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Due to environmental degradation, using environment-friendly products has become necessary to reduce carbon emissions. However, the consumption of such products is still below expectations because these products are usually costlier than their traditional counterparts. The current study aims to investigate consumer behavior towards environment-friendly products using Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior as a theoretical model. The study seeks to examine the role of the key determinates of environmentally conscious purchase behavior, such as ethical obligation and green self-identity. A total of 386 responses were collected from consumers living in a few major cities of northern India using purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling in Amos 22.0. The results demonstrated that attitudes towards environment-friendly products perceived behavioral control and green self-identity as the major determinants of green purchase intentions. In addition, attitude was reported to mediate the effect of ethical obligation on green purchase intentions and green self-identity was found to moderate the effect of attitude on green purchase intentions. Additionally, green self-identity was also reported to moderate the relationship between ethical obligation and attitude. The study adds value to the existing literature by signifying the role of green self-identity and ethical obligation in stimulating consumers’ green purchase intentions. The findings of the study are also meaningful for marketers and policymakers.

This compilation thesis aims to develop an understanding of the ethical, legal and political implications associated with different strategies to address the suffering of animals caused by industrialised agriculture. Based on qualitative analysis conducted in Denmark, the research explores how ethical commitment to the situation of farmed animals is negotiated across different domains. The thesis is shaped by socio-legal research combined with cross-disciplinary social analysis of human-animal relations and interspecies politics. Based on three analytical themes – invisible animals, witnessing suffering and care as an ethical obligation – the research analyses competing strategies to address the suffering of nonhuman animals. Paper I outlines the potential of socio-legal scholarship in developing new perspectives on anthropocentrism in law by creating a bridge between recent developments in ‘more-than-human’ scholarship and the field of animal law. Moreover, the paper suggests how the empirical tradition in the sociology of law can bring the study of law closer to a multispecies account of the world. Paper II focuses on recent regulatory schemes imposed on Danish farmers to improve animal welfare. Based on interviews with Danish animal welfare inspectors and inspection reports, the paper analyses how responses to suffering are negotiated at the intersection of law and bureaucratic procedures. Paper III examines a Danish case of a recent trend towards New Carnivorism and DIY slaughter against the backdrop of the growing discomfort with the killing of nonhuman animals. Drawing on Carol Adam’s concept of the absent referent, the paper calls for a more nuanced understanding of how the visibility and invisibility of animals play out in the promotion of responsible meat eating. Finally, Paper IV focuses on the embodied practices of providing sanctuary for previously farmed animals. Drawing on María Puig de la Bellacasa’s concept of ethical doings, the paper explores the challenges confronting the sanctuaries and their aspiration for multispecies flourishing. Each of the empirical studies that comprise the thesis foregrounds different aspects of the politics of suffering that characterise the main responses to the situation of animals reared for the purpose of industrialised food production. Finally, the thesis contributes to conversations about overcoming the current impasse by emphasising the need to develop alternative ideas about interspecies relations of care.

Background Despite the proposed ethical link between mandatory immunization and Vaccine Injury Support Programs (VISPs), relatively few jurisdictions, even those with mandatory immunization, have implemented such programs. Although it may be assumed that individuals injured by a vaccine in a non-VISP country receive less support than in countries possessing such programs, the extent of the discrepancy is not clear; nor is the nature of any discrepancy. Methods In our 2018 survey of 28 Global NITAG (National Immunization Technical Advisory Group) Network (GNN) countries, we asked respondents about mandatory immunization and the availability of VISPs. Responses were supplemented with desktop research and review of scholarly literature for further information regarding VISP availability and details. Results Although only two of 14 (14%) surveyed jurisdictions with mandatory immunization had formal VISPs, responses from additional countries suggested the presence of less formal avenues of compensation for serious Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFIs); similarly, we found five of 15 (33%) of countries without mandatory immunization had implemented formal VISPs, but another three such countries suggested similar informal methods of compensation. Conclusions From our data, it is evident that at least some countries with mandatory immunization may discharge their (perceived or actual) ethical obligation to provide financial assistance to vaccine-injured individuals through more informal avenues rather than structured VISPs, although the extent and impact of this practice is by its nature difficult to assess. Further, the nature of VISPs may vary significantly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and simple VISP/non-VISP classification of jurisdiction may fail to capture nuance in support for AEFI victims in many jurisdictions. Future assessments of VISPs should consider the possibility of these more informal avenues of support for vaccine injuries.

The fundamental purpose of this study is to identify and evaluate factors influencing Hanoi consumers' intention to purchase vegan fashion products based on the framework of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). The ultimate result indicates that there is an outstanding factor significantly impacting the intention of Hanoi residents towards vegan fashion products: Ethical obligation (β=0.236). In addition, Environmental concern indirectly has an influence on the intention via attitudes. This study has important and practical consequences for governmental agencies and public organizations in terms of encouraging vegan fashion consumption. Based on the study’s findings, some feasible solutions are proposed to help authorities, businesses in Hanoi in particular, and Vietnam in general as well as motivating their customer intention.

