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Purpose: To assess the relationship of sensory and motor ocular dominance to transient eye closure (TEC) under bright light conditions in patients with intermittent exotropia., Methods: Forty patients (age range, 7-40 years) with intermittent exotropia were included in this prospective study. Motor and sensory ocular dominance were evaluated using the hole-in-the-card and Worth 4-Dot tests. Presence of any outward eye deviation or TEC was assessed and recorded in all participants under bright light conditions. Based on the fusion control grade of exodeviation, patients were assigned to good, fair, and poor control groups, and the results were compared., Results: A total of 23 patients (58%) showed TEC under bright light: 18 (45%) in the good control group, 14 (35%) in the fair control group, and 8 (20%) in the poor control group. Eighteen patients (56%) with good and fair control showed TEC in the dominant eye. Five (63%) with poor control closed their nondominant eyes, and in all of them, outward eye deviation was observed before TEC. The angle of deviation at far and near and the degree of near stereopsis were not related to presence of TEC (P = 0.70, P = 0.06, and P = 0.34, resp.)., Conclusions: In patients with intermittent exotropia who exhibit TEC under bright light, those with good control tend to close the dominant eye, whereas in the majority of patients with poor control, spontaneous deviation occurs and is then followed by TEC of the nondominant eye., (Copyright © 2024 American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose : To compare the effect of combinational office-based and home-based orthoptic training regimens with part-time patching in participants with intermittent exotropia. Methods : In a randomized clinical trial study, patients with a diagnosis of IXT were involved and randomly assigned to three groups. Patients in the control group were followed with part-time patch therapy. For the Intervention 1 group, in-office and home-based orthoptic training was prescribed along with playing with a video game software (PIVOT). For Intervention 2 group the same management protocol was incorporated except using the video game software. Evaluation of the control scale and degree of deviation, accommodation, convergence, and stereopsis was performed at baseline and at 1.5 months, 3 months, and 6 months follow-ups. Results : A total of 53 patients (21 males and 32 females) with a mean age of 10.15 ± 3.80 years (range 5-18 years) completed the treatment and follow-up visits. The angle of deviation at distance decreased significantly in all groups ( p < .05). No significant reduction of near angle of deviations was found in the control group ( p = .38). In the intervention groups, positive fusional vergence (PFV), stereopsis, near point of convergence (NPC), and control scale of deviation at distance improved significantly compared to the control group (all, p < .05). At six months follow-up, patients in the Int 1. group showed significantly increased amplitude of accommodation and positive relative accommodation (PRA) compared to the patients in the Int 2. and control groups (all, p < .05). Conclusion : Compared to part-time patch therapy, orthoptic training is more effective in the management of children with IXT. Using video games as a home-based therapy can improve accommodative abilities in these patients.

