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The film industry remains a male-dominated sector, particularly in managerial, creative, and technical positions. In this context, we explore the work of female directors in Spanish cinema concerning ETA terrorism (1977-2023) to observe and assess the contribution of women in a doubly masculine environment: film direction and terrorist violence. Within the framework of the so-called “battle of the narrative” and film and gender studies, and based on a qualitative methodology involving textual analysis of feature films and the study of existing literature, we trace the presence and voice of female directors. We investigate who they are, their number, and their contribution to cinema concerning ETA and Spanish cinema in general. We examine the stories, genres, and themes they choose and the perspectives from which they approach them. We consider both the form and contextual issues related to the production and reception of their works. The results show that female directors are a minority in films about terrorism in Euskadi. We conclude that their work can be seen as a disruption in an adverse environment. They prefer genres such as drama or documentary, focus on a human perspective, several depict real or based-on-true-events stories featuring strong, free female protagonists, and several works approach the stories of victims. They feature characters, predominantly female, who defy stereotypes. Overall, they contribute to the memory of past events with a critical view of violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the way in which two major Spanish newspapers, El País and El Diario Vasco, framed the 11 March 2004 (11-M) Madrid train bombings through peace journalism or war journalism, based on Peace Studies theorist Johan Galtung's classification. An analysis of the news articles in the immediate aftermath of the bombings finds both frames present. The incumbent Spanish government initially tried to use the news media as a vehicle to present a premature interpretation that the Basque separatist group ETA perpetrated the attacks, even trying to pass a United Nations resolution. However, some journalistic coverage of the events in the week after the 11-M attacks portrayed the Spanish people's sentiments regarding Spain's support of the US in the Iraq war, Spaniards' engagement with their democracy, including massive street protests, and parallels between the Iraqi people's suffering and the Spanish train bombing victims. Other journalistic coverage focused on the perspectives of high-level Spanish government officials, emphasized the importance of prevailing in 'the war on terror', and provided an 'us–them' orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oocytes and early embryos are exposed to many uncontrollable factors that trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress during in vitro culture. Prevention of ER stress is an effective way to improve the oocyte maturation rate and oocyte quality. Increasing evidence suggests that dietary intake of sufficient n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is associated with health benefits, particularly in the domain of female reproductive health. We found that supplementation of eicosatrienoic acid (ETA) during in vitro maturation (IVM) of oocyte significantly downregulated ER stress-related genes. Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) are communications areas between the ER and mitochondria. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) is a key calcium channels in MAMs and, participates in the regulation of many cellular functions. Notably, the MAM area was significantly decreased in ETA-treated oocytes. CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 (CISD2) is presents in MAMs, but its role in oocytes is unknown. ETA treatment significantly increased CISD2 expression, and siRNA-mediated knockdown of CISD2 blocked the inhibitory effect of ETA on IP3R. Transcriptomic sequencing and immunoprecipitation experiments showed that ETA treatment significantly decreased expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase PRKN. PRKN induced ubiquitination and degradation of CISD2, indicating that the PRKN-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome system regulates CISD2. In conclusion, our study reveals the mechanism by which ETA supplementation during IVM alleviates mitochondrial calcium overload under ER stress conditions by decreasing PRKN-mediated ubiquitination of CISD2 and facilitating inhibition of IP3R by CISD2/BCL-2. This improves oocyte quality and subsequent embryo developmental competence prior to implantation. [Display omitted] • Supplementation with ETA improves the quality of oocytes in vitro culture. • ETA regulates calcium homeostasis through PRKN-mediated ubiquitination of CISD2. • CISD2 agonists enhance oocyte and subsequent embryo developmental competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reseña del libro: Fernández Soldevilla, Gaizka y DE PABLO, Santiago, Las raíces de un cáncer. Historia y memoria de la primera ETA (1959-1973). Madrid, Tecnos, 2024, 412pp. ISBN: 978-84-30990-02-3.

