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Samuel Bulteau,1,2 Marie Grall-Bronnec,1,2 Pierre-Yves Bars,3 Edouard-Jules Laforgue,1 François Etcheverrigaray,4 Jean-Christophe Loirat,3 Caroline Victorri-Vigneau,2,4 Jean-Marie Vanelle,1 Anne Sauvaget1 1CHU de Nantes, Addictology and Liaison Psychiatry Department, Nantes, France; 2University of Nantes-University of Tours, INSERM, SPHERE U1246 – “methodS for Patients-centered outcomes & HEalth REsearch”, l’Institut de recherche en Santé 2, Nantes, France; 3Clinique du Parc, Nantes, France; 4CHU de Nantes, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Nantes, France Objective: Therapeutic observance is one of the cornerstones of bipolar disease prognosis. Nostalgia of previous manic phase has been described as a cause of treatment retrieval in bipolar disorder. But to date no systematic study has examined manic episode remembering stories. Our aim was to describe manic experience from the patient’s point of view and its consequences on subjective relation to care and treatment adherence. Patients and methods: Twelve euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder were interviewed about their former manic episodes and data was analyzed, thanks to a grounded theory method. Results: Nostalgia was an anecdotal reason for treatment retrieval in bipolar I disease. Although the manic experience was described as pleasant in a certain way, its consequences hugely tarnish the memory of it afterward. Treatment interruption appears to be mostly involuntary and state-dependent, when a euphoric subject loses insight and does not see any more benefit in having treatment. Conclusion: Consciousness destructuring associated with mood elation should explain treatment disruption in bipolar I patients more than nostalgia. Taking a manic episode story into account may help patients, family, and practitioners to achieve better compliance by improving their comprehension and integration of this unusual experience. Keywords: nostalgia, mania, compliance, insight, psychoeducation

The principal outcome was to identify which hypnotics substances, medicated (benzodiazepines, antihistamine, antidepressant…) or not medicated (herbal medicine, homeopathy, melatonin…), were consumed by community pharmacy patients who reported taking something for sleep disorder, and which factors can influence the consumption of medicated substance rather than nonmedicated substance. Data were collected via a network of 73 partner pharmacies around Nantes, France. Patients who reported taking a substance to sleep completed a questionnaire that collected data relative to the different substances consumed by that person for sleep, and the desired effect. Substances were classified in Hypnotic Drug Substances and nonmedicated hypnotic substances. A logistical regression was done in order to highlight the factors associated with the consumption of Hypnotic Drug Substance rather than nonmedicated hypnotic substances. Six hundred and forty-seven patients were included, with an average age of 58 years and 74% female. The principal strategy employed to combat sleep disorder was the consumption of Hypnotic Drug Substance (54%), followed by herbal medicine (32%) and homeopathy (19%). The factors positively associated with the consumption of a Hypnotic Drug Substance are age, living alone, being out of work, or in the process of looking for a job and being a parent. In our survey, the use of Hypnotic Drug Substance to help patients with sleep is far from systematic. On the other hand, among patients who consume HDS, misuse is still significant, particularly in terms of the duration of consumption., (© 2018 Société Française de Pharmacologie et de Thérapeutique.)

Objectives: Due to its ease of use, tolerance, and cost of acquisition, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) could constitute a credible therapeutic option for non-resistant depression in primary care, when combined with drug management. This indication has yet to receive official recognition in France. The objective of this study is to evaluate the production cost of tDCS for the treatment of depression in hospitals, under realistic conditions., Methods: The methodology adopted is based on cost accounting and was validated by a multidisciplinary working group. It includes equipment, staff, and structural costs to obtain the most realistic estimate possible. We first estimated the cost of producing a tDCS session, based on our annual activity objective, and then estimated the cost of a 15-session treatment program. This was followed up with a sensitivity analysis applying appropriate parameters., Results: The hospital production cost of a tDCS depression treatment program for a single patient was estimated at €1555.60 euros: €99 in equipment costs, €1076.95 in staff costs, and €379.65 in structural costs., Conclusion: This cost analysis should make it possible to draw up pricing proposals in compliance with regulations and health policy choices and to develop health-economic studies. This would ultimately lead to official recognition of tDCS treatment for depression in France and pave the way for studying various scenarios of coverage by the French national health insurance system., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Catatonia can lead to severe complications and may be lethal but is often underdiagnosed. The clinical presentation can be similar to coma. In these situations, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) can be used as first-line treatment to enable extubation, recovery of autonomy, and rapid discharge from intensive care. We report 4 cases of patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit with comatose clinical presentation and life-threatening condition caused by catatonia. All patients received ECT sessions, after which the catatonic symptoms partially or fully remitted. We discuss the clinical identification, general considerations, ECT feasibility, and parameters in the intensive care unit, as well as the differential diagnosis, drug precautions, and prevention concerns.

