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En 1387, el papa aviñonense Clemente VII promulgó tres décimas pontificias en la Corona de Aragón que debían servir para sufragar los gastos que ocasionaban las revueltas en Cerdeña. Parte de la colecta se destinó al rey aragonés Juan I que acaba de acceder al trono tras la muerte de su padre. Se desmarcaba así de su predecesor, quien se había incautado durante nueve años de las rentas de la Cámara Apostólica. En este artículo se estudia el retorno a la obediencia de Juan I y la reinstauración progresiva del aparato fiscal y financiero pontificio en la Corona de Aragón a través de la recaudación y gestión del tributo de la décima papal. Pope Clement VII of Avignon promulgated in 1387 three papal tithes in the Crown of Aragon in order to support the expenses caused by the riots in Sardinia. Part of the takings were destined to the Aragonese King John I, who had just acceded to the throne. With this action, King John I dissociated himself from the previous king – his father, who had appropriated the income of the Apostolic Chamber for nine years. This article studies the return of John I to the obedience, the progressive reestablishment of the pontifical fiscal system and the financial structure in the Crown of Aragon through the collection and management of the tribute taken by the papal tithes.

Pendant le Bas Moyen Âge, la décime pontificale cessa d’être exclusivement un impôt du Saint-Siège et devint aussi une ressource financière des monarques chrétiens (Favier). Dans le cas de la Couronne d’Aragon, les rois aragonais obtinrent du pape le droit de prélever des décimes dès le XIVe siècle afin, principalement, de pouvoir affronter les révoltes en Sardaigne. Les Archives royales de Barcelone conservent de riches sources sur la décime et sa gestion. (Bertran, Morelló, Tello). C’est en analysant ces documents d’archives, plus spécifiquement les registres des collecteurs et sous-collecteurs ecclésiastiques qui devaient rendre compte devant le Maestre Racional, que ce travail veut mettre en évidence la riche complexité de cette fiscalité pontificale (Montagut, Sánchez). Durante la baja Edad Media, la décima pontificia dejó de ser una exacción exclusiva de la Santa Sede para convertirse también en un recurso más de los reyes cristianos (Favier). En la Corona de Aragón, durante el s. xiv, el papa cedió a los monarcas el impuesto, sobre todo, para hacer frente a las revueltas en la isla de Cerdeña, razón por la cual en el Archivo Real de Barcelona encontramos gran cantidad de documentación relativa a la décima (Bertran, Morelló, Tello). Aprovechado esta circunstancia, en el presente trabajo analizaremos los registros conservados de los colectores y subcolectores eclesiásticos que rindieron cuentas ante el Maestre Racional, interventor general de las finanzas reales, con el propósito de mostrar en toda su complejidad el funcionamiento de este tipo de fiscalidad pontificia (Montagut, Sánchez). During the Latte Middle Ages, the pontifical tenth ceased to be an exclusive exaction of the Holy See to become a usual resource of the Christian kings (Favier). In the Crown of Aragon, during the 14th century, the Pope transfered to the monarchs the tax to deal with the turbbulences on the island of Sardinia. For this reason, we find a large amount of documentation relating to the pontifical tenth in the Royal Archives of Barcellona (Bertran, Morelló, Tello). In this paper we will analyse the preserved documents of the ecclesiastical collectors and sub-collectors who rendered accounts in front of Maestre Racional, the general auditor of the royal finances. Ultimately, we will show the comlex procedure of this typology of pontifical taxation (Montagut, Sánchez) Während des Spätmittelalters hörte der päpstliche Zehnt auf, eine exklusive Steuer des Heiligen Stuhls zu sein, um auch eine Einnahmequelle christlicher Monarchen zu werden (Favier). Im Fall der Krone von Argagon erlangten dessen Könige vom Papst seit dem 14. Jh. das Recht, den Zehnt einzubehalten, um vor allem die Revolten in Sardinien bekämpfen zu können. In den königlichen Archiven von Barcelona werden reiche Quellen zum Zehnt und seiner Verwaltung aufbewahrt (Bertran, Morelló, Tello). Dank einer Analyse dieser Archivdokumente und besonders der Register der kirchlichen Finanzbeamten und -unterbeamten, die dem Maestre Racional Rechenschaft ablegen mussten, will diese hier vorliegende Arbeit den Reichtum und die Komplexität dieses päpstlichen Steuerwesens aufzeigen (Montagut, Sánchez).

