut free derivation can be effectively generated which has a specific shape, referred to as pre-normal form., arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1604.08822 by other authors

In recent years, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been successfully applied to the task of exoplanet detection. The success of CNNs in many domains has been attributed to overparameterization. In the domain of image recognition, larger CNNs with more free parameters tend to result in better predictions. In exoplanet detection, the reverse seems to apply. Astronet and Exonet, the first CNNs for exoplanet detection had more than 10 million parameters. Exonet-XS is a much smaller network (0.85 million parameters) that uses domain knowledge and performs almost on par with its larger variant Exonet. In earlier work we proposed Genesis, an even smaller network with less than half of the parameters of Exonet-XS (0.39 million). In this paper we examine and compare the performances of Genesis, Exonet-XS, and Exonet (all of which include stellar parameters as domain knowledge) using a proper cross-validation procedure. We find that Genesis, despite its smaller size, outperforms Exonet-XS and performs at a level comparable with Exonet. Hence, reducing overparameterization seems to be beneficial to exoplanet detection from folded light curves. In an attempt to uncover the cause of Genesis’ success, we study the effect of varying the hyperparameters controlling the convolutional and pooling layers. We find that the performance of Genesis can be explained by its sparsity and use of large convolution filters and pooling strides. We conclude that Genesis and the use of large filters and pooling strides are to be preferred for exoplanet detection over previously-proposed architectures.

Van publieke leiders wordt verwacht dat zij complexe vraagstukken of wicked problems effectief weten te hanteren en dat zij met hun samenwerkingspartners publieke waarde creëren. De theorie beschrijft hierbij het belang van ‘relationeel leiderschap’ en de inzet van een dialoog als vorm van gesprek. Maar hoe ziet dit eruit in de praktijk?

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have shown to offer a consistent and reliable foundation for the automatic detection of potential exoplanets. CNNs rely on an abundance of parameters (overparameterization) to achieve their impressive detection performances. Astronet was one of the first CNNs for exoplanet detection. It takes as input folded lightcurves in two views: a local view (the transit) and a global view (the entire orbital period including the transit). A more recent CNN called Exonet-XS improved on Astronet’s performance while having considerably less parameters, thereby reducing the risk of overfitting. Exonet-XS also uses two views as input. In this paper, we propose Genesis, an even more simplified CNN for exoplanet detection from folded lightcurves using only one view. In addition, we propose to use a more reliable validation procedure that is custom in CNN-based exoplanet detection studies: the Monte Carlo Cross-Validation (MCCV) procedure. We show that the use of MCCV improves the reliability of the estimation of the detection performance by providing a (discretized) probability distribution, rather than a point estimate. Using MCCV we show that Astronet with only one view performs on a par with the original two-view version. More importantly, our fair comparative evaluation (without stellar parameters and centroids) reveals that Genesis outperforms Exonet-XS and Astronet. We conclude by stating that existing exoplanet detection CNNs are too complex for the task at hand and that future evaluations of performances should use MCCV or similar validation procedures.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 120(23), e2215572120 (2023). doi:10.1073/pnas.2215572120, Published by National Acad. of Sciences, Washington, DC

We conceptualize that CEOs who endure traumatic experiences stemming from man-made disasters practice less corporate social responsibility. We exploit a natural experiment—the Great Chinese Famine—to empirically test this hypothesis. We find that (i) firms with CEOs who experienced the Great Chinese Famine score lower in corporate social responsibility ratings than a comparison group; (ii) this relationship is mainly driven by prosocial practices tied to employee relations, environmental protection, supplier relations, and community contributions; and (iii) this negative relationship is more pronounced in firms whose CEOs were younger when they experienced the famine, (iv) the positive relationship between CSR scores and firm value is more pronounced in firms with CEO without famine experiences. These results are robust in the face of several sources of endogeneity. Our study contributes to ongoing research regarding how top executives' early experiences affect their managerial decisions. It also enriches work surrounding corporate social responsibility and the plausibly exogenous determinants of prosocial preferences.

Are people with more experience running an entrepreneurial venture also more confident? How does that confidence look for those who gathered those experiences outside of their comfort zone? This paper advances the entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) literature by integrating the Dunning-Kruger perspective into the experience-ESE relationship, and by conceptualizing experience as a combination of tenure and search distance (a venture searches distantly if its new products are dissimilar to its existing ones). In a unique sample of small businesses, between-entrepreneur analyses reveal a U-shaped association between venture tenure and ESE for entrepreneurs who engage in distant search with their venture, and a relatively stable ESE over venture tenure if distant search is low.

