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The aim of this paper is to provide data for the knowledge of the strategies followed by Rome to take effective control of the Citerior Province of Hispania during the 2nd century BC. We will analyse two settlements of the north-eastern region, namely Puig Castellar de Biosca (Province of Lleida) and Can Tacó (Province of Barcelona), that will serve to gauge the degree of Roman territorial implementation and under what forms this power will be consolidated.The period that interests us ranges from the end of the second Punic-Roman conflict to the first decades of the 1st century BC. It was a slow process in which Rome did not have a pre-established plan of action but was adapting its strategy to the different circumstances and stages of the conquest. The end of all this was the final control and pacification of the country.While all the researchers have a common understanding that during the first phase of control of the Hispanic territories the army played the most important role, the main discrepancies are related to the nature and characteristics of this occupation. The main focus in this discussion has its centre in the need to define how the Roman Army embodied his presence in Hispania during the first century of conquest and to characterise the different settlements in order to identify and determine with precision their military character or their connection with the process of conquest without a strictly military function.Funding: This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (De la consolidación del poder militar romana a la fundación de ciudades (mediados del siglo II a.C.-principios del siglo I d.C). en la Cuenca del rio Segre: Iesso y Iulia Libica DGYCIT PID2019-104120GB-I00-2023-2021), and the Department of Culture of the Catalan Autonomous Government (La conquesta romana a la Catalunya interior: l’exemple de Puig Castellar (Biosca), CLT009/18/00014). El objetivo de este trabajo es aportar datos sobre las estrategias seguidas por Roma para hacerse con el control efectivo de la Provincia Citerior de Hispania durante el siglo II a.C. Analizaremos dos asentamientos de la zona nororiental de la Península Ibérica, Puig Castellar de Biosca (Provincia de Lleida) y Can Tacó (Provincia de Barcelona), que servirán para calibrar el grado de implantación territorial romana y bajo qué formas se consolidó este poder.El período que nos interesa abarca desde el final la Segunda Guerra Púnica hasta las primeras décadas del siglo I a.C. Fue un proceso lento en el que Roma no tenía un plan de acción preestablecido, sino que fue adaptando su estrategia a las distintas circunstancias y etapas de la conquista. El final de todo este proceso fue el control y pacificación de la provincia hispana.Si bien todos los investigadores están de acuerdo que durante la primera fase de control de los territorios hispanos el ejército desempeñó un papel destacado, las principales discrepancias están relacionadas con la naturaleza y características de esta ocupación. El eje principal de esta discusión tiene su centro en la necesidad de definir cómo el ejército romano encarnó su presencia en Hispania durante el primer siglo de la conquista y caracterizar los distintos asentamientos para identificar y determinar con precisión su carácter militar o su vinculación con el proceso de conquista sin una función estrictamente militar.

This paper illustrates the results of research carried out at the archaeological site of Puig Castellar de Biosca (Catalonia, Spain), located in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. This Republican military fortress, a castellum, is exceptional due both to its early chronology, which ranges between 180 and 120 BCE, and to the fact that it acted as a long-lasting military installation situated in a pacified area on the periphery of the Celtiberian conflict zone. Work at the site has uncovered a central building on the top of a hill, which due to its Italian features has been identified as the headquarters of the military fortress. If this interpretation is correct, this might be one of the first examples of a Republican military headquarters building documented to date. It could then be considered a predecessor of later praetoria and principia, which have been recorded in the Numantine camps and on the Roman western limes.

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Temporal collaborative filtering (TCF) methods aim at modelling non-static aspects behind recommender systems, such as the dynamics in users' preferences and social trends around items. State-of-the-art TCF methods employ recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to model such aspects. These methods deploy matrix-factorization-based (MF -based) approaches to learn the user and item representations. Recently, graph-neural-network-based (GNN-based) approaches have shown improved performance in providing accurate recommendations over traditional MF -based approaches in non-temporal CF settings. Motivated by this, we propose a novel TCF method that leverages GNNs to learn user and item representations, and RNNs to model their temporal dynamics. A challenge with this method lies in the increased data sparsity, which negatively impacts obtaining meaningful quality representations with GNNs. To overcome this challenge, we train a GNN model at each time step using a set of observed interactions accumulated time-wise. Comprehensive experiments on real-world data show the improved performance obtained by our method over several state-of-the-art temporal and non-temporal CF models.