Aim: The aim is to compare the efficacy and safety of three different weight-adjusted intravenous erythropoietin (EPO) doses in patients with indirect traumatic optic neuropathy (TON)., Methods: This study is a multicentre, randomised, parallel-group, double-blind, dose-finding trial on patients aged ≥7 years with a confirmed diagnosis of indirect TON in ≤3 weeks. The trial had a 3-day treatment period and a 3-month follow-up period. Patients were randomly allocated (1:1:1) to receive EPO at doses of 900 IU/kg (300 IU/kg/day), 1800 IU/kg (600 IU/kg/day) or 3600 IU/kg (600 IU/kg/day on presentation and then 1 month later) EPO. The changes in the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), colour vision and relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) were assessed., Results: Out of 118 eligible patients, 95 were randomised and 93 (31 in each group) completed the follow-ups. Three groups were not different regarding baseline BCVA (p=0.66), colour vision (p=0.25) and RAPD (p=0.79). All three groups showed a significant improvement of BCVA and RAPD with no significant differences among the groups. Colour vision showed a significant improvement only in the group with 3600 IU/kg EPO (p=0.005), even though final colour vision was not significantly different between the groups (p=0.49). Initial vision of no light perception (OR=7.79 (95% CI: 2.98 to 20.36), p<0.001), older age (OR=4.76 (95% CI: 1.92 to 11.76), p<0.001), longer trauma-treatment interval (OR=2.72, 95% CI: 1.16 to 6.33, p=0.02) and posterior orbital fractures (OR=2.63 (95% CI: 1.13 to 6.13), p=0.02) led to a significantly worse visual recovery., Conclusion: Increasing dose of EPO in patients with TON did not result in a better BCVA, colour vision and RAPD improvement., Trial Registration Number: NCT03308448., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: To evaluate the demographic, clinical, and prognostic characteristics of patients diagnosed with COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) in Iranian patients., Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in 8 tertiary referral ophthalmology centers in different provinces of Iran during the fifth wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. All patients were subjected to complete history taking and comprehensive ophthalmological examination and underwent standard accepted treatment strategy based on the disease stage., Results: Two hundred seventy-four CAM patients (most were males (150, 54.7%)) with a mean age of 56.8 ± 12.44 years were enrolled. Patients with a history of cigarette smoking (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 4.36), Intensive Care Unit admission (ICU) (AOR = 16.26), higher stage of CAM (AOR = 2.72), and receiving endoscopic debridement and transcutaneous retrobulbar amphotericin B (AOR = 3.30) had higher odds of mortality. History of taking systemic corticosteroids during COVID-19 was significantly associated with reduced odds of mortality (AOR = 0.16). Generalized Estimating Equations analysis showed that the visual acuity of deceased patients (LogMAR: 3.71, 95% CI: 3.04-4.38) was worse than that of patients who were discharged from the hospital (LogMAR: 2.42, 95% CI: 2.16-2.68) (P < 0.001)., Conclusions: This study highlights significant risk factors for mortality in patients with CAM, such as cigarette smoking, ICU admission, advanced CAM stages, receiving transcutaneous retrobulbar amphotericin B and worser visual acuity. Conversely, a history of systemic corticosteroid use during COVID-19 was linked to reduced mortality. These findings underscore the critical need for early identification and targeted interventions for high-risk CAM patients to improve clinical outcomes., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Three-dimensional models are used to guide residents and physicians in accessing specific anatomical areas and types of fractures and better diagnosis of anomalies. These models are useful for illuminating complex anatomical areas, such as orbit, especially limited space with sensitive access. The aim of this study was to design a three-dimensional visualization educational modeling for ophthalmology residents' training. Methods: This study is a product-oriented application that uses radiological images of anatomy, anomalies, and orbital fractures based on actual CT scans of patients. These CT scans were carefully selected from the Picture Archiving and Communication System of Ghaem Hospital of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Results: To produce twelve 3D models, the CT scan files were converted to 3D printer output. Then, the models were presented to residents at a training session by an ophthalmologist. These models created all major fractures associated with the orbit area and most disorders, anomalies of this area and several normal anatomical. The features of 3D models were mentioned. The strengths and weaknesses of the educational modeling, the level of satisfaction with the use of three-dimensional models, suggestions and criticisms were assessed qualitatively by the residents. Satisfaction was reported 100% by residents. Suggestions for future 3D models were presented, and the only criticism was fear of exams and grades. Conclusion: Real-size 3D modeling help to understand the spatial and mental imagery of anatomy and orbital pathology and to touch different anatomical areas creates a clear image in the minds of residents, especially in the orbit., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2022 Iran University of Medical Sciences.)

Objective: To evaluate the safety, efficiency, short term stability, and sensory results of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in anisometropic in non-compliant children with correction., Methods: Twelve eyes of 12 children with an age range: 6-17 years and anisometropic amblyopia who underwent PRK under general anesthesia to correct the dioptric difference between the eyes were included in this study. A complete ophthalmic assessment including refractive status, uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity (UDVA & CDVA), and binocular vision status using the Worth 4-dot test and stereopsis were performed before and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after PRK., Results: The mean preoperative CDVA was 0.34 ± 0.24 LogMAR which showed a statistically significant improvement at 12 months (0.20 ± 0.19, p = 0.024) after surgery compared to the preoperative assessment. (p = 0.003) The mean preoperative UDVA was 0.63 ± 0.24 LogMAR that increased to 0.44 ± 0.24, 0.32 ± 0.16, 0.25 ± 0.19, and 0.25 ± 0.19 LogMAR at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after PRK, respectively. One to three lines improvement in UDVA and CDVA was seen in 10 (83.4%) and 8 eyes (66.7%); while one line UDVA and CDVA loss was seen in one (8.3%) and one (8.3%) eye and unchanged UDVA and CDVA was seen in 1 (8.3%) and 3 eyes (25%), respectively. The mean preoperative stereoacuity was 341.9 ± 245.7 s of arc, which significantly improved to 166.6 ± 87.5 s of arc 12 months after PRK. (p = 0.012)., Conclusion: PRK was an effective surgical alternative to improve visual acuity and stereopsis in anisometropic children who did not cooperate with conventional methods of amblyopia therapy.