This study addresses and compares the adoption rate of three technologies by Dutch municipalities: the adoption of websites between 1994 and 2000, the adoption of Twitter between 2008 and 2018, and the adoption of YouTube between 2006 and 2018. It analyses the municipal adoption curves of websites, Twitter, and YouTube, relating to DOI theory. Survival analysis is conducted of Twitter and YouTube adoption by municipalities, assessing the relationship between technology adoption and organizational and environmental factors. Additional survival analysis is conducted of the relationship between municipal adoption, media coverage of the technology, and user engagement with the technology. Media coverage appears to be a strong predictor for municipal adoption of websites, Twitter, and YouTube, as well as the level of user engagement. Twitter was adopted the fastest by municipalities, followed at a greater distance by website and YouTube adoption. Other findings include that municipalities already using YouTube were quicker to adopt Twitter, but not the other way around. Recently amalgamated municipalities were slower to adopt Twitter, as well as municipalities with a relatively larger presence of IT professionals.

De roep om meer verpleeghuisbedden lijkt logisch, maar is het niet. Nieuwe woonvormen en buurtinitiatieven kunnen een prima alternatief voor het verpleeghuis zijn. Daar wordt echt iedereen beter van, betoogt Marcel Canoy, hoogleraar gezondheidseconomie en dementie aan de VU.

In recent years, health care consumers (patients) have increasingly been stimulated to take an active role in the decision-making process for providers (hereafter referred to as patient choice). Patient choice is assumed to increase competition between health care providers due to patients voting with their feet. In patient choice, patients are expected to make tradeoffs between the price and quality of care to selectively choose providers who best fit the patients’ preferences. Patient choice has an instrumental value as it aims at improving the efficiency of health care, at achieving better quality of care and at making health providers more responsive to the needs of patients. Patient choice has also an intrinsic value as it acknowledges the autonomy of patients. This dissertation aims to contribute to our understanding of current policies regarding patient choice by addressing research questions related to various aspects of patient choice in the context of the Dutch health care system. To answer these questions, we conducted several discrete choice experiments (DCEs) and a mixed methods study, and performed a longitudinal analysis of scores on quality indicators. The research included in this dissertation has been partitioned into the following parts: patient choice in practice (Part I), the price of care (Part II) and the quality of care (Part III). The conclusions described in this dissertation indicate that, even if patients are in fact willing to become actively involved in patient choice, patients often lack the information on price and quality of care required to make well-informed decisions and effectively exercise choice. Considering the current conditions in practice, we conclude that the underlying assumption of patient choice —i.e. patients select their providers based on information regarding the price and quality of care and in accordance with their preferences— is unlikely to hold true in practice. This overall conclusion indicates the status of “work-in-progress” for current policy regarding patient choice and underlines the need for additional efforts to achieve the goal of patient choice. This dissertation does not provide a definite answer as to whether encouraging patients to become actively involved in patient choice will be successful in achieving the goal of patient choice. Alternatively, additional efforts may be focused on facilitating referring physicians to choose providers on the patient’s behalf. This alternative approach is likely to be the most successful for several reasons. (1) Few patients actively choose their providers or are motivated to so. (2) In real-life settings, individuals are unlikely to conform with the notion of rational consumers. (3) The choice of provider strongly depends on advice of the referring physician.

This special issue contains a selection of articles on globalization and fintech. The contributions provide new insights on reform of the international economic order, paying special attention to uncertainty and economic policy coordination. They will certainly help improve our understanding of these topics.

Servitization and digitalization are two business model innovations that have affected product companies. From the convergence of these two trends, digital servitization emerged as a novel concept. Digital servitization pushes product companies to radically transform their business model, creating new challenges for its implementation. This paper aims to uncover how digitalization fundamentally transforms product companies in their transition towards services. Based on a systematic review of the literature, we analyze a sample of 180 articles published between 2005 and 2020 using both descriptive and content analysis techniques. Our review thereby offers both theoretical and managerial contributions. We descriptively analyze the evolution of the research field. Furthermore, we propose a new unified definition of digital servitization and discuss nine servitization dimensions where digitalization influences servitization—motivations; strategy; service offerings; structure; culture; resources and capabilities; processes; performance; and servitization ecosystems—leading to a new conceptual framework for digital servitization. Finally, we identify several directions for future digital servitization research.