Altres ajuts: GC/CLT009/18/00014 El presente trabajo pretende dar a conocer el excepcional hallazgo de una tabula lusoria aparecida durante la campaña de 2019 en el castellum republicano de Puig Castellar de Biosca en Lleida. La particularidad de este hallazgo radica en su localización en un complejo militar de la fase inicial de la conquista romana con una cronología muy ajustada que se sitúa entre el 180 y el 120 a. C., y en el hecho de que apareció en su disposición original, en uno de los espacios destinados al alojamiento de la tropa. Estos dos elementos nos permiten afirmar que nos hallamos ante uno de los primeros ejemplos bien datados de un tablero de juego en la península ibérica que nos proporciona pistas sobre la actividad de los soldados en sus momentos de ocio, y nos habla también de la existencia de componentes itálicos entre estos, ya que los juegos sobre tablero serían un pasatiempo desconocido para las poblaciones autóctonas hasta ese momento. We aim to show the exceptional finding of a tabula lusoria that appeared during the 2019 campaign in the Roman Republican castellum of Puig Castellar of Biosca in Lleida. The singularity of this finding lies in its location in a military fortress of the initial phase of the Roman conquest with a very precise chronology that ranges between 180 BCE and 120 BCE, and in the fact that it appeared in its original arrangement, in one of the spaces intended for the accommodation of the troops. These two elements allow us to affirm that we are facing one of the first well-dated examples of a game board in the Iberian Peninsula which provides us with clues about the activity of the soldiers in their leisure moments and tells us about the existence of Italic components among them, since board games would be an unknown pastime for the indigenous populations until that moment

Monitoring air quality in cities is challenging as a high resolution in both space and time is required to accurately assess population exposure. This paper presents an innovative IoT approach for highly granular air quality mapping in cities relying on (1) a combination of cloud-calibrated fixed and mobile air quality sensors and (2) machine learning approaches to infer the collected spatiotemporal point measurements in both space and time. Within this work, we focus on validation of this IoT approach by presenting data quality improvements of the cloud calibration algorithm and performance metrics of two spatiotemporal inference models (AVGAE and GRF). The observed cloud calibration improvements and model inference results approaching current physical state-of-theart models demonstrate the potential of our approach in achieving accurate highly granular air quality maps and ultimately better air quality assessments., Monitoring air quality in cities is challenging as a high resolution in both space and time is required to accurately assess population exposure. This paper presents an innovative IoT approach for highly granular air quality mapping in cities relying on (1) a combination of cloud-calibrated fixed and mobile air quality sensors and (2) machine learning approaches to infer the collected spatiotemporal point measurements in both space and time. Within this work, we focus on validation of this IoT approach by presenting data quality improvements of the cloud calibration algorithm and performance metrics of two spatiotemporal inference models (AVGAE and GRF). The observed cloud calibration improvements and model inference results approaching current physical state-of-the-art models demonstrate the potential of our approach in achieving accurate highly granular air quality maps and ultimately better air quality assessments.

Studies conducted in educational settings show that animals attract and maintain the attention of children. The calming effects of animals are especially valuable in children with attention deficit, hyperactivity and behavioral disorders. The primary goal was to improve the emotional well-being, in a special education school, of children with intellectual disabilities, attention problems and/or hyperactivity and behavioral disorders. A Longitudinal, Observational Study was designed, which consisted of a community intervention based on animal-assisted therapy (AAT), and performed at a Primary Care Center (PCC). Twelve weekly group sessions were held with therapy dogs; a nurse and a doctor from the PCC participated with training in AAT as well as teachers. The intervention was carried out in two classrooms at the school. The sample size was 12 children with an average age of 12.7 (SD±4.4) years. Variables studied: attention, happiness, relaxed, respect of turn. The overall improvement of the four variables was statistically significant (p

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a condition caused by a pathologic immune activation, which is responsible for its signs and symptoms. It may also appear as a secondary process caused by malignancy. Developing HLH during treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is extremely uncommon, but underdiagnosis may be fatal. Two patients with ALL on chemotherapy maintenance treatment who developed HLH triggered by infection are presented here. We emphasize the importance of being aware of this condition when a patient with ALL in complete remission presents with unexplained hepatomegaly, cytopenia, and fever. Early diagnosis and treatment may be lifesaving.