5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is a naturally occurring non-proteinogenic amino acid, which contributes to the diagnosis and therapeutic approaches of various cancers, including glioblastoma (GBM). In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether 5-ALA exerted cytotoxic effects on GBM cells. We assessed cell viability, apoptosis rate, mRNA expressions of various apoptosis-related genes, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and migration ability of the human U-87 malignant GBM cell line (U87MG) treated with 5-ALA at different doses. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 5-ALA on U87MG cells was 500 μg/mL after 7 days; 5-ALA was not toxic for human optic cells and NIH-3T3 cells at this concentration. The application of 5-ALA led to a significant increase in apoptotic cells, enhancement of Bax and p53 expressions, reduction in Bcl-2 expression, and an increase in ROS generation. Furthermore, the application of 5-ALA increased the accumulation of U87MG cells in the SUB-G1 population, decreased the expression of cyclin D1, and reduced the migration ability of U87MG cells. Our data indicate the potential cytotoxic effects of 5-ALA on U87MG cells. Further studies are required to determine the spectrum of the antitumor activity of 5-ALA on GBM.

This study was designed to evaluate whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) can directly target the central nervous system (CNS). We present four patients suffering from the loss of consciousness and seizure during the clinical course of COVID-19 infection. In addition to positive nasopharyngeal swab tests, SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in their cerebrospinal fluid. This report indicates the neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2, suggesting the ability of this virus to spread from the respiratory tract to the CNS.

Introduction: Bachelor's program in surgical technology is a major of medical science, in Iran. Learning and adapting to different skills and roles in the operation room environment is a daunting work. The complexity of this environment needs to bring together researchers in this field to work on different aspects. The aim of this qualitative study was comprehensively understanding of clinical teaching process in surgical technology., Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted based on the qualitative research design of the grounded theory approach (Corbin and Strauss, 2008). This study was conducted at schools of nursing and paramedical in five academic settings. Study participants in the present study include 14 students, seven educational instructors, six staff of operation room, one dean of faculty, three surgeon assistants, one instructor, and four head nurses of operation room. A semi-structured interview method and a memo were conducted using theoretical and purposive sampling. Constant comparative analysis was used for data analysis., Results: Findings showed that the nonacceptance of student by surgical team was identified as the main concern of the students. The "gaining clinical competence and approval" was found the central process (strategy) in response to main concern of clinical education, and the "interactive and dynamic nature of the operation room environment" was defined as the context for this major concern. Strategies that students used to address this concern included individual efforts to overcome distrust, learning in the shadow of surgical team members, and seeking help and support of the instructor., Conclusion: Accepting the students of surgical technology as a member of surgical team creates opportunities for students to learn, gain experience, and enhance their professional qualifications and abilities., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2020 Journal of Education and Health Promotion.)

Purpose : To assess refractive errors in preterm infants following intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and to compare it with premature babies with spontaneous regressed ROP. Materials and Methods : Eighty seven premature infants were included in this study, comprising group1: 38 infants who underwent IVB monotherapy, and group2: 49 infants with spontaneously regressed ROP. Cycloplegic refraction was performed for all infants at 1-year adjusted age and the refractive outcome was compared between the groups. Results : At 1- year adjusted age, the mean SEQ value was not significantly different between group 1 and 2 ( p = .646). Four eyes (10.5%) in group1 and 4 eyes (8.2%) in group 2 were myopic. Also, refractive anisometropia was found in 9 infants (23.7%) from group1 and 5 infants (10.2%) in groups 2, which was not significantly different between groups (χ 2 (1, n = 87) = 2.87, p = .081). At the time of follow up, none of our cases were strabismic. After making an adjustment for gestational age and birth weight in a logistic regression model, mean SEQ was not significantly different between two groups ( p = .61) Conclusion : At adjusted 1 year of age, refractive outcomes were not significantly different between premature infants who underwent IVB injection and the infants with spontaneous regression of ROP. Further studies with longer duration are warranted to elucidate the effects of IVB on the emmetropization process. Biometry assessments would be helpful in this regard.