Copyright of Pasado y Memoria. Revista de Historia Contemporánea is the property of Pasado y Memoria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A reliability analysis and evaluation model based on event chain and Bayesian information fusion is proposed for the characteristics of complex space phased‐mission systems (SPMSs), the implementation process of integrated reliability modeling is detailed, and the identification of weak links and reliability evaluation is carried out with the entry, descent, and landing process of Tianwen‐1 Mars Probe as an example. The application results show that the reliability analysis and evaluation model based on event chain and Bayesian information fusion has good engineering applicability, and the method can be extended and applied to the reliability modeling, analysis, and evaluation of complex SPMSs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Spanish process of addressing Euskadi Ta Askatasuna's (ETA) violent past has not followed a single transitional justice model or established a truth commission akin to those in South Africa, Latin America or Eastern and Central Europe. Instead, the case of Spain is marked by diverse legal, political and civic endeavours, sparking distinct discussions and artistic depictions regarding the dialectic between justice, forgiveness and reconciliation when addressing past crimes. By drawing on Hannah Arendt's influential perspective on reconciliation and its critiques (in particular, by Jacques Derrida), this article combines philosophy and film studies to contribute to the interpretation of Icíar Bollaín's recent film, Maixabel (2021). The film explores real-life instances of reconciliatory transformation that were part of the short-lived 'reparatory encounters' between ETA criminals and their victims. Bollaín's realist directorial intent notwithstanding, the significance of the encounters and reparatory justice leading to personal healing and social reconciliation is not self-evident but a matter of debate and legitimately different standpoints and experiences. This article sheds light on the hidden cracks of the cinematic mirror of the reparatory encounters by analysing the directorial intent, Maixabel, and Maixabel Lasa's testimony, the key inspiration for the movie. Bollaín's understanding of her film and the reparatory encounters echoes the Arendtian vision in that it separates reconciliation from forgiveness. In contrast, the film, and the real-life Maixabel Lasa's self-understanding, construct alternative views of reparatory reconciliation that embrace both public and personal acts of forgiveness. This leads to a phenomenologically richer depiction of reconciliation, forgiveness and transitional justice, one that does not conform to the rigid constraints of philosophical prescriptivism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the equatorial thermosphere anomaly (ETA) is investigated using accelerometer measurements to determine whether the feature is density‐dominated, wind‐dominated, or some combination of the two. An ascending‐descending accelerometry (ADA) technique is introduced to address the density‐wind ambiguity that appears when interpreting the ETA in atmospheric drag acceleration analyses. This technique separates ascending and descending acceleration measurements to determine if a wind's directionality influences the interpretation of the observed ETA feature. The ADA technique is applied to accelerometer measurements taken from the Challenging Minisatellite Payload mission and has revealed that the ETA is primarily density‐dominated from 9:00 to 16:00 local time (LT) near 400 km altitude, with the acceleration perturbations behaving similarly between 2003 and 2004 across all seasons. This finding suggests that the perturbations in the acceleration due to in‐track wind perturbations are small compared to the perturbations due to mass density, while indicating that the formation mechanisms across these local times are similar and persistent. The results also revealed that in the terminator region at 18:00 LT the acceleration perturbations deviate appreciably between ascending and descending passes, indicating different or multiple processes occurring at this local time compared to the 9:00–16:00 LT ascribed to the ETA. These results help constrain ETA formation theories to specific local times and thermospheric property responses without the use of supplemental wind measurements, while also indicating regions where in‐track winds cannot always be neglected. Plain Language Summary: Earth's thermosphere, a layer in the upper atmosphere, is a highly variable region that contributes to satellite drag in low Earth orbit. The equatorial thermosphere anomaly (ETA) is a perturbation feature that produces increases and decreases in drag accelerations across the lower latitudes of the thermosphere. Direct measurements of the thermosphere are often limited, so satellite instruments, such as accelerometers, have been used to analyze the acceleration that a satellite experiences due to atmospheric drag to indirectly measure thermospheric properties. However, the measured drag acceleration is dependent on both mass density and wind, making it difficult to determine whether a change in drag across the ETA is due to either property. This has implications on what mechanisms are responsible for its formation. This work introduces an ascending‐descending accelerometry technique to exploit the fact that while acceleration perturbations produced by mass density are independent of satellite direction, those arising from winds can either be positive or negative depending on the relative spacecraft motion. By separating satellite orbits into ascending (south‐to‐north) and descending (north‐to‐south) passes, it can be determined whether drag acceleration perturbations are due to mass density, wind, or a mixture of the two, helping constrain possible formation mechanisms. Key Points: Accelerometer observations of the Equatorial Thermosphere Anomaly (ETA) cannot distinguish between in‐track density and wind perturbationsA new technique is applied to observations determining that the ETA, occurring between 9 and 16 LT, is a density‐dominated featureThe ETA demonstrates repeatable annual behavior for each season, suggesting a common and persistent formation mechanism [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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El poema «Spoon River, Euskadi» de Jon Juaristi, publicado en su libro Suma de varia intención (1987), está escrito a partir del epitafio «Common Form», uno de los «Epitaphs of the War» que Rudyard Kipling publicó en su libro The Years Between (1919): «If any question why we died, / Tell them, because our fathers lied». La traducción libre y la reescritura de estos versos por parte del poeta y ensayista español encierra una gran significación para la historia contemporánea de España y, particularmente, del País Vasco. Hasta la fecha existe el consenso de que los versos de Juaristi exculparían a su propia generación respecto a la violencia en Euskadi, pues sería víctima de la mentira contada por la generación de sus padres. Sin embargo, en este artículo se examinarán otras posibles interpretaciones a la luz de las reflexiones del escritor y del sentido de los versos de Kipling.

