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Generative AI presents significant opportunities for instructional designers to create content and personalize online learning environments. Alongside its benefits, generative AI also poses ethical considerations and potential risks, such as perpetuating biases or disrupting the learning process. Navigating these complexities requires an approach to design deliberation that involves careful analysis, discussion, and decision-making throughout the design process. This paper proposes a conceptual framework to support instructional designers in leveraging generative AI to promote inclusivity within their design deliberations, emphasizing the importance of addressing ethical considerations and engaging in iterative design practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With its potential to contribute to the ethical governance of AI, eXplainable AI (XAI) research frequently asserts its relevance to ethical considerations. Yet, the substantiation of these claims with rigorous ethical analysis and reflection remains largely unexamined. This contribution endeavors to scrutinize the relationship between XAI and ethical considerations. By systematically reviewing research papers mentioning ethical terms in XAI frameworks and tools, we investigate the extent and depth of ethical discussions in scholarly research. We observe a limited and often superficial engagement with ethical theories, with a tendency to acknowledge the importance of ethics, yet treating it as a monolithic and not contextualized concept. Our findings suggest a pressing need for a more nuanced and comprehensive integration of ethics in XAI research and practice. To support this, we propose to critically reconsider transparency and explainability in regards to ethical considerations during XAI systems design while accounting for ethical complexity in practice. As future research directions, we point to the promotion of interdisciplinary collaborations and education, also for underrepresented ethical perspectives. Such ethical grounding can guide the design of ethically robust XAI systems, aligning technical advancements with ethical considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patient refusal of care often puts healthcare professionals in an ethical dilemma. The ethics of refusing nursing care are examined in this editorial, which emphasizes the patient’s autonomy and the healthcare professional’s duty to provide care. Coercion and information manipulation to override patient’s refusal contradict principles of autonomy and justice. Through ethical analysis and case examples of assisting post-operative patients with early ambulation, it is clear that an excessive focus on patient’s autonomy and the duty to provide care could jeopardize ethical practice.

Patient refusal of care often puts healthcare professionals in an ethical dilemma. The ethics of refusing nursing care are examined in this editorial, which emphasizes the patient's autonomy and the healthcare professional's duty to provide care. Coercion and information manipulation to override patient's refusal contradict principles of autonomy and justice.... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The end-users’ acceptance is a core concept in the development, implementation and evaluation of new systems like robotic systems in daily nursing practice. So far, studies have shown various findings concerning the acceptance of systems that are intended to assist people with support or care needs. Not much has been reported on the acceptance of robots that provide direct physical assistance to nurses in bedside care. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the acceptance along with ethical implications of the prototype of an assistive robotic arm aiming to support nurses in bedside care, from the perspective of nurses, care recipients and their relatives. Methods A cross-sectional survey design was applied at an early stage in the technological development of the system. Professional nurses, care recipients and relatives were recruited from a university hospital and a nursing home in Germany. The questionnaire was handed out following either a video or a live demonstration of the lab prototype and a subsequent one-to-one follow-up discussion. Data analysis was performed descriptively. Results A total of 67 participants took part in the study. The rejection of specified ethical concerns across all the respondents was 77%. For items related to both perceived usefulness and intention to use, 75% of ratings across all the respondents were positive. In the follow-up discussions, the participants showed interest and openness toward the prototype, although there were varying opinions on aspects such as size, appearance, velocity, and potential impact on workload. Conclusions Regarding the current state of development, the acceptance among the participants was high, and ethical concerns were relatively minor. Moving forward, it would be beneficial to explore the acceptance in further developmental stages of the system, particularly when the usability is tested.