Dans les affaires internationales, ainsi que dans de nombreux autres domaines des sciences sociales, les recherches de réplication ont longtemps été mal appréciées, découragées et traitées comme parents pauvres et « non originales ». Nous argumentons qu’en élucidant les facteurs de confusion, validant les mécanismes de causalité et testant les limites spatiale et temporelle, les recherches de réplication peuvent stimuler les débats, enrichir notre corpus de connaissances et affiner la théorie. Cet éditorial a pour objectif de promouvoir les recherches de réplication. Nous plaidons en faveur de celles-ci en reconnaissant leurs valeurs et présentant leurs différents types. Nous proposons également un canevas méthodologique permettant de les réaliser avec rigueur académique. Enfin, nous élaborons les recommandations concrètes sur la manière d’augmenter leur nombre de publication., In international business, as well as in many other social sciences, replication studies have long been treated as a poor relative, discounted and discouraged as “not original”. We argue that by teasing out confounding factors, validating causal mechanisms, and testing spatial and temporal boundaries, replication studies can stimulate debate, add to our body of knowledge, and fine-tune theory. Our goal in writing this editorial is to promote replication studies. We build a case for them by recognizing their value and showcasing their different types. We also offer a methodological template for carrying them out with academic rigor. Finally, we make concrete recommendations on how to go about increasing the number of them published.

This article examines to what extent ideological incongruence (i.e., mismatch between policy positions of voters and parties) increases the entry of new parties in national parliamentary elections and their individual-level electoral support. Current empirical research on party entry and new party support either neglects the role of party–voter incongruence, or it only examines its effect on the entry and support of specific new parties or party families. This article fills this lacuna. Based on spatial theory, we hypothesise that parties are more likely to enter when ideological incongruence between voters and parties is higher (Study 1) and that voters are more likely to vote for new parties if these stand closer to them than established parties (Study 2). Together our two studies span 17 countries between 1996 and 2016. Time-series analyses support both hypotheses. This has important implications for spatial models of elections and empirical research on party entry and new party support.

Abrupt jumps in reimbursement tariffs have been shown to lead to unintended effects in physicians’ behavior. A sudden change in tariffs at a pre-defined point in the treatment can incentivize health care providers to prolong treatment to reach the higher tariff, and then to discharge patients once the higher tariff is reached. The Dutch reimbursement schedule in hospital rehabilitation care follows a two-threshold stepwise-function based on treatment duration. We investigated the prevalence of strategic discharges around the first threshold and assessed whether their share varies by provider type. Our findings suggest moderate response to incentives by traditional care providers (general and academic hospitals, rehabilitation centers and multicategorical providers), and strong response by profit-oriented independent treatment centers. When examining the variation in response based on the financial position of the organization, we found a higher probability of manipulation among providers in financial distress. Our findings provide multiple insights and possible indicators to identify provider types that may be more prone to strategic behavior.

PurposeAlthough the topic of performance budgeting has received considerable attention in the literature, it is mainly explored in the field of public management and administration, and little research exists in the field of public sector accounting. The purpose of this paper is to provide more insight into how non-performance indicators are integrated in budget documents, thereby bridging the gap between the literature in both fields. Furthermore, the influence of potential drivers of differences in the incorporation of non-financial performance indicators are explored.Design/methodology/approachThis study starts with an overview of historical developments in Dutch local government for a period of 50 years. This is followed by an empirical assessment of the current incorporation of non-financial performance indicators based on a dataset of 107 municipal budget documents for FY2019.FindingsThe authors' historical overview shows that several initiatives were employed to encourage municipalities to integrate non-financial performance indicators in their budget documents. A search to connect policy and means can be observed, which has not developed linearly over time, but mostly in reaction to major changes in national legislation. The authors find a large variation among the municipalities in their current incorporation of non-financial performance indicators. Contrary to theoretical expectations, output indicators (and not outcome indicators) are most frequently incorporated. Furthermore, the authors find that more indicators are incorporated if a municipality is larger, more willing to innovate and if it has less financial resources.Originality/valueThis article contributes to the understanding of how to incorporate non-financial performance indicators in public sector financial statements. To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is an area that is not explored before.