Copyright of Ayer: Revista de Historia Contemporánea is the property of Asociacion de Historia Contemporanea and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the 2019-2020 season, six television programs about ETA were broadcasted in Spain. The aim of this research is to analyze the "television" story that has been built about the terrorist group ten years after the cessation of violence. For this purpose, a qualitative methodology based on textual analysis is used, since these are independent formats. The conclusions show a new narrative in which the recovery of certain historical facts and the ostensible protagonism of the victims coincide. The result is a renewed discourse that builds collective memory to learn and advance towards coexistence and reconciliation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key issue for research in relation to terrorism is the level of support it has at the social level. This article studies which factors can explain the support for ETA in the Basque Country as a case study in order to understand the phenomenon. However, instead of studying Basque public opinion as a whole, it focuses on the electorate of the so-called Basque Patriotic Left, the political wing of ETA. We test it using regression analysis on public opinion data collected between 1995 and 2011, concluding that political-ideological factors are the most important ones while economic factors have no influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been lots of rumours and some suspicion, and perhaps even more ideologically motivated propaganda, in relation to connections between the Basque militant organisation ETA (Euskadi ‘ta Askatasuna, Basque Country and Freedom) and the predominantly Northern Irish Provisional IRA (Irish Republican Army). And yet, apart from a few semi-official meetings and ritualised expressions of solidarity, usually at Sinn Féin or Batasuna party events, not much is properly known about the relations between the two radical military formations and their political sister organisations. The same could be said about the wider social, political, and cultural contexts, including some of the more specific historical constellations and challenges which provided the rationale for the existence of such radicalised movements (however overdrawn and questionable the justifications of their own existence sometimes appeared). The knowledge gap is even more surprising given that the two militant, self-declared vanguards and their actions are associated with two of the longest lasting conflicts in Western Europe: one grounded in the quest for Basque independence from Spain (and France; plus aiming at a union or some form of federation between the Basque Country and Navarre); the other one related to Northern Ireland and whether it should remain associated with the UK or become part of the Republic of Ireland.

For more than forty years, Spain has been confronted with internal terrorism, of an ethno-nationalist nature, deployed by the terrorist organization ETA. Their armed struggle, which caused more than 850 fatalities, had as its objective the independence of the Basque Country, Navarre, as well as a part of the so-called French Basque Country. It was especially during the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s when the police forces deployed in the so-called “Northern Zone” were exposed not only to the possibility of suffering a terrorist attack, but also to the rejection and animosity of a large part of the Basque a Navarrese population, which considered the police as an “occupation force”. This gave rise to the concept of “Northern Syndrome”, which referred, above all, to the psychological consequences that this omnipresent terror and rejection in their daily lives produced in both the police officers and their families. Based on these considerations, the objective of the present work is to analyse said psycho-pathological construct. To this end, the author of this paper has conducted a total of 25 interviews with police officers and relatives who were stationed in the Basque Country and Navarra during the so-called “years of lead”. As will be seen, practically all of the individuals interviewed affirm not only the existence of said Syndrome, but also having suffered from it during their stay in the North and, in some cases, also currently.