Solidarity between generations served as a prominent but controversially discussed normative reference point in public debates about the Coronavirus-pandemic. The aim of this contribution is the empirical reconstruction and ethical evaluation of prominent notions of intergenerational solidarity and their underlying assumptions in the public media discourse on the pandemic in Germany. After a brief introduction to the concept of intergenerational solidarity and the pertinent discourses during the pandemic, we present the results of a comprehensive qualitative content analysis of 149 articles from leading media in Germany. On this basis, we carve out three typical understandings of intergenerational solidarity: (a) communal care, (b) mutual support, and (c) responsible use of freedom. We discuss these understandings and the underlying 'moral paradigms' and evaluate their theoretical and practical implications from an ethical point of view, drawing conclusions for discourses on future societal crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: The effective provision of health services is affected by human resources and this renders upholding ethical principles in hospitals more urgent than in any other organization. This study aimed to determine the ethical predictability of human resources in hospitals in 2022. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in public, private, and "social security" hospitals in Mazandaran province in 2022. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire designed based on Iranian national accreditation standards. The questionnaire consisted of 18 questions from 6 areas, including organizing manpower, employee evaluation, employee satisfaction and participation, employee empowerment, job promotion, and paying attention to employee motivation. The content validity was confirmed using experts' views, and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient higher than 0.78. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the mentioned hospitals regarding the ethical predictability of human resources (p < 0.05), which was higher in social security hospitals (3.80 ± 0.00) compared to public hospitals (3.30 ± 0.00) and private hospitals (2.49 ± 0.00). The highest and the lowest mean ethical predictability of human resources in selected hospitals were reported for the areas of employee empowerment (3.89 ± 0.00) and employee evaluation (2.83 ± 0.00), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to exerting an impact on enhancing the satisfaction and productivity of employees, identifying ethical predictability factors will help medical and health services managers identify the priorities of human resources and adopt solutions to improve them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The end-users’ acceptance is a core concept in the development, implementation and evaluation of new systems like robotic systems in daily nursing practice. So far, studies have shown various findings concerning the acceptance of systems that are intended to assist people with support or care needs. Not much has been reported on the acceptance of robots that provide direct physical assistance to nurses in bedside care. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the acceptance along with ethical implications of the prototype of an assistive robotic arm aiming to support nurses in bedside care, from the perspective of nurses, care recipients and their relatives. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was applied at an early stage in the technological development of the system. Professional nurses, care recipients and relatives were recruited from a university hospital and a nursing home in Germany. The questionnaire was handed out following either a video or a live demonstration of the lab prototype and a subsequent one-to-one follow-up discussion. Data analysis was performed descriptively. Results: A total of 67 participants took part in the study. The rejection of specified ethical concerns across all the respondents was 77%. For items related to both perceived usefulness and intention to use, 75% of ratings across all the respondents were positive. In the follow-up discussions, the participants showed interest and openness toward the prototype, although there were varying opinions on aspects such as size, appearance, velocity, and potential impact on workload. Conclusions: Regarding the current state of development, the acceptance among the participants was high, and ethical concerns were relatively minor. Moving forward, it would be beneficial to explore the acceptance in further developmental stages of the system, particularly when the usability is tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Physicians have to make countless decisions every day. The medical, ethical and legal aspects are often intertwined and subject to change over time. Involving an ethics committee or arranging an ethical consultation are examples of potential aids to decision making. Whether and how artificial intelligence (AI) and the large language model (LLM) of the company OpenAI (San Francisco, CA, USA), known under the name ChatGPT, can also help and support ethical decision making is increasingly becoming a matter of controversial debate. Material and methods: Based on a case example, in which a female physician is confronted with ethical and legal issues and presents these to ChatGPT to come up with answers, the first indications of the strengths and weaknesses are ascertained. Conclusion: Due to the rapid technical development and access to ever increasing quantities of data, the utilization should be closely observed and evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facial recognition technology (FRT) has emerged as a powerful tool for public governance and security, but its rapid adoption has also raised significant concerns about privacy, civil liberties, and ethical implications. This paper critically examines the current rules and policies governing FRT, highlighting the tensions between state and corporate interests on one hand, and individual rights and ethical considerations on the other. The study also investigates international legal frameworks aimed at protecting individual rights and privacy, arguing that current legislative measures often fall short of robust scholarly standards and international human rights norms. The paper concludes with recommendations for developing principled and adaptable governance frameworks that harness the benefits of FRT while mitigating its risks and negative impacts, underscoring the importance of placing human rights and ethics at the center of regulating this transformative technology.

AbstractBackground: Widespread cannabis consumption and recreational cannabis legalization is thought to have led to an increase in motor vehicle accidents, although there currently lacks ethical guidance for primary care practitioners on cannabis-impaired driving.Objective: The aim was to develop an ethical framework for primary care providers on cannabis-impaired driving.Methods: An ethical analysis in the form of a critical interpretive review was undertaken, using a systematic approach to determine the appropriate action to a given situation with evidence to substantiate its claims. The search strategy was designed to answer the research question: What are some ethical concerns for primary care providers to consider when cannabis-impaired driving is suspected? Four databases were searched in December 2021 using keywords related to cannabis, impaired driving, ethics, and primary care. The resulting evidence was synthesized as recommendations for primary care practice.Results: The ethical approach for primary care practitioners in addressing cannabis-impaired driving can be summarized as the duty to always inform, provide care through prevention and harm reduction strategies, and report when necessary. The prevention of cannabis-impaired driving should not fall on the sole responsibility of primary care practitioners. As this review offers a high-level discussion of the ethical considerations in cannabis-impaired driving, specific recommendations will depend upon the legal and policy designations of individual jurisdictions.Conclusion: Ultimately, the practitioner should manage cannabis-impaired driving in a way that fosters the therapeutic relationship in patient-centered care, through motivational discussions, collaboration with specialists, skills for self-management, patient empowerment, and support. KEY MESSAGES Take-Home Points for Primary Care Practitioners in Cannabis-Impaired Driving • For patients who report driving frequently and using cannabis, the frequency of use, dosage, form of cannabis, tolerance levels, and withdrawal symptoms should be discussed, while informing the patient of the risks, harms, and legal consequences associated with cannabis-impaired driving. • The practitioner’s primary responsibility in the cannabis-impaired driving context is to provide care to patients who drive and consume cannabis, which may include referring patients to mental health care to manage addictive or problematic behaviors associated with cannabis use. • Practitioners may have a duty to report cannabis-impaired driving to legal authorities (such as law enforcement) when the user engages in harmful behavior to themselves or others.