Las recientes excavaciones arqueológicas efectuadas en el cerro de Puig Castellar de Biosca (Lleida) han dejado al descubierto los vestigios de un establecimiento militar romano, tipo castellum, singular por sus características tipológicas y su temprana cronología en el marco hispánico. El asentamiento muestra un amplio dominio visual sobre el territorio inmediato; está delimitado por una muralla defensiva con torres. En su interior destaca un gran edificio, erigido en el punto más elevado del recinto, que muestra varias dependencias distribuidas en torno a un patio central que a su vez dispone de una gran cisterna excavada en la roca. También se han localizado algunas dependencias auxiliares cerca del edificio principal y otras adosadas a la cara interna de la muralla, así como una zona con gran actividad metalúrgica de hierro. La gran cantidad de material cerámico recuperado, sobre todo de importación, con un horizonte cronológico bien definido entre el 180 y el 120 a. C., así como las técnicas constructivas y decorativas identificadas en los edificios, nos permiten afirmar que se trata de un complejo militar y administrativo de los primeros decenios de la conquista romana de Hispania. The recent archaeological excavations undertaken at the hill of Puig Castellar (Biosca, Lleida) have revealed the remains of singular Roman military settlement for its typological features and early dating. A solid defence wall with towers and visual control of the nearby territory surrounds the site. Inside, Romans built a large building at the highest point, which records a number of auxiliary rooms around a central courtyard. The courtyard included a rock cut cistern. Besides, there are other buildings close to the main building and others accommodated to the inner face of the surrounding defence wall as well as an area with great iron metallurgical activity. The large amount of Italian pottery with a well-dated horizon between 180-120 BCE as well as constructive and decorative techniques identified in the buildings reveal a possible military and administrative complex of the earlier decades of Roman conquest in Hispania.

El síndrome compartimental orbitario es una verdadera urgencia en oftalmología. Si no se actúa con rapidez ocasiona una pérdida de visión irreversible. La etiología más frecuente es la hemorragia, si bien otros procesos que aumenten la presión dentro de la cavidad orbitaria, como en el siguiente caso, el aire, también pueden causarlo. El diagnóstico es fundamentalmente clínico y cuando hay una alta sospecha se debe proceder al tratamiento de forma inmediata. Si bien es una patología poco frecuente, es importante aprender a reconocerla para actuar con la mayor brevedad posible., Orbital compartment syndrome is a real emergency in ophthalmology, if it is not treated rapidly, leads to an irreversible vision impairment. The most frequent etiology is the hemorrhage, as well as other processes that can cause the hyperpressure inside the orbit, like the air, as in our clinical case. The diagnosis is mainly clinic and when there is high suspect the treatment must be performed. Despite that is a rare pathology is important to learn to recognize it in order to act as soon as possible

Chronic joint pain is associated to an increase in the consumption of medication and decrease in life quality in elderly people, which requires developing non-pharmacological treatments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectivity of a group intervention, based on animal-assisted therapy and applied to elderly people with chronic joint pain and polymedication, regarding the decrease of chronic pain, use of analgesics and improvement of life quality. A randomized controlled trial, two arms and open-label was conducted in a Primary Health Center. Twelve weekly sessions of kinesitherapy, in the EG, these exercises were performed with the additional assistance of the therapy dog. A total of 52 participants (22 Control Group (CG), 30 EG), average age 77.50 (±7.3), women 90.4%. A significant reduction on post-intervention values of pain β = −0.67(−1.27, −0.08), p = 0.03 and pain induced insomnia β = −0.53(−1.01, −0.05), p = 0.03 was found in EG for increasing baseline values. Animal-assisted therapy leads to an additional reduction in the perception of pain and pain induced insomnia in individuals with higher baseline severity. The presence of the dog improves the attachment to intervention and the satisfaction of the participants.