[EN] This paper focuses on money-changers, owners of private money-changing tables (taules de canvi) in Catalonia between approximately 1280 and 1400. It places them among the group of financial agents (especially with regard to public administrations), and it stresses the particularities of the institutions ruled by them, true private banks. Additionally, it includes a first census of over a hundred bankers documented in the Principality of Catalonia during the aforementioned period. Besides remarking some of their shared characteristics, the paper also presents several approaches to conduct in-depth studies of this group., [CA] Aquest article se centra en la figura dels canviadors o titulars de taules de canvi privades en la Catalunya del període comprès entre aproximadament 1280 i 1400. Se’ls situa dins del conjunt d’agents dels mercats financers (en especial en relació amb les administracions públiques) i es ressalten les especificats dels establiments que regien, autèntiques banques privades. Així mateix, es presenta un primer cens del centenar llarg de professionals del sector que es documenta al principat durant l’època esmentada. I, a part de comentar-ne trets comuns, s’exposen diversos plantejaments de cara a aprofundir en l’estudi del col·lectiu., Aquest treball s’ha elaborat en el marc del projecte “Financieros al servicio del poder en la Corona de Aragón (s. XIV-XV): Métodos, agentes, redes (HAR2011-24839)” finançat pel Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad i del grup de recerca consolidat “Renda feudal i fiscalitat a la Catalunya baixmedieval” (2014 SGR 1154) del Comissionat per a Universitats i Recerca de la Generalitat de Catalunya.

The production of patulin and griseofulvin by 49 different isolates of Penicillium griseofulvum Dierckx was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Eleven isolates were obtained from pistachio nuts, 37 were obtained from wheat seeds, and 1 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. Activities of 19 enzymes were also assayed by the API ZYM system. From these results it may be deduced that there are two different groups among the strains tested which cannot be distinguished by morphological and cultural characteristics. One group of isolates did not produce detectable amounts of patulin and griseofulvin when grown in sucrose-yeast extract and Wickerham media, while enzymatic activities were quantitatively distinct from the other group, which produced patulin and griseofulvin in variable proportions. Leucine arylamidase, phosphoamidase, and beta-D-glucosidase are the main enzymes with differing activities between the two groups. Differences in physiological characteristics among isolates of a single species reveal shortcomings in the classification of the penicillia based only on morphological criteria. Thus, determination of the ability to yield mycotoxins and antibiotics as well as determination of enzymatic activities appear to be very valuable tools in the taxonomy of these fungi and for food toxicology.

[EN] Being concerned with the analysis of welfare institutions in the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period, this study addresses, at a small scale, the study of hospitals as institutions that participated actively in private debt. To this end, we will go througth the accounts of the hospital of san Juan Bautista and santa María de Villaespesa, located in the city of Teruel. Between 1482 and 1517, these hospitals bought more than 120 redeemable annuities from farmers and artisans of Teruel and its surroundings., [ES] Entre todas las posibilidades que ofrece el estudio de las instituciones de beneficencia en el tránsito de la época medieval a la moderna, se encuentra el análisis de los hospitales como instituciones que proporcionan crédito a pequeña escala. Una clara muestra de ello es el hospital de san Juan Bautista y santa María de Villaespesa de Teruel, el cual— entre 1482 y 1517— compró más de 120 censales a campesinos y artesanos de Teruel y su entorno., Este estudio ha sido realizado en el marco del proyecto «Financieros al servicio del poder en la Corona de Aragón (S. XIV-XV): métodos, agentes, redes (HAR2011-24839)» y del grupo de investigación de la Generalitat de Cataluña «Renda feudal i fiscalitat a la Catalunya baixmedieval (2014 SGR 1154)». En concreto, el artículo que aquí se presenta es el resultado de la asistencia y participación en dos seminarios que han tenido lugar durante el año 2014, a saber: Seminari d’Estudis de Doctorat y Màster: Els abrils de l’Hospital 2014, coordinado por Antoni Conejo que se desarrolló en Barcelona, y el1º Seminari di Studi Dottorali: Alle origini del Welfare, dalla beneficenza all’assistenza (XIV—XIX secc.), que tuvo lugar en el Istituto di Studi sulle Società del Mediterraneo de Nápoles.