The aim of the article is to present the causes, chronological course and effects of the attack carried out on 11 March 2004 in Madrid, taking into account differences and contradictions in reports about these events. The author analyses the actions taken by the Spanish authorities to ensure anti-terrorist security in the country, including the creation of structures to fight Islamic terrorism and Muslim extremism. He also discusses the problems and challenges faced by Spanish services fighting political violence and illegal migration of people from high-risk countries, which affect the state of state security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Terroryzm: Studia, Analizy, Prewencja is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Index.Comunicación is the property of Index.comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Precipitation behaviors of Ni-Cr-Co-based superalloys with different Ti/Al ratios aged at 750, 800, and 850 °C for up to 10,000 h were investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The Ti/Al ratio did not significantly affect the diameter of the γ′ phase. However, the volume fraction of the γ′ phase increased with increasing Ti/Al ratios. The η phase was not observed in alloys with a small Ti/Al ratio, whereas it was precipitated after aging at 850 °C for 1000 h in alloys with a Ti/Al ratio greater than 0.80. Higher aging temperatures and higher Ti/Al ratios led to faster η formation kinetics and accelerated the degradation of alloys. It is thought that the increase in hardness with an increase in the Ti/Al ratio is attributed to the effective inhibition of the γ′ phase on dislocation movement due to the increase in the volume fraction of the γ′ phase and an increase in the antiphase boundary (APB) energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a highly virulent pathogen that causes food-borne illness, food poisoning, skin and soft tissue infections, abscesses, mastitis, and bacteremia. It is common for meat and meat products to become contaminated with S. aureus due to dirty hands, food storage conditions, food production processes, and unhygienic conditions, causing food poisoning. Therefore, we aimed to isolate S. aureus strain from the raw beef and reveal virulence genes and antibiotic resistance profile from isolated S. aureus strains. Methods: In this study, 100 samples of raw beef were collected from 4 major market stalls in Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia. S. aureus was detected according to the ISO 6888–1:2021 standard, and the nucA gene encoding the species-specific thermonuclease was amplified and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the strains of S. aureus isolated from the samples, the genes encoding the virulence factors including sea, sed, tsst, eta, etb, and mecA were amplified by multiplex PCR. These genes are encoded staphylococcal enterotoxin A, enterotoxin D, toxic shock syndrome toxin, exotoxin A, exotoxin B and penicillin-binding protein PBP 2A, respectively. Antibiotic sensitivity test was performed by the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. The Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines as CLSI M100-S27 was used for analysis of the data. Results: Thirty-five percent of our samples were detected contaminated with of the S. aureus strains. Subsequently, antibiotic resistance was observed in the S. aureus contaminated samples. Among our samples, the highest rates of resistance were determined against ampicillin (97.1%), oxacillin (88.6%), and penicillin (88.6%), respectively. Three genes including mecA, sea, and tsst from six virulence genes were detected in 17% of S. aureus strain-contaminated samples by multiplex PCR. The sed, etb and eta genes were detected in the 2.9%, 11.4% and 5.7% of our samples, respectively. Conclusion: The results show that S. aureus related contamination is high in the raw beef for retail sale and prevalent S. aureus strains are resistant to all antibiotics used. Also, our results have demonstrated that there is a high risk for food poisoning caused by antibiotic resistant S. aureus in the raw beef and it may establish public health issues. Genes encoding for both heat-resistant and nonresistant toxicity factors were detected in the antibiotic resistant S. aureus strains and shown the highly pathogenic. Finally, our study is ensuring to need proper hygienic conditions during beef's preparation and sale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analytical tradition considers political violence linked to ethno-nationalist claims from a culturalist approach, which intends to offer a relevant interpretative model. This article aims to test this type of approach to the conflict in the Basque Country. In order to examine the validity of this interpretative model, we conducted a qualitative sociological survey among 73 former clandestine militants. The empirical data allow us to conclude that a culturalist and essentialist approach of the use of political violence in this case is irrelevant. On the other hand, we will show the interest of an analysis of the symbolic production of armed groups that gives a prominent place to the motives of resistance and national liberation.

Party banning was developed in Spain in 2002, with the aim of combating the terrorism of ETA (1958-2018), an extreme left-wing and separatist Basque organisation that murdered more than 800 people. This instrument proved useful in defeating the terrorist group and its network of support organisations, including several parties. Today, there are strong separatist or pro-independence movements in Catalonia, the Basque Country and, to a lesser extent, Galicia, and other regions. Faced with this, there are parties that have proposed using the mechanism of banning parties. But is this viable, and would it be useful?

El presente ensayo de investigación pretende repasar las trayectorias estratégicas de la organización armada ETA. Bajo el enfoque teórico de la sociología de la relación con el mundo y la perspectiva procesual para el estudio de la violencia política, se pretende dilucidar los cambios operados en los usos dados a la violencia y el papel concreto de ésta en la estrategia política global del colectivo. Dentro de esta secuenciación, se destacará el papel del intelectual Federico Krutwig Sagredo en la definición de la planificación general de la política armada y civil de la organización vasca.