Early hype cycles surrounding new technologies may promote simplistic binary options of either adoption or rejection, but socio-historical analyses of technologies illuminate how they are worked into shape by human actors. Humans enact agency through many choices that result in adaptations and contextual variations. In this piece, we argue that the changes that result from emerging technologies are the ones that we work into shape through professional methods, artistry, and effort. We draw on historical and contemporary examples such as writing and learning analytics to illustrate this shaping cycle and apply ethical analysis to identify potential harms and benefits of emerging AI technologies that then inform learning design decisions. We conclude with an example of the application of "cognitive partnerships" as some of the important theory building that is part of the professional work still to be done in working AI – or any emerging technology – towards the change we desire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Movies can serve valuable didactic purposes teaching clinical ethics to medical students. However, using film sequences as means to develop critical thinking is not a straightforward task. There is a significant gap in the literature regarding how to analyse the ethical content embedded in these clips systematically, in a way that facilitates the students' transition from anecdotal reflections to abstract thinking. This article offers a pedagogical proposal to approach the ethical analysis of film sequences in a systematic fashion. This structured stepwise method encourages students to identify the main ethical problem of a selected scene and to reflect on the theoretical principles involved, emphasizing the application of these norms and values in a contextually situated analysis. We believe this method in film studies both reinforces the students' comprehension of the theoretical framework of an ethical topic, and casts light on its pertinence and limitations under the circumstances of the scene, thus proving a constructive tool to strengthen the bridge between the theoretical teaching of clinical ethics and clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Widespread cannabis consumption and recreational cannabis legalization is thought to have led to an increase in motor vehicle accidents, although there currently lacks ethical guidance for primary care practitioners on cannabis-impaired driving. Objective: The aim was to develop an ethical framework for primary care providers on cannabis-impaired driving. Methods: An ethical analysis in the form of a critical interpretive review was undertaken, using a systematic approach to determine the appropriate action to a given situation with evidence to substantiate its claims. The search strategy was designed to answer the research question: What are some ethical concerns for primary care providers to consider when cannabis-impaired driving is suspected? Four databases were searched in December 2021 using keywords related to cannabis, impaired driving, ethics, and primary care. The resulting evidence was synthesized as recommendations for primary care practice. Results: The ethical approach for primary care practitioners in addressing cannabis-impaired driving can be summarized as the duty to always inform, provide care through prevention and harm reduction strategies, and report when necessary. The prevention of cannabis-impaired driving should not fall on the sole responsibility of primary care practitioners. As this review offers a high-level discussion of the ethical considerations in cannabis-impaired driving, specific recommendations will depend upon the legal and policy designations of individual jurisdictions. Conclusion: Ultimately, the practitioner should manage cannabis-impaired driving in a way that fosters the therapeutic relationship in patient-centered care, through motivational discussions, collaboration with specialists, skills for self-management, patient empowerment, and support. Take-Home Points for Primary Care Practitioners in Cannabis-Impaired Driving • For patients who report driving frequently and using cannabis, the frequency of use, dosage, form of cannabis, tolerance levels, and withdrawal symptoms should be discussed, while informing the patient of the risks, harms, and legal consequences associated with cannabis-impaired driving. • The practitioner's primary responsibility in the cannabis-impaired driving context is to provide care to patients who drive and consume cannabis, which may include referring patients to mental health care to manage addictive or problematic behaviors associated with cannabis use. • Practitioners may have a duty to report cannabis-impaired driving to legal authorities (such as law enforcement) when the user engages in harmful behavior to themselves or others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An institution providing health services, which seeks to meet challenging goals in the sale of health services that allow it to substantially improve its economic income and obtain significant operating surpluses to distribute among its partners, decides to launch a broad and aggressive marketing plan to position itself as the best health institution in its area in the region. The center of its marketing campaign is the search for the conviction of patients from high socioeconomic strata that the institution is the only one qualified in the city and the region to care for patients with cardiovascular diseases, that it has the best technology and that their doctors and health personnel are the best. The campaign seeks to reach the population through all available means, such as billboards, messages on radio and television, and illustrative brochures, to distribute among the population of the social sectors that are the focus of its work. Other peer institutions and