Introduction: To evaluate the effects of cycloplegia on the biometric components and anterior segment parameters of the eye., Methods: In this cross-sectional study, changes to axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD) lens thickness, anterior chamber angle (ACA) and volume, corneal thickness in the pupil center (PC), corneal curvature (CC) and white-to-white (WTW) following cycloplegia induced by tropicamide 1% in 42 eyes of patients aged 23-58 years were assessed. Biometric components and anterior segment parameters were measured using an IOLMaster 700 (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany) and a Pentacam HR (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany), respectively., Results: Significant statistical changes in ACD (increased by 0.06 ± 0.05 mm; p < 0.001), anterior chamber volume (increased by 15.19 ± 10.32 mm 3 ; p < 0.001), ACA (decreased by 2.18 ± 10.20°; p = 0.029) and lens thickness (decreased by 0.02 ± 0.03 mm; p < 0.001) were observed post-cycloplegia, while the changes in CC, corneal thickness in the PC, WTW and AL were not statistically different (p > 0.05). Also, a significant inferior displacement of the PC along the vertical axes was seen (p = 0.020)., Conclusion: Cycloplegia resulted in a deeper ACD and thinner lens thickness. These changes should be considered in determining intraocular lens (IOL) power to prevent refractive surprises in cataract surgery and also in the phakic IOL implantation.

Introduction: Multiple different procedures have been proposed to address complete sixth nerve palsy with severe abduction limitation. In this study, we report a modification of the Hummelsheim's procedure. It is in fact muscle pulley transposition that obviates the need for tenotomy or muscle splitting. For the first time, Muraki and Nishida proposed this technique., Materials and Methods: Patients with large angle esotropia and abduction limitation of minus four or greater were enrolled. The surgery involved insertion of a polyester monofilament fiber suture through the temporal muscular margin of each vertical rectus muscle at approximately one-third of the width from the edge at 10 mm behind the muscle insertion. We tried to insert sutures away from the vessels of vertical muscles. Then, the vertical muscles were transposed without any tenotomy or splitting and the sutures were secured to the sclera 16 mm from the limbus in supratemporal and infratemporal quadrants. In all of the patients, this transposition was combined with medial rectus recession., Results: A total of 10 patients were included; all of them had an esotropia with profound abduction deficit (-4 or more). The mean age of patients was 44.2 ± 9.2 years (mean ± standard deviation) (range: 28-57). The mean preoperative deviation was 49.5 ± 9 PD prism diopters (PD) (range: 40-65 PD). The mean preoperative abduction limitation was -4.8 ± 0.8. The patients were followed for at least 6 months. Postoperative deviation ranged from orthotropia to 12 PD of esotropia and all the patients obtained abduction at least beyond the midline. No vertical ductional disturbances or deviations were developed. The adduction was not compromised in any patient. Anterior segment ischemia did not occur in any patients., Conclusion: This procedure is comparable to traditional procedures with the advantages of no need to tenotomy or splitting and can be a good alternative to conventional Hummelsheim's procedure.

Purpose: Intravenously administered erythropoietin (EPO) was firstly commenced (phase 1) in patients with indirect traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) by this group in 2011. It was re-tested by another group (phase 2) in 2014. This multicenter clinical trial was designed to compare its effect with intravenous steroid and observation., Methods: Included were TON patients ≥5 years of age and with trauma-treatment interval of ≤3 weeks. Follow-up visits were set at 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 30, and at least 90 days after treatment. EPO and methylprednisolone were infused intravenously every day for three consecutive days. Primary outcome measure was change in the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Secondary outcomes included change in color vision and relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD), side effects, and factors affecting the final visual improvement., Results: Out of 120 patients, 100 (EPO: 69, steroid: 15, observation: 16) were finally included. All three groups showed a significant improvement of BCVA which was not significantly different between the groups (adjusted for pretreatment BCVA). Color vision was significantly improved in the EPO group. Late treatment (>3 days) (odds ratio = 2.53) and initial BCVA of NLP (odds ratio = 5.74) significantly worsened visual recovery. No side effect was observed in any group., Conclusion: EPO, steroid, and observation showed a significant improvement of BCVA in patients with TON. Initial BCVA of NLP and late treatment (>3 days) were significant risk factors for visual improvement.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of induced vertical disparity on horizontal fusional reserves at near., Materials and Methods: In 170 healthy subjects wearing best corrective refraction, the negative and positive horizontal fusional reserves were measured with base-in (BI) and base-out (BO) prisms, respectively, in the presence of 0.5 prism diopters ( ∆ ) and 1 ∆ vertical prisms placed in trial frames in front of the right eye. The prism power was slowly increased step by step until the subject reported sustained blur, break, and recovery. These were compared to horizontal fusional reserves in the same subjects without a vertical prism. Data were analyzed in SPSS.17 software using a repeated measures ANOVA., Results: Induced vertical disparity decreased negative fusional reserves (NFR) horizontally and was more significant with 1 ∆ vertical disparity (P<0.001). There were significant differences between the blur (P<0.001), break (P<0.001), and recovery (P<0.001) for NFR before and after induced vertical disparity and no significant difference between blur (P=0.173) and recovery points (P=0.261) with a marginal difference for break points (P=0.045) for the positive fusional reserves (PFR)., Conclusion: Inducing vertical disparity even with small magnitudes affects all 3 aspects (blur, break, and recovery) of horizontal negative fusional reserves while only break is affected in positive fusional reserves. These changes are statistically significant but do not seem to be clinically significant except for cases accompanied by symptoms.