Background Staphylococcus aureus is well known to cause a multitude of clinical manifestations, from mild to severe bloodstream infections that could lead to death. Infections are common, either in community-acquired or hospital-acquired settings, and treatment remains a challenge due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The pathogenesis of S. aureus is mediated by several cell-surface and secreted virulence factors. The virulence factors discussed in this study are Panton-Valentine leucocidin (pvl) and exfoliative toxin A (eta). Identifying both pvl and eta gene may help in studying bacterial pathogenesis and biology thus creating possible therapeutic pathway or intervention. Our pilot study aimed to observe pvl and eta as virulence gene prevalence in a North Sumatera tertiary referral health center. Methods Our study was a descriptive-analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design in which we collected isolates over a single time period. The frequency of genes is reported as a percentage comparison between MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). Qualitative gene prevalence analysis was carried out using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results Our results showed that from 38 MRSA sample isolates, 32 samples were found to be pvl-positive, or 84,3% of the total samples. From 40 MSSA sample isolates, one sample was found to be pvl-positive MSSA, or 97,5%. Regarding eta, from 38 MRSA sample isolates, 81,6% of the total sample did not have eta, while from 40 MSSA sample isolates, all samples were found to be positive for eta. We found that both pvl and eta were significantly more likely to be expressed in the MSSA strain. Conclusions Our study shows that pvl and eta are more likely expressed in MSSA strains than in MRSA strains in Indonesia.

Background Staphylococcus aureus is well known to cause a multitude of clinical manifestations, from mild to severe bloodstream infections that could lead to death. Infections are common, either in community-acquired or hospital-acquired settings, and treatment remains a challenge due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The pathogenesis of S. aureus is mediated by several cell-surface and secreted virulence factors. The virulence factors discussed in this study are Panton-Valentine leucocidin (pvl) and exfoliative toxin A (eta). Identifying both pvl and eta gene may help in studying bacterial pathogenesis and biology thus creating possible therapeutic pathway or intervention. Our pilot study aimed to observe pvl and eta as virulence gene prevalence in a North Sumatera tertiary referral health center. Methods Our study was a descriptive-analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design in which we collected isolates over a single time period. The frequency of genes is reported as a percentage comparison between MRSA and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA). Qualitative gene prevalence analysis was carried out using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results Our results showed that from 38 MRSA sample isolates, six samples were found to be pvl-negative, or 15.7% of the total samples. From 40 MSSA sample isolates, one sample was found to be pvl-negative MSSA, or 0.025%. Regarding eta, from 38 MRSA sample isolates, 18.4% of the total sample did not have eta, while from 40 MSSA sample isolates, all samples were found to be positive for eta. We found that both pvl and eta were significantly more likely to be expressed in the MSSA strain. Conclusions Our study shows that pvl and eta are more likely expressed in MSSA strains than in MRSA strains in Indonesia.

Sand dams are a type of rainwater harvesting technology that can increase groundwater recharge in dry land environments. They are constructed across seasonal sandy rivers and trap sand and water during floods. The sand acts as a natural filter and storage medium for the water, which can be extracted by the local communities through wells, pumps, or scoop holes. This research aims to evaluate agricultural water productivity based on water consumption (ETa) and biomass production of smallholder irrigation schemes along a sand river with a sand dam in the riverbeds of northern Ethiopia. Remotely sensed satellite data, WaPOR (Water Productivity through Open access of Remotely sensed derived data) database was used to estimate water productivity in the arid and semi-arid area. Following the installation of the sand dam at the irrigated parts of the Mai Gobo watershed, both the annual and seasonal values increased over a number of years, according to the spatial analysis of ETa and biomass production. For instance, the maximum seasonal ETa before the dam was about 70 mm/season, whereas after the dam the spatially analysed ETa reached 174 mm/season. Likewise, maximum seasonal biomass production of 1117 kg/ha and 4433 kg/ha were obtained before and after the construction of the sand dam, respectively. Agricultural water productivity at the irrigated plots of the Mai Gobo watershed was also improved from 1.4 kg/m3 to 2.9 kg/m3 before and after the sand dam respectively. Generally, the output of the study can be used as an input for the concerned stakeholder to take measures against the water scarcity problem in the study area. The study also contributes to the scientific knowledge and understanding of the hydrological and agronomical impacts of the sand dam in the arid and semi-arid regions.