groups of doctors question this campaign and decide to ask the regional Ethics Committee for a statement on the matter. The Ethics Committee, after analyzing the marketing of the IPS, defines its position on the matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Innere Medizin (2731-7080) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Achieving ethically responsible decisions is crucial for the success of biodiversity conservation projects. We adapted the ethical matrix, decision tree, and Bateson's cube to assist in the ethical analysis of complex conservation scenarios by structuring these tools so that they can implement the different value dimensions (environmental, social, and animal welfare) involved in conservation ethics. We then applied them to a case study relative to the decision‐making process regarding whether or not to continue collecting biomaterial on the oldest of the two remaining northern white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum cottoni), a functionally extinct subspecies of the white rhinoceros. We used the ethical matrix to gather ethical pros and cons and as a starting point for a participatory approach to ethical decision‐making. We used decision trees to compare the different options at stake on the basis of a set of ethical desiderata. We used Bateson's cube to establish a threshold of ethical acceptability and model the results of a simple survey. The application of these tools proved to be pivotal in structuring the decision‐making process and in helping reach a shared, reasoned, and transparent decision on the best option from an ethical point of view among those available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción. El despliegue de nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación lleva a plantear la ciberpsicología como la integración de los medios digitales a la vida y las relaciones humanas, así como la inmersión tecnológica en la práctica profesional; esto implica retos en la comprensión de los cambios que ha producido la tecnología en el desarrollo individual y social. El objetivo del presente artículo fue plantear una reflexión sobre los aspectos éticos en la ciberpsicología y las implicaciones prácticas, a la luz de una perspectiva del cuidado que integra el principio del bienestar en un entorno virtual. Temas de reflexión. En primer lugar, se analizan las principales normativas en el marco de los principios éticos y bioéticos, con énfasis en el contexto colombiano. En segundo lugar, se reflexiona sobre la perspectiva del cuidado y algunas consideraciones en los medios digitales. Finalmente, se revisan algunas implicaciones prácticas de la ciberpsicología. Conclusiones. La perspectiva del cuidado y su aplicación en la ciberpsicología es uno de los anclajes éticos orientados a la promoción de relaciones basadas en el bienestar. Las discusiones éticas desde la perspectiva del cuidado en medios digitales integra la competencia técnico-profesional a la competencia ética. Esto implica un constante análisis de la apropiación de las tecnologías como espacio de encuentro y también como parte del compromiso con el cuidado propio y de los usuarios. Introduction. The spread of new information and communication technologies results in cyberpsychology being proposed as the integration of new digital media into human relationships and life, also, as technological immersion in professional practices. This implies challenges in understanding the changes that technology has produced in individual and social development. The objective of this article was to propose a reflection on the ethical aspects of cyberpsychology and its practical implications, according to a care approach which integrates the wellbeing principle in a virtual environment. Topics of reflection. Firstly, the main regulations for cyberpsychology are analyzed in the framework of the ethical and bioethical principles, with emphasis on the Colombian context. Secondly, we reflect on the care approach and some considerations for digital media. Finally, some practical implications of cyberpsychology are reviewed. Conclusions. The care approach and its application to cyberpsychology is one of the ethical anchors aimed at the promotion of wellbeing-based relationships. Ethical discussions from the care approach to digital media integrate technical-professional competency with ethical competency. This implies a constant analysis of the appropriation of technologies as a meeting space and as part of the commitment to self and user care. Introdução. A implantação de novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação leva a postular a ciberpsicologia como a integração das mídias digitais na vida e nas relações humanas, bem como a imersão tecnológica na prática profissional. Isso implica desafios na compreensão das mudanças que a tecnología tem produzido no desenvolvimento individual e social. O objetivo deste artigo foi propor uma reflexão sobre os aspectos éticos na ciberpsicologia e as implicações práticas, à luz de uma perspectiva assistencial que integre o princípio do bem-estar no ambiente virtual. Tópicos de reflexão. Em primeiro lugar, analisamse as principais regulamentações no marco dos princípios éticos e bioéticos, com ênfase no contexto colombiano. Em segundo lugar, reflete-se sobre a perspectiva do cuidado e algumas considerações nos meios digitais. Finalmente, são revisadas algumas implicações práticas da ciberpsicologia. Conclusões. A perspectiva do cuidado e sua aplicação na ciberpsicologia é uma das âncoras éticas voltadas à promoção de relações baseadas no bem-estar. As discussões éticas na perspectiva do cuidado em mídia digital integram competência técnico-profissional com a competência ética. Isso implica uma análise constante da apropriação das tecnologias como espaço de encontro, assim como parte do compromisso com o autocuidado e dos usuários.