Background: Multiple surgical interventions are burden to patients with intermittent exotropia (IXT) due to a high recurrence rate. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin injection in the treatment of intermittent exotropia (IXT)., Method: A total of 21 patients with IXT, who had a far deviation of less than 40 prism diopters (PD), were enrolled. All cases were followed for at least 6 months with non-surgical management and had decremented fusional control (increasing 3 or more scores in Newcastle Control Score [NCS]). Botulinum toxin was injected (10 units Dysport) to both lateral rectus muscles. Fusional control, sensory and motor status were evaluated at 1 day, 1 week, and 1, 3, and 6 months after injection to compare with the pre-injection values., Results: Fusional control (based on NCS) showed a significant improvement during 6-month follow-up. Mean NCS was 4.4±0.8 SD before botulinum toxin injection and 1.4±0.4 SD after 6 months (p<0.001). Evaluation of sensorial status with Worth Four Dot Test (WFDT) also demonstrated an improvement of fusion (the percentage of patients demonstrating fusion on WFDT were 10.5% before injection and 61.5% after 6 months). The mean far and near deviations decreased during 6 months of follow-up examination. Satisfactory outcome (stable binocular alignment of the eyes to an orthophoria+/-10 PD in primary position) for far distance was achieved in 38.1% at 6 months. The percentage of satisfactory outcome at near was 86% at 6 months follow-up examination., Conclusion: Botulinum toxin injection to lateral rectus muscles seems to be a promising procedure in the management of fusional control, far and near deviations in patients with intermittent exotropia in short time.

Purpose: To compare open and closed methods of the frontalis suspension operation with a silicone rod in the treatment of congenital blepharoptosis., Methods: Forty-four cases with unilateral or bilateral congenital ptosis with a poor levator function of < 4 mm were divided randomly into two groups. Each group underwent an eyelid crease incision operation (open) or a supralash stab incision (closed). Ptosis was measured by the difference between the upper eyelid margin reflex distance (MRD) of the affected eyelids of the unilateral and bilateral cases. Frequent follow-up examinations were performed up to 12 months post-surgery., Results: Associated ophthalmologic findings showed that amblyopia, strabismus, wound discharge and knot dehiscence problems were present in 36.6%, 27.3%, 8.5% and 8.5% of the patients, respectively. There was no significant difference between the abovementioned associated ophthalmic findings of the two operative methods studied (P = 0.37). The difference in the surgical methods and MRD 3, 6 and 12 months after operation did not reach statistical significance. Similar results for good MRD (3 < MRD < 5) were found in closed (54.5%, 12/22) and open (54.5%, 12/22) methods, while 40.9% (9/22) and 45.5% (10/22) of cases were attributed to the under correction group in the closed and open methods, respectively. In bilaterally operated cases, MRD was more symmetrical than in unilaterally operated eyes. The symmetry of MRD and the eyelid crease was more prevalent in the open technique group., Conclusions: The frontalis sling operation using a silicone rod exhibited better results, in terms of symmetry, in the open technique in comparison to the closed method.

Purpose: To compare the results of Worth 4-dot test (WFDT) performed in dark and light, and at different distances, with fusional control in patients with intermittent exotropia (IXT)., Methods: Dark and light WFDT was performed for new IXT subjects at different distances and the results were compared with level of office-based fusional control., Results: Fifty IXT patients including 17 male and 33 female subjects participated in the study. A significant difference (P<0.05) was observed between levels of home and office-based fusional control (P<0.05). A weak correlation was present between the results of WFDT and level of office-based fusional control; the highest agreement (Kappa=0.088) was observed with dark WFDT performed at a distance of 4m., Conclusion: Evaluation of fusional state by far WFDT, especially in a dark room, shows modest correlation with office-based fusional control in IXT patients and can be used as an adjunct to more complex tests such as far stereoacuity.