Public service-motivated individuals have a greater concern for the delivery of public services and for the societal consequence of collective inaction, seeing themselves play a pivotal role in upholding public goods. Such self-efficacy and perceived importance of public service jointly motivate individuals to commit to sacrificing for the common good. Using an incentivized laboratory experiment with 126 undergraduate and graduate students at a university in the Netherlands, we explore the association between self-reported public service motivation (PSM) and voluntary self-sacrifice under different task characteristics and social contexts in a Volunteer’s Dilemma game. We find that risk-taking and intergroup competition negatively moderate the positive effect of PSM on volunteering. The risky situation may reduce an individual’s self-efficacy in making meaningful sacrifice, and intergroup competition may divert attention away from the concern for society at large to the outcome of the competition, compromising the positive effect of PSM on the likelihood to self-sacrifice for the common good.

Recent literature calls for more research on the context and drivers of information use, and how this affects the information-seeking behaviour of politicians. This article addresses this gap by exploring antecedents of politicians’ accounting and other types of information use. It looks at parliamentary debates in the Dutch central government linked to the budget cycle—how accounting information is balanced with other sources of information. Political roles (for example being member of a coalition or opposition party, or being a party’s financial spokesperson), as well as personal characteristics (age and experience), were found to have an impact on the extent of accounting and other types of information use.

Exclusivity is a key concern when designing a licensing contract, yet the organizational factors that influence the exclusive provision of university licenses remain underexplored. This study provides a deeper understanding of this question by developing a balanced framework that considers both licensors (universities) and licensees (companies) in licensing deals. Furthermore, we posit that university prestige affects both a university's ability to conduct non-exclusive licensing and a firm's incentive to obtain an exclusive license, thereby shaping their joint willingness to license (non-)exclusively. We also examine how technology transfer office (TTO) experience and prior collaboration between a university and a firm moderate this relationship. To test the hypotheses, we use a dataset consisting of 6653 licensed patents owned by 117 representative Chinese universities. We find that an inverted U-shaped relationship exists between university prestige and the likelihood that two parties choose exclusive licensing. Moreover, the moderating effect of TTO experience is partially supported while that of prior collaboration is fully supported. Our findings generate important implications for the relative social impacts of exclusive and non-exclusive licensing of technology inventions as well as the management of university licensing.

When companies select and use compensation peers to determine chief executive officer (CEO) compensation, they create unintended peer effects on corporate innovation due to the similarities between these companies and their compensation peers in terms of product markets, CEO characteristics, and compensation schemes. After controlling for industry and geography peer groups, the findings confirm that the average innovation activity of compensation peers is a significant and distinct predictor of corporate innovation. Further analysis showed that (1) the peer effect is stronger in firms and compensation peers that pay their CEOs using long-term compensation, in firms with stronger labor market competition and board monitoring, and in peer companies that experience higher innovation competition and are closer to the median peer company in the peer group; (2) the obtained results are likely not attributable to the knowledge spillover mechanism and are more consistent with the peer pressure mechanism; and (3) the Securities and Exchange Commission's 2006 executive compensation disclosure rules may have generated peer effects.

Thinking small is the last thing institutional investors should be doing right now. A fundamentally new investment model, best described as the Prudent Society Model, is emerging to cope with the changes, risks, and opportunities resulting from the sustainability transition. Institutional investors who are the first to succeed in getting this model right will flourish. The model integrates three insights: focusing on short-term disruption for long-term success, developing tools to successfully exploit new instruments and unlock new markets because of climate change, and deepening the ownership of investments. The authors suggest that boards need to learn, adapt, and experiment to implement this model.