Abstract Background As robotics in nursing care is still in an early explorative research phase, it is not clear which changes robotic systems will ultimately bring about in the long term. According to the approach of “Responsible Research and Innovation”, the research project “PfleKoRo” aims to anticipate and mitigate ethical risks that might be expected when starting to develop a robot. The robot under investigation is intended to be a hands-on support in nursing care in due course. Therefore, the question is which ethical risks and requirements must be considered when developing the robot. Methods Guided by the British Standard for the design of robotic systems, ethical risks related to the robot’s use were identified at the outset (Step 1). This was followed by the definition of the requirements needed to mitigate ethical risks (Step 2). Professional nurses, patients and relatives were involved in focus groups and interviews in Step 1. The transcribed interviews and focus groups were then analysed using content analysis. The available literature and expert guidance were taken into account in both steps. Finally, validation and verification methods were defined (Step 3). Results Sixteen professional nurses participated in three focus groups. Individual interviews were held with a total of eight patients and relatives. Ethical risks and requirements could be defined in the context of dignity, autonomy, privacy, human relationships and safety in the project. Professional nurses feared most issues relating to safety and that the robot would lead to more workload instead of relief, whereas patients and relatives frequently raised the issue of the staffing ratio. Despite the focus on possible negative consequences, participants also made uncritical or optimistic comments regarding the robot’s use in the future. Conclusion Focus groups, individual interviews and existing literature revealed to some extent different ethical issues. Along with identified risks, the results suggest a general open-mindedness of nurses, patients and relatives towards the introduced robot. When investigating the ethical implications of robots for nursing care, one should include multiple perspectives and, in particular, potentially affected individuals.

How should we think of the preferences of citizens? Whereas self-optimal policy is relatively straightforward to produce, socially optimal policy often requires a more detailed examination. In this paper, we identify an issue that has received far too little attention in welfarist modelling of public policy, which we name the “hidden assumptions” problem. Hidden assumptions can be deceptive because they are not expressed explicitly and the social planner (e.g. a policy maker, a regulator, a legislator) may not give them the critical attention they need. We argue that ethical expertise has a direct role to play in public discourse because it is hard to adopt a position on major issues like public health policy or healthcare prioritisation without making contentious assumptions about population ethics. We then postulate that ethicists are best situated to critically evaluate these hidden assumptions, and can therefore play a vital role in public policy debates.

Background: Compulsory hospitalisation in mental health care restricts patients' liberty and is experienced as harmful by many. Such hospitalisations continue to be used due to their assumed benefit, despite limited scientific evidence. Observed geographical variation in compulsory hospitalisation raises concern that rates are higher and lower than necessary in some areas. Methods/discussion: We present a specific normative ethical analysis of how geographical variation in compulsory hospitalisation challenges four core principles of health care ethics. We then consider the theoretical possibility of a "right", or appropriate, level of compulsory hospitalisation, as a general norm for assessing the moral divergence, i.e., too little, or too much. Finally, we discuss implications of our analysis and how they can inform the future direction of mental health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: El riesgo es un concepto que suele ser evaluado por los científicos y expertos en salud pública mediante la comparación de probabilidades. Sin embargo, esta perspectiva inscrita en el utilitarismo ético, que considera que la mejor decisión es aquella que tiene menos probabilidad de daño que de beneficio, no contempla aspectos normativos fundamentados en otras perspectivas éticas. La interpretación del origen de las polémicas públicas derivadas de las reacciones de las personas ante los pequeños riesgos de las vacunas con virus atenuados contra el SARS-CoV-2 y la evaluación de las respuestas de las instituciones públicas requiere conocer tanto los aspectos cognitivos que introducen sesgos sistemáticos en la valoración de probabilidades como el marco sociológico, ético y político que contextualiza la gestión de los riesgos en las sociedades modernas. Abstract: Risk is a concept that is usually evaluated by scientists and public health experts by comparing probabilities. However, this ethical utilitarian perspective, which considers that the best decision is the one that has less probability of harm than of benefit, does not consider normative aspects based on other ethical perspectives. Interpreting the origin of public controversies arising from people's reactions to the small risks of attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and evaluating the responses of public institutions requires an understanding of both the cognitive aspects that introduce systematic biases in the assessment of probabilities and the sociological, ethical, and political framework that contextualizes risk management in modern societies.

Objectives:The study has been focused on how the women make sense of what they experience in the decision-making process about continuing or terminating the pregnancy after the prenatal diagnosis. In this process, the expression of the problems experienced by those who lived and their decisionmaking experiences have been analyzed in terms of medical ethics.Method:The study was carried out as a qualitative field research in order to achieve the aim of it. During the study, after prenatal diagnosis, in-depth interviews were conducted with women who decided to continue the pregnancy and women who decided to terminate the pregnancy. The data obtained from the in-depth interviews were evaluated by thematic analysis method.Results:As a result of the evaluation of the data obtained in this study, some important information that can be used as a basis for justification in discussions on terminating the pregnancy after prenatal diagnosis, which is a problem in medical ethics, were obtained. At the same time, it was also observed that the decision on terminating the pregnancy is a personal and difficult decision and the personal factors and a person’s world of values play a determinant role in this decision.Conclusion:In our study, the findings revealed that the moral mindset of individuals was the main determinant in the decision to be made on sensitive and difficult issues, such as the termination of pregnancy.