Este artículo es un análisis de la huella que ha dejado ETA en La Rioja durante la Transición y la democracia. Cubre un espacio historiográfico prácticamente vacío, el concerniente al estudio del terrorismo endógeno desde una perspectiva territorial. El estudio de una comunidad limítrofe con Euskadi y Navarra, como es La Rioja, permite poner de relieve el impacto del terrorismo sobre sus límites espaciales, a la par que sirve para discutir la posición subsidiaria que esta región ha ocupado a la hora de explicar la historia de ETA. Para demostrar esta hipótesis se examinan en perspectiva una selección de atentados que cometió la organización terrorista en La Rioja y contra personas naturales o afincadas aquí por motivos laborales y personales, haciendo hincapié en sus diferentes tipologías. Así, gracias a fuentes de archivo y prensa, se concluye que los atentados de ETA en el territorio fueron ensayos de ataque que sus comandos exportaron después a otros puntos de la geografía española.

AbstractEmbedding quality provision in physical education (PE) programmes in school settings remains a perennial concern among stakeholders worldwide. The demise of PE and sports participation in schools elevated the dialogue to comprehend the underpinning issues which erode its progress in Iraq. The study’s three aims are as follows: First, it aims to identify the potential items that define the quality aspects of PE (primary through university level) among professionals. Second, gender perceptions were gauged on the retained factors through an exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Third, perceptions of professionals working in various jobs were measured on the aspects of quality PE (QPE). Except for two statements (Items 6 and 44—low communality), professionals perceived all items to potentially indicate QPE. The items were gauged through an EFA for each subfactor separately. A t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were implemented to measure the differences in gender and job positions on the subfactors of QPE. Male and female professionals reported significant differences in all the subfactors. However, the perception of QPE by job position did not show any significant differences. Further, a 2 (gender) × 3 (job positions: primary school vs. high school vs. university) MANOVA was analysed, which highlighted a significant interaction effect (Wilks’ l = .92) among the professionals; but η2 (=.038) had a medium effect. The study provided a foundation for identifying items for measuring the QPE among professionals in Iraq. Nevertheless, significant gender differences for all QPE subfactors warrant future research to comprehend the underlying issues.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is considered a serious public health problem. This study aimed to estimate the rate of MRSA among Staphylococcus aureus isolates of inpatients and to determine their susceptibility to antibiotics and some of the virulence genes. The study was conducted from April 2021 to March 2022 and involved specimens from 302 inpatients admitted to Azadi and Bedari teaching hospitals in Duhok province. Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 20.53% (62/302) of the examined specimens with the highest rate (37,50%) from surgical swabs. Antibiotics sensitivity tests showed that all isolates were resistant to penicillin G. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus was detected in 77.42% (48/62) of S. aureus isolates with a higher rate from skin swabs (85.71%). According to gender, a significantly (P<=0.005) higher rate of S. aureus and MRSA isolates was recorded in Males (21.52%). As regards age, ages > 40-50 years showed the highest rate of MRSA isolate (24.62%). Among MRSA, 77.08% (37/48) were multidrug resistant. Molecular analysis revealed the presence of nuc, mecA, pvl and eta genes at rates of 100%, 66.6%, 31.2% and 22.9%, respectively among the analyzed isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within Basque society there exists a special subset of human beings, painful I–You binomials, forever linked through blood, by the lethal terrorist gun. Fortunately, today victims face a much more hospitable society, but it is still a moment rife with contradiction. One part of Basque society finds it difficult to imagine a shared collective memory that will faithfully reflect the excesses committed by Euskadi ta Askatasuna (ETA) and the Spanish state regarding human rights abuses. These misgivings are easily understood when some still debate the humanity of the victims themselves. Another part of Basque (and Spanish) society questions the political intent of restorative practices, of those experiences that bring victims and victimizers together within the framework of restorative justice, a political stance that, like in the first case, highlights the need to humanize the Other in the name of peace. The creative world of the arts, more specifically, the films studied in this article, move in a different direction and beg the question: if the processes of restorative justice are uniquely designed to be experienced in a triangulated scenario – one shared by victim, victimizer, and the dead – what might these conversations offer a society in need of better models of co-existence when put on the screen? Can art mediate? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basque society has been exposed to the terrorist violence of the Spanish state during and after the dictatorship and to that of ETA until its definitive cessation of violence on 21 October 2011. The search for the truth demands revealing the existence of state terrorism, regardless of how some historians attempt to diminish its gravity. In this article, the focus will be on cultural productions that make the writing of the history of terrorism in Spain more nuanced. The cultural texts studied include Pablo Malo's film, Lasa eta Zabala ('Lasa and Zabala') (2014), Ion Arretxe's novel Intxaurrondo: La sombra del nogal ('Intxaurrondo: The shade of the walnut tree') (2015), Miguel Ángel Llamas and Amaia Merino's documentary, Non dago Mikel? ('Where is Mikel?') (2020) and the Centro Memorial de las Víctimas del Terrorismo ('Memorial Center for the Victims of Terrorism'), which opened its doors in 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amidst a suffocating climate, given the violence and its supporters, small numbers of Basque citizens decided not to look the other way when the 'other' was killed because of following a different ideology. These dissenters took to the streets to confront the violence, radically placing a bet on dialogue and human rights. And this was done through silence. Their irrefutable ethical stance gradually made an impact on Basque society and, step by step, their work steadily contributed to making peace a viable option in the Basque Country. As it looks back over the years of their struggle, this article wishes to bear witness to the work of those anonymous individuals who belonged to the 'Gesto por la Paz' peace organization, a piece written by someone who had the good fortune of maturing alongside them in an ethical and humanitarian way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Ethical instances of doubt: The case of Yoyes on the screen' is an in-depth interview with filmmakers Helena Taberna and Lur Olaizabal who both focused on the figure of ETA leader Dolores González Katarain, Yoyes, as they each began their film careers despite belonging to different generations of filmmakers. The interview explores gender and necropolitical power as well as feminism and its incompatibility with violence, among other topics. Both filmmakers are interested in Yoyes's role as a female terrorist and ETA leader, her fight against social injustice, and the path that led her to depart from violence at a time when her generation considered that political activism meant fighting the abuses of the Spanish state with fire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the analysis of several cultural metaphors, this article reflects on the fractures, both social and personal, brought about by politics and violence in the Basque Country. The author suggests that – regardless of the optimistic public transcript concerning the new 'democratic scenario' opening after the end of Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) in 2018 – a thick ideological fog has still not burned off. In a landscape that has been profoundly impacted by violence, only the shadows and silhouettes goaded by the fog have been transformed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Armed political conflict is no stranger to contemporary Europe. Radicalized nationalist ideologies, state-sanctioned ethnic and religious violence, revolutionary separatist organizations, state-supported armies and police forces turning against civilian populations, insurgents and counterinsurgents, a long list of actors embodying the dance of death in recent times. This Special Issue of the International Journal of Iberian Studies (IJIS), 'Unspeakable Truths', will focus on the aftermath and the road to recovery after Basque ETA armed conflict in Spain–France (1959–2011) through the lens of affect, restorative justice, memory, peace-making efforts, and the arts (literature and film) thanks to contributions by academics, ETA and GAL victims, filmmakers, restorative justice practitioners and mediators of the Nanclares process, and peace activists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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With the country's economy directly dependent on food grain production, accurate estimation of the net irrigation requirement (NIR) of crops is essential for maximizing production. The daily IMD precipitation (0.25° × 0.25°) and temperature (1° × 1°) gridded datasets (1971–2010) were considered for the present scenario. Two satellite-based crop coefficient layers were prepared for the study: (i) kc_EEFlux, the evaporative fraction layer from earth engine evapotranspiration flux (EEFlux) and (ii) kc_FEWS, the ratio of the famine early warning system network (FEWSNET) monthly actual evapotranspiration (ET) (ETa) to ET0_FEWSNET layers. The NIR was estimated for three different cropping pixels derived from the land-use land cover (LULC) map of India, namely, Kharif-only, Rabi-only, and double/triple pixels using ‘ET0 and NIR toolbar’. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)'s Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections dataset were employed for projecting the future scenario. Results showed discrepancies in the extreme values of FAO56-Penman–Monteith (PM) and Hargreaves–Samani's estimated reference ET (ET0) but followed a similar trend in all months (R2 = 0.88). Results also suggested that FEWSNET offered more reliable estimates of NIR over EEFlux. The projected ensemble NIR indicated a probable negative relative change during the Kharif season (RCP4.5: from −14.47 to −7.25%; RCP8.5: from −11.45 to −5.59%) while a probable positive relative change during the Rabi season (RCP4.5: 3.30–5.21%; RCP8.5: 2.34–8.83%). HIGHLIGHTS Two satellite-based actual crop coefficient (kc_act) layers were prepared.; Net irrigation requirement (NIR) was estimated for Kharif-only, Rabi-only, and double/triple-cropped pixels.; kc_act prepared using the famine early warning system network dataset, reported better estimates.; NASA's NEX-GDDP dataset was used for evaluating future scenario.; Findings indicated higher NIR during the Rabi season compared to the Kharif season.;