SUMMARY It is often argued that health care providers (e.g. hospitals, physicians, etc.) are imperfect agents of the patient: over-supplying (or in certain situations under-supplying) health care services when facing a financial advantage to do so.[1] Hence, changing the incentives in provider payment contracts may lead to more appropriate provision of health care. This belief was the motivation for the design of several innovative reimbursement arrangements, such as Medicare’s Hospital Readmission Reduction Program or Maryland’s All-Payer program, created under Affordable Care Act (ACA), and the creation of Accountable Care Organizations.[2] However, the results of these initiatives have been mixed, leading experts to conclude that reaching optimal contract design is more tedious than originally believed.[3] Therefore, it is important to understand what drives providers and under what conditions they respond to financial incentives. Although health care providers’ response to financial stimulus has been empirically shown in an abundance of cases [1, 4], its magnitude is far from uniform and, in certain cases, researchers found no measurable response at all ([5-8]). There is a shortage of comprehensive analyses on exactly what drives providers’ behavior, which hampers the realization of optimal payment designs. In the present dissertation, I attempt to illustrate how providers respond to incentives in various environments and provide recommendations on the optimal payment design in order to obtain high quality and affordable care. My research utilizes examples of policy-reforms and payment design discontinuities in Dutch health care as ‘natural experiments’ that allow me to quantify responses to sudden shifts in the incentive structure. My work focuses primarily on medical specialist care (secondary care) and utilizes claim-level administrative data from Dutch health insurers for the years 2006 to 2018. Overall, my results show that providers with guaranteed budgets, that were independent of production volumes, achieved higher productivity growths and lower growths in treatment intensity, than those with volume-driven arrangements, demonstrating that providers were able to improve efficiency when incentivized to do so using guaranteed budgets (in Chapters 2-3). However, when going deeper and evaluating health care organizations’ response to financial incentives using discontinuities in reimbursement schedules (in Chapters 4-5) I found that the response was not uniform among all providers: small, profit-oriented organizations, especially those in financial distress, were more likely to maximize revenues by strategically discharging patients when a higher tariff was reached. In addition, I demonstrate that the same organization (i.e. rehabilitation centers) showed no response to the discontinuity in an outpatient setting, while strong response is observed in an inpatient setting. A possible interpretation could be the higher potential financial gains from utilizing strategic discharge behavior. Overall, these findings imply that moving away from volume-based production arrangement towards guaranteed payments (e.g. global budgets) could present the right incentives for containing costs and improving efficiency. Global budget mechanisms, however, are not new. These arrangements have been frequently used since the first wave of health care reforms after World War II. [9]. Lessons learnt from these, as well as more recent experiments, such as Maryland’s All-Payer program and pilot programs such as Bernhoven Hospital in the Netherlands, must be considered when designing hospital contracts. Most importantly, the mechanism should appropriately reward gains in market share in order to continue to encourage competition between providers and to circumvent the build-up of waiting lists, while quality and continuity of care must be guaranteed, and policy-makers should ensure that the mechanism is in line with other reimbursement arrangements (e.g. DRG- systems, risk-adjustment mechanisms).

Pro-social risk-taking involves the willingness to commit resources to initiatives and opportunities with a social benefit, as well as a risk of costly failure. These situations often occur in an environment in which groups compete for resources. In these contexts of intergroup conflict, often individuals make personal sacrifices on a voluntary basis, involving considerable risks of failure. We study the context of pro-social risk-taking and intergroup conflict by extending the volunteer's dilemma along both of these dimensions. We introduce a novel group competition treatment to identify the effect of intergroup competition without providing with an additional collective prize like the majority of past laboratory experiments. We find evidence that intergroup competition significantly increases the rate of providing a public good, and mitigates the negative impact of risk on intragroup cooperation. Regarding individual heterogeneity, we explore and discuss the impact of risk aversion and gender, and its implication for parochial altruism.(c) 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

We introduce sound and complete labelled sequent calculi for the basic normal non-distributive modal logic and some of its axiomatic extensions, where the labels are atomic formulas of the first order language of enriched formal contexts, i.e., relational structures based on formal contexts which provide complete semantics for these logics. We also extend these calculi to provide a proof system for the logic of rough formal contexts.

Motif discovery can be used as a subroutine in many time series data mining tasks such as classification, clustering and anomaly detection. A motif represents two or more highly similar subsequences of a time series. The vast majority of the motif discovery methods implicitly assume that subsequences need to be normalized before determining their similarity. While normalization is widely adopted, it may affect the discovery of motifs. We examine the effect of normalization on motif discovery using 96 real-world time series. To determine if the discovered motifs are meaningful, all time series are assigned labels that indicate the states of the system generating the time series. Our experiments show that in over half of the considered cases, normalization affects motif discovery negatively by returning motifs that are not meaningful. We therefore conclude that the assumption underlying normalization does not always hold for real-world time series and thus should not be uncritically adopted.

We introduce labelled sequent calculi for the basic normal non-distri-butive modal logic and 31 of its axiomatic extensions, where the labels are atomic formulas of a first order language which is interpreted on the canonical extensions of the algebras in the variety corresponding to the logic. Modular proofs are presented that these calculi are all sound, complete and conservative w.r.t, and enjoy cut elimination and the subformula property. The introduction of these calculi showcases a general methodology for introducing labelled calculi for the class of LE-logics and their analytic axiomatic extensions in a principled and uniform way.