This study aimed to identify the effectiveness of employing an ethical analysis approach while teaching controversial ethical historical issues in developing tenth-grade students' decisionmaking skill and their attitudes towards the subject of history. In this study, the quasiexperimental method was implemented to measure the decision-making skill test on the historical and ethical controversial issues in tenth-grade students (sixty-eight students). In addition, students' attitudes towards the history subject were measured. The measurements' reliability and validity were confirmed. When the decision-making of skill test was applied to the historical and ethical controversial issues, a significant difference was observed favoring the ethical analysis approach, which can be attributed to the teaching method. The results also showed significant differences on the scale of students' attitudes towards history due to the teaching method and in favor of the ethical analysis approach. It can be concluded that steps of the ethical analysis approach used in teaching controversial issues in history improve the decision-making skill and students' attitudes toward the subject of history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article starts by examining the present state of death ethics by attending to the euthanasia debate. Given that voluntary active euthanasia has seen strong support in the academic community, insights on the choiceworthiness of continued existence may be derived. Having derived cases of choiceworthy nonexistence (which I refer to as choiceworthy nonexistence [CNE] cases), I extend these intuitions to lives not worth starting, or choiceworthy nonexistence for potential people (which I refer to as foetal-CNE, or fCNE cases). Although I depart from Benatarian antinatalism by rejecting Benatar's claim that all existence is necessarily a harm, I posit a weaker argument that all existence is likely a harm since we cannot know until later in life if an existence is a harm. If I am right, then we have prudential reasons not to bear children, since they are more likely to suffer in lives not worth living than not., (© 2024 The Author(s). Bioethics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.

In this paper, I leverage the pragmatist tradition in philosophy, the collective wisdom of scholarship in clinical ethics consultation, and earlier attempts to apply pragmatism in clinical ethics to develop a new vision of clinical ethics practice called New Clinical Pragmatism. It argues that clinical ethics methodology, from the New Clinical Pragmatist's perspective, amounts to the recommendation that consultants should customize a methodological approach, drawing on the various available methods, depending on the demands of the specific case, and should avoid attempts to identify a 'true' methodology but to the incoherence and inevitable failure of those attempts. I argue that pragmatism's emphasis on practical wisdom and experimentation allow the New Clinical Pragmatist to do this while avoiding irrationality in choosing methods. I discuss how the New Clinical Pragmatist gives a unique, constructive perspective on key aspects of clinical ethics consultation such as the choice of common morality vs. internal morality of medicine approaches, process standards, bioethics mediation, and narrative ethics, and suggest how New Clinical Pragmatism's relaxed approach to choice of methodology encourages consultants to balance attention to the particulars of the case with knowledge of what the many insightful scholars of clinical ethics methodology have found useful in the past. I also argue that New Clinical Pragmatism is consistent with efforts to professionalize clinical ethics consultation., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Introduction. The spread of new information and communication technologies results in cyberpsychology being proposed as the integration of new digital media into human relationships and life, also, as technological immersion in professional practices. This implies challenges in understanding the changes that technology has produced in individual and social development. The objective of this article was to propose a reflection on the ethical aspects of cyberpsychology and its practical implications, according to a care approach which integrates the wellbeing principle in a virtual environment. Topics of reflection. Firstly, the main regulations for cyberpsychology are analyzed in the framework of the ethical and bioethical principles, with emphasis on the Colombian context. Secondly, we reflect on the care approach and some considerations for digital media. Finally, some practical implications of cyberpsychology are reviewed. Conclusions. The care approach and its application to cyberpsychology is one of the ethical anchors aimed at the promotion of wellbeing-based relationships. Ethical discussions from the care approach to digital media integrate technical-professional competency with ethical competency. This implies a constant analysis of the appropriation of technologies as a meeting space and as part of the commitment to self and user care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As robotics in nursing care is still in an early explorative research phase, it is not clear which changes robotic systems will ultimately bring about in the long term. According to the approach of "Responsible Research and Innovation", the research project "PfleKoRo" aims to anticipate and mitigate ethical risks that might be expected when starting to develop a robot. The robot under investigation is intended to be a hands-on support in nursing care in due course. Therefore, the question is which ethical risks and requirements must be considered when developing the robot. Methods: Guided by the British Standard for the design of robotic systems, ethical risks related to the robot's use were identified at the outset (Step 1). This was followed by the definition of the requirements needed to mitigate ethical risks (Step 2). Professional nurses, patients and relatives were involved in focus groups and interviews in Step 1. The transcribed interviews and focus groups were then analysed using content analysis. The available literature and expert guidance were taken into account in both steps. Finally, validation and verification methods were defined (Step 3). Results: Sixteen professional nurses participated in three focus groups. Individual interviews were held with a total of eight patients and relatives. Ethical risks and requirements could be defined in