The acaricide activity of crude extracts of Penicillium funiculosum against Panonychus ulmi is investigated. Its activity is at least of the same order as commercial acaricide. It has an effect principally on larval and adult stages, causing a high mortality rate and a complete loss of fertility. Both ingestion and contact toxicity are found. Zusammenfassung Zur Wirkung eines Penicillium funiculosum-Stammes auf Panonychus ulmi Koch (Acar., Tetranychidae) Es wurde die akarizide Wirkung eine Rohextrakts von Penicillium funiculosum Thom auf P. ulmi untersucht. Die Wirksamkeit dieses Extraktes ist vergleichbar mit jener von kommerziellen Akariziden. Das Penicillium-Extrakt ist vor allem gegenuber Larven und Adulten wirksam, wobei eine hohe Mortalitatsrate und ein vollstandiger Fertilitatsverlust erreicht wird. Es konnte sowohl die Wirkung als Kontakt- sowie auch als Frasakarizid nachgewiesen werden.

The insecticidal, bactericidal, fungicidal and acaricidal properties of crude extract of Penicillium funiculosum Thom were studied. The insecticidal activity of the extracts can be summed up in the following results: it acts as a juvenile hormone mimetic against Blattella germanica, as an ovicidal agent against Leptinotarsa decemlineata, as an aphicidal agent against Myzus persicae and as an adulticide against Oncopeltus fasciatus. Acaricidal activity against Panonychus citri is basically of an egg-larvicidal nature, and can be compared with that of commercial acaricides. The extracts act against the mite Phytocoptella avellanae as an adulticide. No bactericidal or fungicidal activity was registered. Zusammenfassung Uber die Wirksamkeit eines Penicillium funiculosum-Stammes gegenuber Insekten und Milben In der vorliegenden Untersuchung werden die insektiziden, bakteriziden, fungiziden und akariziden Eigenschaften eines Rohextraktes von Penicillium funiculosum Thom getestet. Die insektizide Wirksamkeit der Extrakte kann folgendermasen zusammengefast werden: Gegen Blattella germanica wirken sie wie Juvenilhormone, gegen Leptinotarsa decemlineata haben sie eine ovizide Wirkung, gegen Myzus persicae eine aphizide und gegen Oncopeltus fasciatus eine adultizide Wirkung. Die akarizide Wirksamkeit gegen Panonychus citri basiert auf einer ovizid-larviziden Wirkung und kann mit der Wirksamkeit kommerzieller Akarizide verglichen werden. Die Extrakte wirken todlich auf Adulte der Milbe Phytocoptella avellanae. Eine bakterielle oder fungizide Wirkung der Extrakte konnte nicht festgestellt werden.

In the present study we attempt to determine the principal factors which influence the contamination by Penicillium of 116 samples of pre-harvest corn from five crop areas in Valencia (Spain).

Summary In the present study aflatoxin contamination was investigated with 102 peanut samples. Only 11 samples showed contamination by that mycotoxin. Concentration was less than 15–20 μ g/ kg in all the contaminated samples. Aflatoxin B 1 , B 2 , G 1 and G 2 were detected in the above-mentioned samples. No significant difference was found between shell and shelled peanuts owing to aflatoxin contamination.

[IT] Il presente studio ha lo scopo di sistematizzare le varie forme di contribuzione ecclesiastica a favore dei sovrani della Corona d’Aragona durante il basso Medioevo. Non c’è dubbio che gli ecclesiastici, così come ogni altro stamento o gruppo sociale, subissero le pressanti richieste della monarchia quando si trattava di partecipare alle contribuzioni fiscali. Molte di esse erano contemplate nella legislazione canonica e civile; altre, invece, si situavano al limite delle stess e, in alcuni casi, addirittura travalicavano la normativa. Questa realtà crescente si osserva perfettamente nella Corona d’Aragona durante il XIV secolo e agli inizi del XV, un momento in cui la contribuzione della Chiesa raggiunse il suo culmine rispetto ai periodi anteriori., [EN] The present study aims to analyze the different ways of ecclesiastical contribution to the king in the Crown of Aragon during the late Middle Ages. Church, like every other social group or state, was pressed by the monarchy in order to participate in the tax demands. Many of those contributions were included in regulations established by the papacy or by the civil legislation; others, however, were at the limit of these regulations or, in some cases, exceeded them. This increasing reality is perfectly observed in the Crown of Aragon during the 14th century and at the beginning of the 15th century, a time when the contribution of the Church overreached the limits set by previous periods.