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Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an important global public health challenge, and the burden of the disease is huge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where the majority of people with this condition reside. Undiagnosed DM is more prevalent in LMICs. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and associated factors for DM in Ekiti State., Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, household-based survey using a four-stage multistage sampling design and the World Health Organization (WHO)-STEPS survey manual was conducted from July to September 2020 as a part of the Ekiti State coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survey. Of the 5,145 sampled households, 4,726 individuals gave consent to participate in the survey. Out of these, 3043 had fasting plasma glucose results available and were included in the analysis., Results: There were 2257 (74.2%) women and 786 (25.8%) men. The prevalence of DM was 6.5% (6.5% in males and 6.6% in females, P = 0.946). Diabetes was found to be more prevalent among those with a secondary school education or higher (10.9%); employed in the formal sector (13.4%); separated, divorced, or widowed (8.5%); with raised blood pressure (9.3%); and who were aged 30-59 years (all P < 0.05). Multivariable logistic regression showed that age, education, occupation, and hypertension were all positively and significantly associated with an increased risk of DM., Conclusion: The prevalence of DM in Ekiti State is high, and its predictors include advancing age, hypertension, education, and occupation. This calls for scaling up public health interventions for controlling DM, targeting the identified risk factors among the people of Ekiti., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Oluwadiya et al.)

We studied several in vitro activities of tumor-associated lympho-monocytes (TALMs) and the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha, interferon (IFN)gamma and soluble IL-2 receptor (slL-2R) in neoplastic effusions and in the serum of advanced stage cancer patients. Comparisons were made with autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Autologous PBMCs were compared with PBMCs from normal subjects used as controls. TALMs were collected from 13 peritoneal and 18 pleural neoplastic effusions, secondary to primary tumors of different sites. After PHA stimulation, concentrations of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and TNF alpha in culture media of TALMs both from peritoneal and pleural effusions were lower than those of autologous PBMCs and, similarly, concentrations of IL-4 and IL-10 in culture media of TALMs from peritoneal effusions were lower than those of autologous PBMCs, whereas concentrations of IL-4 and IL-10 in culture media of TALMs from pleural effusions were in the same range as those of autologous PBMCs. On the contrary, IL-2, IL-6 and IFN gamma amounts (only from pleural effusions) were significantly higher. IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6 and TNF alpha production from patient PBMCs was lower than that of control PBMCs, whereas production of IL-4, IL-10 and IFN gamma was higher than that of control PBMCs. Both in peritoneal and in pleural effusions concentrations of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and IL-4 were not different from those measured in autologous serum, whereas those of IL-6, IL-10, TNF alpha, IFN gamma and sIL-2R were significantly higher. The amounts of IL-2 in pleural effusions were not different from those of autologous serum, but in peritoneal effusions they were higher than those of autologous serum. The amounts of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, TNF alpha and sIL-2R were higher in patient than in control sera, whereas those of IL-4, IL-10 and IFN gamma were in the same range in patient and in control sera. Cell cycle analysis of cultured TALMs and PBMCs (from 3 patients) showed a significant accumulation of TALMs in the non-cycling G0/G1 cell population compared with autologous PBMCs.

We report the case of a 52-year-old woman with primary CD30+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma of T cell phenotype with skin involvement, stage IVB, fulfilling almost all the clinical, histopathologic and immunophenotypic criteria for this disease, associated with adult-onset celiac disease. The diagnoses of malignancy and celiac disease were made during the same clinical episode. The clinical course of the patient has been extremely favorable and she is in complete remission, 15 months after finishing consolidation therapy.

The aim of the investigation was to directly study the IL 2 receptor (IL 2 R) and its subunits, p55 and p75 chains, either membrane-bound or soluble, on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with solid malignancies and, indirectly, the same patients' PBMC ability to produce IL 2. Fifty-eight cancer patients, 29 men and 29 women, were studied: their mean age was 57.3 years, range 35-79. Twenty-two healthy age-sex-matched subjects served as controls. The tumors were the most common and the most representative among human cancers, i.e. breast, lung, head and neck, digestive tract and liver, prostate and gynecologic cancers: they were generally in advanced stages and in 23 cases metastatic. The PBMC proliferative response to PHA, PHA plus IL 2 and IL 2 was evaluated along with the response to PHA in presence of anti-p55, anti-p75 monoclonal antibodies, or both. Moreover, membrane-bound IL 2 R, p55 and p75 chains, on PHA-stimulated PBMC were detected, along with soluble IL 2 R in the serum and in the culture supernatants. The conclusions suggest that in solid malignancies: the membrane-bound IL 2 R s, both p55 and p75 chains, are expressed normally, there is an high serum level of soluble IL 2 R, there is a normal release of soluble IL 2 R in culture, and there is an indirect evidence of a lack of IL 2 production. Therefore, no primary impairment of IL 2 R was found in solid tumors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