the context of dignity, autonomy, privacy, human relationships and safety in the project. Professional nurses feared most issues relating to safety and that the robot would lead to more workload instead of relief, whereas patients and relatives frequently raised the issue of the staffing ratio. Despite the focus on possible negative consequences, participants also made uncritical or optimistic comments regarding the robot's use in the future. Conclusion: Focus groups, individual interviews and existing literature revealed to some extent different ethical issues. Along with identified risks, the results suggest a general open-mindedness of nurses, patients and relatives towards the introduced robot. When investigating the ethical implications of robots for nursing care, one should include multiple perspectives and, in particular, potentially affected individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Bioetica is the property of Conselho Federal de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The physician-patient relationship is important because the patientchr('39')s satisfaction affects trust in physician and accepting physicianchr('39')s recommendations in medical treatment decisions. Understanding a patient’s opinion about a trustworthy and friendly physician as well as ethical issues regarding family medicine, therefore, gains double importance. This paper attempts to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the subject. Methods: In summer 2018, a conventional qualitative content analysis was done on 21 participants who were referred to family physicians in the North of Iran. Data were collected by means of purposive sampling and semi-structured face to face individual interviews. Participants shared their experiences about ethical considerations in family medicine. All interviews were recorded and transcribed word for word, data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Data analysis resulted in the extraction of 7 categories and 21 sub-categories from the 71 initial codes. The categories include "responsibility", "patientchr('39')s privacy", "informed consent", "respect and dignity of patient", "effective physician-patient communication", "trust in physician" and "conflict of interests". Conclusion: There are some differences between the participantschr('39') perceptions of ethical considerations in family medicine and opinions of medical ethics curriculum designers in Iran and particularly in the world. Some shared elements including "resource allocation", "the beginning and end of life", "research ethics", "substitute decision-making", etc. – all of them are main titles of ethics curriculum – could not be weighed as major ethical issues from the patientschr('39') perspectives. The patientchr('39')s satisfaction and, therefore, the enhancement of mutual trust is essential. Patients’ comments should be considered when providing ethical guidelines.

Simple Summary: In this article, we report on action research in the Canadian province of Alberta, based on forging alliances with officers who enforce federal, provincial, and municipal legislation involving animals. Some of these officers worked in rural areas, and others worked in urban areas. Some mainly enforced Alberta's Animal Protection Act, while a few specialized in enforcing Canada's Criminal Code. For the most part, however, participating officers had a mandate to enforce animal-related local bylaws. Such ordinances or rulebooks exist because Alberta's Municipal Government Act allows local councils to enact legislation regarding domestic and wild animals, particularly as regards people's health, property, safety, and welfare. Many professionals refer to policies such as these, which are deeply rooted in the western legal tradition, such as "animal control." Our findings illuminate how animal-control policies and personnel can help to protect domesticated animals, not just people. Even so, our research highlights that animal-control policies as well as animal-protection policies routinely fail to protect officers who enforce legislation involving animals. Furthermore, whenever officers who enforce legislation involving animals work in unsafe conditions, this endangers human as well as non-human lives. Across Canada and internationally, laws exist to protect animals and to stop them from becoming public nuisances and threats. The work of officers who enforce local bylaws protects both domestic animals and humans. Despite the importance of this work, research in this area is emergent, but growing. We conducted research with officers mandated to enforce legislation involving animals, with a focus on local bylaw enforcement in the province of Alberta, Canada, which includes the city of Calgary. Some experts regard Calgary as a "model city" for inter-agency collaboration. Based on partnerships with front-line officers, managers, and professional associations in a qualitative multiple-case study, this action-research project evolved towards advocacy for occupational health and safety. Participating officers spoke about the societal benefits of their work with pride, and they presented multiple examples to illustrate how local bylaw enforcement contributes to public safety and community wellbeing. Alarmingly, however, these officers consistently reported resource inadequacies, communication and information gaps, and a culture of normalized disrespect. These findings connect to the concept of "medico-legal borderlands," which became central to this study. As this project unfolded, we seized upon opportunities to improve the officers' working conditions, including the potential of relational coordination to promote the best practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Originally applied on domestic and lab animals, assisted reproduction technologies (ARTs) have also found application in conservation breeding programs, where they can make the genetic management of populations more efficient, and increase the number of individuals per generation. However, their application in wildlife conservation opens up new ethical scenarios that have not yet been fully explored. This study presents a frame for the ethical analysis of the application of ART procedures in conservation based on the Ethical Matrix (EM), and discusses a specific case study—ovum pick-up (OPU) procedures performed in the current conservation efforts for the northern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni)—providing a template for the assessment of ART procedures in projects involving other endangered species.