Introduction: Delivering practices of opioid substitution treatment (OST) in community pharmacies are heterogeneous. This study aims at drawing up an inventory and at characterizing different populations of pharmacists, regarding their practices and perceptions., Methods: We distributed a questionnaire to pharmacists, which was divided into two parts: socio-demographic questions, and 49 binary questions collecting pharmacists' perceptions. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.3 and SPAD7 software. The categorical variables were expressed as numbers and percentages. We characterized the different profiles of pharmacists using a multivariate analysis method., Results: We analyzed 303 questionnaires; 60.8% of our cross-section of pharmacists consider that OSTs are a treatment for chronic disease, a treatment in which they consider that they play a key role. Regarding OSTs, 89.3% felt "comfortable" with current regulations, while 77.3% have mastered possible interactions with other drugs. 16.8% of pharmacists equate the act of delivering OSTs as a "legal narcotic deal". Regarding the patients, 49.2% of pharmacists consider them as "different", and 39.1% fear that they cause relationship problems. Most pharmacists perceive the role they are meant to play, although a lack of training and the need for recommendations have been highlighted. PCA allowed us to characterize 4 different profiles of pharmacists., Conclusion: Continuous training adapted to the different profiles we drew up will be offered in order to allow pharmacists to deepen their knowledge about drug dependence and related care support., (Copyright © 2016 Société française de pharmacologie et de thérapeutique. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: In the last 10 years, dopamine replacement therapy (DRT) has become a well-known risk factor for developing an impulse control disorder, such as gambling disorder (GD). Another medication, aripiprazole (ARI), has been more recently identified as another risk factor. Dopamine replacement therapy and ARI share a dopamine agonist action. Our work aimed at comparing patients with PG according to their treatment with DRT or ARI., Methods: Two methods were combined-a systematic review concentrated on case reports and the analysis of a French disordered gamblers cohort focused on patients using ARI or DRT at inclusion., Results: We reported 48 cases of GD possibly due to DRT and 17 cases of GD possibly due to ARI. Because of their standardized assessment, only the EVALJEU patients could be compared. Two clinical patterns emerged. Patients in the ARI group were young, impulsive, and high novelty seekers and had a history of substance misuse. Their first gambling experience occurred during adolescence. Conversely, patients in the DRT group were old, and they began gambling late in life. They showed low levels of gambling-related cognition., Conclusions: Patients in the ARI group seemed to be more severe pathological gamblers than patients in the DRT group. Aripiprazole is a partial D2 receptor agonist, whereas DRT includes full D2 receptor agonist. The trigger mechanism of PG development is complex and cannot only be attributed only to the pharmacodynamic effects of dopaminergic drugs. Indeed, individual vulnerability factors and environmental factors need to be considered.

Background: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an effective and well-tolerated treatment in resistant depression with mild to moderate intensity. This indication has not yet been approved in France. The cost and medico-economic value of rTMS in psychiatry remains unknown. The aim of this preliminary study was to assess rTMS cost production analysis as an in-hospital treatment for depression., Methods: The methodology, derived from analytical accounts, was validated by a multidisciplinary task force (clinicians, public health doctors, pharmacists, administrative officials and health economist). It was pragmatic, based on official and institutional documentary sources and from field practice. It included equipment, staff, and structure costs, to get an estimate as close to reality as possible. First, we estimated the production cost of rTMS session, based on our annual activity. We then estimated the cost of a cure, which includes 15 sessions. A sensitivity analysis was also performed., Results: The hospital production cost of a cure for treating depression was estimated at € 1932.94 (€ 503.55 for equipment, € 1082.75 for the staff, and € 346.65 for structural expenses)., Conclusion: This cost-estimate has resulted from an innovative, pragmatic, and cooperative approach. It is slightly higher but more comprehensive than the costs estimated by the few international studies. However, it is limited due to structure-specific problems and activity. This work could be repeated in other circumstances in order to obtain a more general estimate, potentially helpful for determining an official price for the French health care system. Moreover, budgetary constraints and public health choices should be taken into consideration., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)