El siguiente texto tiene como objetivo principal la búsqueda de los elementos en común entre dos organizaciones violentas como fueron el MLN-Tupamaros en Uruguay y ETA en España. Se pretende, por tanto, establecer la relación entre dos organizaciones en cuanto a su planteamiento táctico y estratégico en torno a la guerrilla urbana, así como exponer aquellos puntos tangenciales en los que tuvieron una vinculación más concreta.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is well known to cause a multitude of clinical manifestations, from mild to severe bloodstream infections that could lead to death. Infections are common, either in community-acquired or hospital-acquired settings, and treatment remains a challenge due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The pathogenesis of S. aureus is mediated by several cell-surface and secreted virulence factors. The virulence factors discussed in this study are Panton-Valentine leucocidin (pvl) and exfoliative toxin A (eta). Our pilot study aimed to observe pvl and eta as virulence gene prevalence in a North Sumatera tertiary referral health center. Methods: Our study was a descriptive-analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design in which we collected isolates over a single time period. The frequency of genes is reported as a percentage comparison between MRSA and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA). Qualitative gene prevalence analysis was carried out using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Our results showed that from 38 MRSA sample isolates, six samples were found to be pvl-negative, or 15.7% of the total samples. From 40 MSSA sample isolates, one sample was found to be pvl-negative MSSA, or 0.025%. Regarding eta, from 38 MRSA sample isolates, 18.4% of the total sample did not have eta, while from 40 MSSA sample isolates, all samples were found to be positive for eta. We found that both pvl and eta were significantly more likely to be expressed in the MSSA strain. Conclusions: Our study shows that pvl and eta are more likely expressed in MSSA strains than in MRSA strains in Indonesia.

Double‐headed studs as shear and punching reinforcement – Current status and outlook Double‐headed studs have been established for decades as a very effective punching shear reinforcement because these reinforcement elements, which are optimized for shear and punching loads, combine a particularly high anchorage performance with a practicable installation on site. In this paper, an overview of current usability and applicability verifications for double‐headed studs in Germany is given. Afterwards, the currently valid design and construction rules for the use of double‐headed studs as shear reinforcement as well as punching reinforcement are summarized. Finally, the next Eurocode 2 generation 2023+is looked at, with excerpts presenting some significant innovations in the future integration of double‐headed studs into the shear and punching rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a new account of the size and scale of ETA's activities. Highlighting a range of political considerations that shape existing records of impact, the article traces the deployment of a range of distinct methods of data collection and evidence verification in the creation of the most comprehensive database of ETA's activities produced to date. The resulting database suggests that ETA's impact is significantly greater than previously recognised, with a total of 1,047 attacks from 1959 to 2010. Within those attacks, 66 people were kidnapped (32 of whom were killed), 956 people were killed, there were 1949 injuries and 3 post-incident deaths via suicide and cancer that were attributed to trauma. Of the attacks, 503 were bombings, 456 were shootings and 66 were kidnappings. The remaining attacks used other forms of violence (Molotov cocktails, arson, electrocution or being thrown from moving vehicles). This comprehensive account suggests that previous records underestimate the total number of people killed by over 100, with injuries often not even recorded formally. As more murders are detected and attributed to ETA, the methods deployed within this new database will ensure that the impact continues to be tracked. Those methods enable scholars of terrorism to track the impact of organisations more broadly. As such, this article serves as a means of fostering real discussion on methods more broadly, particularly in terms of criteria adopted for a range of political reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The health implications of mobile phones emission have been a matter of concern to health practitioners for decades but little or no attention has been given to the mobile phones as potential fomites for pathogens. This study isolated and characterised methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on mobile phones of students in a tertiary institution in Ibadan, Nigeria. One hundred swab samples were obtained from the surfaces of mobile phones of students in a cross-sectional study conducted between July and August, 2019. Presumptive staphylococci were isolated on mannitol salt agar and identities were confirmed by standard biochemical test and Gram-staining. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was done by disc-diffusion method and mecA or mecALGA251, tsst-1, eta and etb genes screened by PCR technique. Among the 200 presumptive S. aureus isolated, 163 (81.5%) were confirmed as S. aureus exhibiting resistance to ofloxacin (1.8%), gentamicin (3.7%), ceftriaxone (29.4%), ceftazidime (57.7%), cefoxitin (61.3%), cefuroxime (64.4%), erythromycin (85.3%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (86.5%) and cloxacillin (92%). Proportion of MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) were 61.3% and 38.7% respectively with significant difference in their level of antibiotic resistance to the cephalosporins (excluding ceftriaxone), penicillins, erythromycin and ofloxacin (p