Bioethics has developed approaches to address ethical issues in health care, similar to how technology ethics provides guidelines for ethical research on artificial intelligence, big data, and robotic applications. As these digital technologies are increasingly used in medicine, health care and public health, thus, it is plausible that the approaches of technology ethics have influenced bioethical research. Similar to the "empirical turn" in bioethics, which led to intense debates about appropriate moral theories, ethical frameworks and meta-ethics due to the increased use of empirical methodologies from social sciences, the proliferation of health-related subtypes of technology ethics might have a comparable impact on current bioethical research. This systematic journal review analyses the reporting of ethical frameworks and non-empirical methods in argument-based research articles on digital technologies in medicine, health care and public health that have been published in high-impact bioethics journals. We focus on articles reporting non-empirical research in original contributions. Our aim is to describe currently used methods for the ethical analysis of ethical issues regarding the application of digital technologies in medicine, health care and public health. We confine our analysis to non-empirical methods because empirical methods have been well-researched elsewhere. Finally, we discuss our findings against the background of established methods for health technology assessment, the lack of a typology for non-empirical methods as well as conceptual and methodical change in bioethics. Our descriptive results may serve as a starting point for reflecting on whether current ethical frameworks and non-empirical methods are appropriate to research ethical issues deriving from the application of digital technologies in medicine, health care and public health., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Ethnographic fieldwork, which implies the encounter with otherness, is used by medical anthropology to approach the understanding of social problems related to health, illness, care and death. The objective of the work was to carry out an ethical reflection on various conflictive situations experienced by three anthropologists during their research in Mexico, by means of the analysis of their field diaries. To this end, a group and interdisciplinary analysis was carried out from an ethical perspective. The conflicts found were classified as: 1. Ethical dilemmas (such as sincerity vs. concealment of information); 2. Ethical dissonances (such as fairness in informants' access to medical services, access and identity of the anthropologist in the field, limits of the intervention, reciprocity, and the emotions of the researcher); and 3. Others (ethical conflicts such as the observation of medical paternalism and the disciplinary differences between anthropological and medical work). This analysis allowed us to understand, through an ethical-methodological alert, the epistemological, methodological and, mainly, the ethical positions of the researchers who, surreptitiously, guide the construction of the anthropological task. Likewise, the investigation allowed us to glimpse the responsibility of the actions or inactions of the researcher vis a vis of the people observed within a context of health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes how nurses can use the Q methodology to include head and neck cancer patients in research. These patients are often excluded from participating in research based on temporary or permanent voiceless, disfigurement, or impaired communication. Q methodology is defined as the method for the study of subjectivity and related procedures seem to facilitate the participation of head and neck cancer patients. As so, this inclusive dimension should be taken into consideration in research project design also as an ethical aspect of the study, in particular when involving these patients or others in similar conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic created conditions of scarcity that led many provinces within Canada to develop triage protocols for critical care resources. In this study, we sought to undertake a narrative synthesis and ethical analysis of early provincial pandemic triage protocols., Methods: We collected provincial triage protocols through personal correspondence with academic and political stakeholders between June and August 2020. Protocol data were extracted independently by two researchers and compared for accuracy and agreement. We separated data into three categories for comparative content analysis: protocol development, ethical framework, and protocol content. Our ethical analysis was informed by a procedural justice framework., Results: We obtained a total of eight provincial triage protocols. Protocols were similar in content, although age, physiologic scores, and functional status were variably incorporated. Most protocols were developed through a multidisciplinary, expert-driven, consensus process, and many were informed by influenza pandemic guidelines previously developed in Ontario. All protocols employed tiered morality-focused exclusion criteria to determine scarce resource allocation at the level of regional health care systems. None included a public engagement phase, although targeted consultation with public advocacy groups and relevant stakeholders was undertaken in select provinces. Most protocols were not publicly available in 2020., Conclusions: Early provincial COVID-19 triage protocols were developed by dedicated expert committees under challenging circumstances. Nonetheless, few were publicly available, and public consultation was limited. No protocols were ever implemented, including during periods of extreme critical care surge. A national approach to pandemic triage that incorporates additional aspects of procedural justice should be considered in preparation for future pandemics., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Artificial gametes, derived from stem cells, have the potential to enable in vitro fertilization of embryos. Currently, artificial gametes are only being generated in laboratory animals; however, considerable efforts are underway to develop artificial gametes using human cell sources. These artificial gametes are being proposed as a means to address infertility through assisted reproductive technologies. Nonetheless, the availability of artificial gametes obtained from adult organisms can potentially expand the possibilities of reproduction. Various groups, such as same-sex couples, post-menopausal women, and deceased donors, could potentially utilize artificial gametes to conceive genetically related offspring. The advent of artificial gametes raises significant bioethical questions. Should all these reproductive scenarios be accepted? How can we delineate the range of future reproductive choices? A normative bioethical framework may be necessary to establish a consensus regarding the use of human artificial gametes. This review aims to present the current state of research on the biological roadmap for generating artificial gametes, while also summarizing proposed approaches to establish a normative framework that delineates ethically acceptable paths for reproduction., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Society for Reproductive Investigation.)