Power AND performativity AND process. Three concepts. Three theoretical perspectives that shape current studies of organizing, of organizations, how they come into existence and how they are maintained. Three distinct trajectories that have already been traced; their separate articulations creating tension, paradox and contradiction. Can we resist existing conceptualizations to create new immanent relations? Can we dissolve the necessity of binary logics, of order, of finality, and embrace simultaneity and multiplicity? In this paper we reimagine the interplay between power and performativity, embracing the role of resistance within the emergent micro-processes of organizational becoming. To do this we take inspiration from the work of Gilles Deleuze.

De Nederlandse Zorgautoriteit (NZa) wil de zorgfinanciering over een andere boeg gooien om innovatie te stimuleren. Dat is omslachtig, vinden de auteurs. Creëer inzicht in het verschuiven van behandelingen en zekerheid over verantwoordelijkheid en financiën, dan komt innovatie vanzelf.

Digitization is receiving a lot of interest in recent servitization research, but the use of platform-based Industry 4.0 technologies to boost product-service innovation (PSI) is less covered. This study aims to explore how companies successfully leverage platforms for servitization in an Industry 4.0 context. Building on theories of PSI, platform leverage and business model adaptation (BMA), we use longitudinal and interpretive research methods to conduct an exploratory study of the servitization pathways of four Chinese textile and apparel manufacturing companies. Results reveal companies’ roadmaps in undertaking digital and smart servitization strategies enabled by platform leveraging, and show the implementation approaches for related BMA. Further analysis identifies platform-based servitization destinations and pathway dynamics. This study constructs a theoretical basis and a typology for explaining platform-based servitization.

This paper applies a difference-in-differences framework to explore the economic consequences of the recent U.S.–China trade war. The average abnormal returns of Chinese listed firms during a period centered on President Trump's announcement on 22 March 2018 are taken as a proxy for the firms' exposure to the potential trade war. Firms more negatively exposed are found, surprisingly, to report higher total revenues in the post-announcement period. The results indicate that the Chinese firms tend to reallocate their business from overseas to the domestic market. Such within-firm reallocation is found to be more pronounced among private firms, exporting firms and non-FDI firms. Besides, firms with higher negative exposure increase total investment and financing but decrease foreign investment after the trade war.

Over the past two centuries, the Dutch experienced a tremendous secular trend in height, and ultimately became the tallest nation in the world. Improving environmental conditions likely played the largest role in explaining these developments. But it is not yet precisely clear what factor set the Dutch head and shoulders above other nations, who were also experiencing improving environmental conditions. Could fertility also have played a role? To understand this, we would first need to know whether height and fertility were related during the secular growth trend. In this study, we investigated whether this was the case. A sample of Dutch men, birth years 1850–1900 (n = 3396), was examined. We tested the extents to which height was associated with having a certain number of children, and with having a certain number of children survive infancy. Multinomial logistic regressions were used. In terms of findings, height's relationship to fertility outcomes was curvilinear: being shorter-than-average (0.75–0.5 standard deviations below the mean height) was associated with a higher probability of being married and having five to seven children, while being moderately tall (0.5 standard deviations above the mean height) was associated with the lowest probability of being unmarried. There was no relationship between paternal height and children surviving infancy in the sample overall, but taller height was associated with a decreased risk of being in a high-mortality family among men born between 1880 and 1900. If paternal fertility played a role in the secular growth trend, we would expect to see very tall men have the most children, and clearly have the most children surviving infancy. Given this study's findings, it is unlikely that this was the case.