A retrospective analysis of the treatment of spreading of differentiated thyroid carcinoma to regional lymph nodes was performed in 201 patients observed in 1973-1991. In 183 patients with no clinical metastatic involvement (A group), no lymph node excision was performed. In 36 patients with limited metastatic lymph node involvement (B group), a node-picking lymphadenectomy was performed. After 1977, all patients were treated also with metabolic radiotherapy postoperatively. Actuarial 15-year survival was 98.28% in A group and 87.50% in B group (n.s. difference). In 15 patients with lymph nodal relapse, actuarial 10-year survival was 83.4%. The survival figures are not different from those obtained after more radical operations. So, in limited metastatic involvement of neck lymph nodes by differentiated thyroid carcinoma, in the opinion of the Authors, node-picking lymphadenectomy is equally effective as more radical surgical procedures.

The aim of the investigation was to study directly the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) and its subunits, p55 and p75 chains, either membrane-bound or soluble, on PBMC of patients with solid malignancies and, indirectly, the same patients' PBMC ability to produce IL-2. Fifty-eight cancer patients, 29 men and 29 women, were studied: their mean age was 57.3 yr, range 35-79. Twenty-two healthy age-sex-matched subjects served as controls. The tumors were the most common and the most representative among human cancers, i.e., breast, lung, head and neck, digestive tract and liver, prostate and gynecologic cancers: they were generally in advanced stages and in 23 cases metastatic. The PBMC proliferative response to PHA, PHA plus IL-2, and IL-2 was evaluated along with the response to PHA in the presence of anti-p55, anti-p75 monoclonal antibodies, or both. Moreover, membrane-bound IL-2R (p55 and p75 chains) on PHA-stimulated PBMC was detected, along with soluble IL-2R in the serum and in the culture supernatants. The conclusions suggest that in solid malignancies: the membrane-bound IL-2Rs, both p55 and p75 chains, are expressed normally, there is an high serum level of soluble IL-2R, there is a normal release of soluble IL-2R in culture, and there is an indirect evidence of a lack of IL-2 production. Therefore, no primary impairment of IL-2R was found in solid tumors. Moreover, in our study we have found no difference in any parameter studied between patients with and patients without metastases.

Nineteen patients, 12 females and 7 males, with mean age of 66 years, with anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid, were treated between 1976 and 1990. At diagnosis, in 4 patients disease presented as intraglandular mass, in 11 as infiltration of the adjacent structures and as distant metastases in 4 cases. A preceding history of goiter was found in 7 patients. Total thyroidectomy was performed in 9 patients, subtotal thyroidectomy in 1 and a diagnostic biopsy only in 4 cases. All patients received external radiotherapy (4000-6000 rads). Median global survival was 6 months with no difference between patients receiving thyroidectomy plus RT or biopsy plus RT. All patients died of tumor except 1 who is alive and free of disease at 120 months. Combination modality treatment of anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid represent, at times, a rational palliative therapeutic approach, even if, in selected patients with early intraglandular disease, total surgery may represent a curative therapy.

In the last 10 years 20 patients with Hürthle tumors were observed at Institute of Surgery and Oncology of Cagliari University. 17 were females and 3 males with a median age of 42 years. Tumors were malignant in 7 cases and benign in 13. A total thyroidectomy was performed in all patients with carcinoma and in 2 with adenoma because of concurrent goiter. The remaining patients were treated with a less extensive surgery. Two patients with carcinoma had a cervical node metastases at 12 and 67 months, treated by surgery (followed by radioiodine therapy in one). All patients are alive and disease free at 72 months of median follow-up. None of patients with benign adenomas recurred at 47 months of median follow-up. A longer-term follow-up is necessary in order to evaluate the benignity of adenomas.

A personal experience about 80 patients with Graves' disease treated by subtotal or total thyroidectomy is reported. The surgical procedures are discussed. Subtotal thyroidectomy has proved to be the therapy of choice. All followed patients (60) are euthyroid excepting 3 cases of relapsing hyperthyroidism and 6 cases of post-surgical hypothyroidism.