Gun violence is an epidemic that affects hundreds of thousands of Americans each year. Despite gun violence being disproportionately more lethal than other leading causes of trauma, there is a dearth of research being carried out on its root causes and prevention strategies. For the past 20 years, lobbying and politics have interfered with the forward progress of gun violence research. Physicians have a history of producing actionable public-health change and have an ethical obligation to fight for the research that will benefit their patients.

Some futurists and philosophers have urged that recent developments in biotechnology promise advancements that challenge standard accepted views of human nature, the self, and ethical obligation. Additionally, some have urged that developments in artificial intelligence similarly raise interesting new challenges to our conceptions of the mind, morality, and the future direction for conscious entities generally. Some have even gone so far as to argue in defense of "artificial replacement," which is the view that humanity should be prepared to "hand over the keys," so to speak, to a new sort of intelligent collection of entities and that we should go extinct gracefully. These views suggest a new challenge to the anti-natalist view that people should stop procreating: perhaps humanity is obligated to not allow itself to go extinct quite yet, at least until we have ensured that these next stages of intelligent entity have emerged. When we take into consideration some possibilities for entities with minds relevantly different from our own, we confront a challenge to the asymmetry argument that concerns human-like minds. Call this the "future minds challenge to anti-natalism." I will examine some assumptions that underlie such a challenge, and I will argue that some famous articulations of the anti-natalist stance should be revised in light of such technological advancements.

Blood transfusion is oftentimes life-saving but associated with risks which ought to be disclosed by the health care provider as an ethical obligation and legal requirement. The practice of informed consent to transfusion medicine is quite new and few studies have comprehensively x-rayed its historical, ethical and legal implications with an in depth consideration of professional negligence using decided cases by the adversarial and arbitration systems. PubMed, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, African Journal on Line (AJOL) electronic databases were searched using combined keywords like; “Blood transfusion and informed consent” “informed choice to transfusion medicine practice”, “consent in transfusion medicine”, “health care giver and consent to transfusion therapy”, “transfusion consent and the health care seeker”, “liability and informed consent to transfusion” and “contemporary issues in medical negligence”. Relatedly, printed materials were considered. The 91 studies that met the inclusion criteria were considered with highlights showing that, informed consent to medical treatment generally is an age long practice running from roman civilization to the present but its advocated practice in transfusion medicine a recent event. The practice is also generally low in comparison with informed consent taken for other treatments in similar settings. The consequences of dereliction including infamous conduct amongst professionals or negligence with direct and vicarious liabilities in adversary systems has been set in precedent judgments. These in addition to the present day patient-centered care model as global best practice and quality in health care delivery is compelling for health care providers to imbibe the practice not as a form of defensive medicine but a repertoire to quality and responsive Medicare service.

Many high-risk medical devices earn US marketing approval based on limited premarket clinical evaluation that leaves important questions unanswered. Rigorous postmarket surveillance includes registries that actively collect and maintain information defined by individual patient exposures to particular devices. Several prominent registries for cardiovascular devices require enrolment as a condition of reimbursement for the implant procedure, without informed consent. In this article, we focus on whether these registries, separate from their legal requirements, have an ethical obligation to obtain informed consent from enrolees, what is lost in not doing so, and the ways in which seeking and obtaining consent might strengthen postmarket surveillance in the USA.

For psychotherapists in private practice, drawing a professional will fulfills the ethical obligation to plan for the impact on patients of sudden termination due to illness or death. The named Pra...

Is it ethically permissible to acquire biological materials from a slaughterhouse for biomedical research? This essay examines this question, using a recent, high-profile research program as a case study. Using roughly 300 decapitated pig heads acquired from a slaughterhouse, researchers reperfused the animals' brains and observed a variety of cellular and molecular activities. The study was exempted from review and oversight by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), on the grounds that the animals were already dead. This essay argues that the IACUC was mistaken in exempting the study from their oversight, and furthermore, that acquiring animals or their parts from a slaughterhouse for research purposes is unethical and should not occur again. Examination of the study within a broader societal context helps to illuminate why each of us has an ethical obligation to do what we can to abolish the vicious and cruel treatment endured by billions of animals every year on factory farms and in slaughterhouses.

Single-case experimental designs (SCEDs) are commonly used in behavior analytic research but rarely used in behavioral neuroscience research. The recent development of technologies that allow control of the timing of neurobiological events such as gene expression and neuronal firing enable the fruitful application of SCEDs for the study of brain-behavior relations. There are at least 3 benefits expected from applying SCEDs to study how neurobiological events affect behavior. First, SCEDs entail direct within- and across-subject assessments of reliability, likely increasing the probability of replication across studies and encouraging a search for the causes of replication failure when they occur. Second, SCEDs focus on behavior in individual organisms producing a body of knowledge that applies to individuals rather than population parameters. Finally, SCEDs require fewer animals, decreasing costs and effort and addressing the ethical obligation to reduce the number of animals used for research. Examples are provided using hypothetical data generated based on published research. Collaborations between behavior analysts and behavioral neuroscientists will bring the world within the skin under direct experimental control and broaden our understanding of the determinants of behavior.

In this exploratory study, the professional socialization of 23 clinical social workers based in New England is examined. Building on a landmark framework for understanding professional socializati...