Radical drug innovations are of great importance to pharmaceutical firms and public health. Understanding the determinants involved in successful radical drug innovations is key to increasing this type of output in the future. The objective of this review is to search the literature for key firm-level determinants of radical drug innovation. Following a systematic literature review approach, we considered more than 4100 peer-reviewed journal articles and PhD theses, of which we included 38 in the narrative synthesis. To guide the review, we use Crossan and Apaydin’s (J Manag Stud 47:1154–1191, 2010) model of firm-level determinants of innovation for the first time within the pharmaceutical industry, which is unique due to the risks, costs, and time frames associated with radical drug innovation. We focus on three groups of determinants: leadership, managerial levers, and business processes. We find the following to be particularly important for radical drug innovation: external knowledge sourcing (managerial lever); internal knowledge management (managerial lever); ability of top leaders to innovate, as determined by educational background and professional experience (leadership); and leaders’ focus on shaping innovation and performance cultures (leadership). We offer a conceptual framework of critical determinants of radical drug innovation and highlight managerial implications. We also discuss gaps in radical drug innovation research and provide suggestions for future study. Many of the findings discussed in this paper are contradictory because they rely on different definitions and measures, which inhibits our full and accurate understanding of radical drug innovation development. More research is needed to address untested measures of radical drug innovation.

In this article, the authors propose a variance-dependent explanation for the contradiction between skewness preference and low expected return concerning lottery stocks. They emphasize an overlooked aspect of skewness as a risk measure: the return uncertainty of extreme events. They show that, during periods of low market volatility, investors dislike large-skewness securities owing to a fear of uncertain results. Thus, one observes a positive relation between skewness and expected return because the security is currently undervalued. Conversely, negative associations occur in high-volatility environments. This conditional skewness–return nexus is demonstrated to possess return predictability and can help in adjusting portfolios with profitable buying and selling decisions. Key Findings ▪ The authors propose variance-dependent skewness to reconcile the skewness preference for lottery stocks with their actual low expected returns. ▪ They emphasize skewness as a risk measure of the return uncertainty of extreme events. ▪ The authors construct portfolios based on the return predictability of skewness conditional on volatility and show that these portfolios remain profitable after considering transaction costs and restrictions on short sales.

We introduce a class of neighbourhood frames for graded modal logic embedding Kripke frames into neighbourhood frames. This class of neighbourhood frames is shown to be first-order definable but not modally definable. We also obtain a new definition of graded bisimulation with respect to Kripke frames by modifying the definition of monotonic bisimulation., Comment: removed journal template

Private aanbieders in de zorg zijn welkom, schrijft Marcel Canoy, maar niet zonder voorwaarden zoals transparantie. Zo worden perverse prikkels uit het systeem gehaald.

In this commentary, we engage with the study by Carney, El Ghoul, Guedhami, Lu and Wang, titled “Political corporate social responsibility: The role of deliberative capacity.” Their study provides empirical support for earlier claims that deliberative capacity – the capacity of political institutions to enable diverse stakeholders to collectively assemble and voice their opinions – is an important building block to understanding the prominence or lack thereof of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in a country. In so doing, Carney and co-authors contribute to the so-called “Political CSR” or PCSR literature. Yet, their study carries two important shortcomings that can be addressed to bring PCSR research forward in an IB context. First, they ignore a fundamental tenet of the PCSR literature, namely the existence of global governance gaps requiring private businesses to actively engage in political activity. Second, and related to the first, their model and associated variables are misspecified, with independent and dependent variables that are at least partially overlapping. Departing from these shortcomings, we attempt to engage constructively with their work in the interest of advancing the conversation in IB about private sector involvement in democratic will formation to achieve social and environmental responsibility.

BackgroundAudit and feedback (A&F) is a valuable quality improvement strategy, which can contribute to de-implementation of low-value care. In the Netherlands, all health insurers collaboratively provide A&F to general practitioners (GPs), the ‘Primary Care Practice Report’ (PCPR). Unfortunately, the use of this report by GPs is limited. This study examined the thoughts of GPs on the usability of the PCPR and GPs recommendations for improving the PCPR.MethodWe used an interpretative qualitative design, with think-aloud tasks to uncover thoughts of GPs on the usability of the PCPR and semistructured interview questions to ask GPs’ recommendations for improvement of the PCPR. Interviews were audiorecorded and transcribed ad verbatim. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis.ResultsWe identified two main themes: ‘poor usability of the PCPR’, and ‘minimal motivation to change based on the PCPR’. The GPs found the usability of the PCPR poor due to the feedback not being clinically meaningful, the data not being recent, individual and reliable, the performance comparators offer insufficient guidance to assess clinical performance, the results are not discussed with peers and the definitions and visuals are unclear. The GPs recommended improving these issues. The GPs motivation to change based on the PCPR was minimal.ConclusionsThe GPs evaluated the PCPR as poorly usable and were minimally motivated to change. The PCPR seems developed from the perspective of the reports’ commissioners, health insurers, and does not meet known criteria for effective A&F design and user-centred design. Importantly, the GPs did state that well-designed feedback could contribute to their motivation to improve clinical performance.Furthermore, the GPs stated that they receive a multitude of A&F reports, which they hardly use. Thus, we see a need for policy makers to invest in less, but more usable A&F reports.