Introduction: Sulfur mustard (SM) has been used as a dangerous chemical warfare agent since the early 20th century. Although many descriptive studies about SM-induced ocular injuries are present in the medical literature, few of them have been conducted over a large group with serious ocular involvement., Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 149 severe SM-intoxicated war veterans. Ocular history, anterior and posterior segment findings using a slit lamp, and direct and indirect ophthalmoscopic findings were recorded. Severity of the disease was also recorded based on a chart of the Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs., Results: Ocular complains included photophobia (73.2%), sense of decreased vision (72.5%), dry eye sensation (66.4%), foreign body sensation (61.1%), tearing (46.3%), and pain (43.0%). Slit lamp findings were meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD; 96%), blepharitis, punctal closure, trichiasis, tear break-up time, and tear meniscus layer abnormality (80% to 90%). Conjunctival disturbances included vascular abnormality, ischemia, hyperemia, subconjunctival fibrosis, and pterygium. Limbal changes were abnormal vessels, limbal tissue loss and pigment loss, and pannus formation. Corneal problems included epithelial and stromal disturbances, calcium deposition, and melting. The most frequent previous surgeries were punctal closure, lamellar keratoplasty (LK), and stem cell allograft. Severity of intoxication included mild (17%), moderate (25%), and severe (57%)., Conclusion: Chronic blepharitis and decreased tear secretion are the 2 most important and influencing factors in progression of ocular problems in SM injuries. The more severe the initial exposure, percentage of disability, and duration of ocular involvement, the higher the likelihood of mustard gas keratopathy.

Purpose: To determine the correlation between interpupillary distance (IPD) and innerouter intercanthal distance (IOICD) and to find a regression equation for calculating IPD based on IOICD measurements., Methods: The study subjects were randomly selected from individuals aged 3 months to 20 years who were referred to our ophthalmology clinic, health care centers and children attending kindergartens. Participants were divided into 4 age categories: ≤3, 3-5, 5-12.5 and 12.5-20 years. IPD was measured by a PD meter (PD2, Oculus, Germany); other parameters including IOICD, nasal limbus to temporal limbus (NLTL), inner intercanthal distance (IICD) and outer intercanthal distance (OICD) were measured using a translucent plastic ruler., Results: The study included 254 female (60.6%) and 165 male (39.4%) subjects with mean age of 87.7±73.2 (range 3-240) months. Significant correlation was observed between IOICD and IPD in the 3-5 yr and 12.5-20 yr age groups. In the ≤3 and 5-12.5 year age groups, NLTL had the best correlation with IPD. The regression equations for calculating IPD according to IOICD were as follows. In male subjects, near IPD= 0.941×IOICD (r(2)= 0.98, P<0.001) and for female subjects, near IPD= 0.948×IOICD (r(2)= 0.98, P<0.001)., Conclusion: IPD and IOICD measurements are strongly and positively correlated; IOICD measurements are simpler to obtain and may be used to calculate IPD readings which are more difficult to measure by usual methods in children.

Background: This study was aimed to determine the correlation between ocular complications and respiratory or cutaneous complications in a group of 40 Iranian veterans with late complications of sulphur mustard (SM) poisoning., Methods: Thorough ophthalmologic examination was performed on all severely SM-poisoned veterans in the province of Khorasan, Iran. Spirometric evaluation of pulmonary function, as well as estimation of the burned skin area, was performed for all the patients. The severities of ocular, respiratory and cutaneous complications were classified into four grades in each patient and were compared with each other, using Spearman's rank correlation test., Results: Forty male patients (aged 43.8 +/- 9.8 years) with confirmed SM poisoning were studied 16-20 years after their initial exposure. Common symptoms were recorded as itching (42.5%), burning sensation (37.5%), photophobia (30%) and tearing (27.5%). Abnormal conjunctival and limbal findings were chronic conjunctivitis (17.5%), perilimbal hyperpigmentation (17.5%), vascular tortuosity (15%) and limbal ischaemia (12.5%). Abnormal corneal findings were subepithelial opacity (15%), corneal thinning (15%), diffuse corneal opacity (10%), neovascularization (7.5%) and epithelial defects (5%). A significant positive correlation was found between the severity of ocular and respiratory complications (r = 0.322, P = 0.043). Cutaneous complications revealed no significant correlation with either ocular or respiratory complications., Conclusions: SM causes delayed destructive lesions in the ocular surface and cornea, leading to progressive visual deterioration and ocular irritation. Late complications of SM poisoning in the eyes, respiratory system and skin are mainly due to SM's local irritant effects.