The intersection of entrepreneurship and mental health has spurred many novel lines of scholarly inquiry. In this editorial, we summarize 23 such studies that have been published in Journal of Business Venturing Insights over the last seven years. In doing so, we emphasize both the differences and similarities among studies in this emerging body of research. Our work illustrates a variety of silos emerging in this growing research domain, as well as potential opportunities for greater theoretical extensions and cumulative knowledge building. We offer several proposals that establish entrepreneurship as a bridging context for mental health inquiries, a context with the potential to unify previously siloed discoveries and shift the knowledge frontier upwards. We conclude with a note for practitioners on the potential virtuous cycle that awaits.

Integriteitsprocedures hebben de status van een soort pseudo-rechtspraak verkregen, maar dan zonder de waarborgen daarvan, stellen Janny Dierx en Rob van Eijbergen.

This thesis is part of a line of research aimed at investigating how insights and results from the algebraic and relational semantics of given families of logics can contribute to the design of ‘good’ proof calculi for these logics. It focuses on the intersection between syntax and semantics in structural proof theory. The results of the present thesis develop the interface between syntax and semantics for proof-theoretic purposes in very specific ways: on the semantic side, these results build on and further develop the link between relational and algebraic semantics of logics given by discrete dualities and their associated unified correspondence results; on the syntactic side, these results further develop the theory of proper multi-type display calculi. The results of this thesis include: a systematic connection between the syntactic shape of analytic inductive axioms and the generation of cut-free derivations of these axioms from their associated analytic structural rules; the introduction of proper display calculi for monotone modal logic and conditional logic and a large family of their axiomatic extensions, thanks to a reformulation of their neighbourhood semantics in a suitable multitype relational environment; extending the semantic analysis for monotone modal logic and conditional logic to graded modal logic and proposing a new definition of graded bisimulation.

This dissertation discusses how municipality managers working in or for the social domain within the municipalities of Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague practice leadership and learning when dealing with wicked problems. The study has led to the following key findings: First, the municipal managers in this study have been found to be eager and motivated to create added social value with their partners. Doing meaningful work is thus their primary incentive. At the same time, the way they put this into practice can involve the use of position power, particularly when they ultimately fail to achieve results while cooperating with others. Second, although municipal managers are familiar with the concept of wicked problems, they tend to simplify those problems to more manageable problems, whereby they use an approach they are familiar with, specifically when they experience pressure from the political organization to quickly achieve results. Third, municipal managers know wicked problems require a relational leadership approach. Simultaneously, the leadership skills they envision to be the most essential when dealing with wicked problems, i.e., self-management, vision, and courage, primarily focus on the manager as an individual. This does not necessarily imply that, in dealing with wicked problems, they do not pay attention to relational leadership qualities; it does imply, however, that the primary focus of leadership is on the manager’s own efforts and qualities, and not on those of the collective. Fourth, municipal managers know that learning to deal with wicked problems requires a relational approach. They would like to put this into practice but owing to the many tasks and changes they are confronted with by the political organization, they have little or no time for it. Fifth and finally, the study shows municipal managers consider the learning culture in their organizations to be insufficient in learning to deal with wicked problems. More specifically, they find it important to breed a culture of continuous learning in their organization, allowing them to be an example for others, which provides the safety and trust to (collectively) learn from mistakes and in which learning is embedded in the daily work routine. However, their organization offers little or no support in developing such a learning culture, and as a result of their daily tasks, municipal managers lack the time to be a learning example for others. The main finding of this study is that the examined municipal managers are familiar with the concept of wicked problems and are motivated to use a relational approach of leadership and learning in relation to these problems. To what extent they actually do so depends on several aspects, namely position power, the political organization, leadership qualities, time to learn collectively, and the learning culture. These aspects are of both a contextual (the political organization and learning culture) and individual (positional power, leadership qualities and time to learn collectively) nature, and interact with each other in an unpredictable manner. As a result, the way in which municipal managers implement a relational approach of leadership and learning is divers and depends on the outcomes of the unpredictable and continuously changing relational dynamics between the various contextual and individual aspects.