La presencia del ejército romano republicano en la Hispania Citerior ha sido difícil de reconocer en el pasado debido al error en la interpretación de algunos yacimientos y la falta de investigación sobre el tema. En los últimos años, se han realizado nuevas investigaciones sobre yacimientos romanos republicanos identificando pequeñas fortificaciones militares y asentamientos civiles itálicos relacionados con el ejército. Uno de los fósiles directores presentes en todos estos yacimientos es la cerámica itálica tanto fina como común y las ánforas. Precisamente, las ánforas de la Apulia constituyen uno de los fósiles directores poco estudiados; este artículo pretende llenar este vacío y mostrar su importancia como indicador del avance de las tropas romanas durante el momento de la conquista, su relación con las vías militares y su aprovisionamiento. In our study we propose that the Brindisi amphorae arrived at the Iberian Peninsula during a chronological period from 150 to 50 BC. This could be related in many cases with the presence of Italian civilian and military elites who intervened in the organisation and conquest of the Citerior and Ulterior provinces. Those containers mainly carried olive-oil and to less extent wine. We believed that the Brindisi amphorae are excellent archaeological indicators, among other things, of the evolution of Roman conquest and settlement of Hispania. This indicator is especially useful for the second half of the 2nd cent. BC in which we have scarse well-dated archaeological evidence.

We evaluated the cytotoxic effects of four prostaglandin analogs (PGAs) used to treat glaucoma. First we established primary cultures of conjunctival stromal cells from healthy donors. Then cell cultures were incubated with different concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 5, 25, 50 and 100%) of commercial formulations of bimatoprost, tafluprost, travoprost and latanoprost for increasing periods (5 and 30 min, 1 h, 6 h and 24 h) and cell survival was assessed with three different methods: WST-1, MTT and calcein/AM-ethidium homodimer-1 assays. Our results showed that all PGAs were associated with a certain level of cell damage, which correlated significantly with the concentration of PGA used, and to a lesser extent with culture time. Tafluprost tended to be less toxic than bimatoprost, travoprost and latanoprost after all culture periods. The results for WST-1, MTT and calcein/AM-ethidium homodimer-1 correlated closely. When the average lethal dose 50 was calculated, we found that the most cytotoxic drug was latanoprost, whereas tafluprost was the most sparing of the ocular surface in vitro. These results indicate the need to design novel PGAs with high effectiveness but free from the cytotoxic effects that we found, or at least to obtain drugs that are functional at low dosages. The fact that the commercial formulation of tafluprost used in this work was preservative-free may support the current tendency to eliminate preservatives from eye drops for clinical use., This study was supported by the Spanish Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica, Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica (I+D+I) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), grants FIS PI11/1582 and FIS PI14/0955 (co-financed by FEDER funds, European Union) and by Grant P10-CTS-6060 from the Consejería de Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo, Junta de Andalucia, Spain (Proyectos de Excelencia).

Reaction of NbCl3(DME)(RC⋮CR‘) with KTp (DME = 1,2-dimethoxyethane, Tp = hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate) yields TpNbCl2(RC⋮CR‘) (R = Ph, R‘ = Me (2a); R = R‘ = Me (2b), Et (2c), SiMe3 (2d), Ph (2e)), which has the alkyne in the molecular mirror plane in the solid state (X-ray crystal structure for 2a) and in solution. The barriers to alkyne rotation are low, the highest being measured for complex 2d (52 kJ mol-1 at 273 K), which contains the bulky SiMe3 group on the alkyne. In TpCpNb(Cl)(PhC⋮CMe) (3a), formed by reaction of 2a with NaCp·DME, the alkyne is parallel to the Cp plane, as observed in solution and in the crystal structure. Extended Huckel molecular orbital calculations indicate that in complexes 2 the geometry is mainly governed by steric interactions, whereas in the case of 3a orbital interactions dictate the observed geometry., We thank Acciones Integrada Program PICASSO 94−95 (Spain−France) for traveling grants. J.F.B., F.J., A.O., and M.E.R.B. thank the Direccion General de Investigaciones Cientificas (DGICyT) (Grant No. 92-0715) for support.

The complex [{NbCl3(dme)}n]1(dme = 1,2-dimethoxyethane) reacted with an excess of bis-(pyrazol-1-yl) methane (bzpm), bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)methane (bdmpzm) or bis(5-trimethylsilyl-pyrazol-1-yl) methane (btpzm) to give the binuclear complexes [{NbCl3(bpzm)}]2, 2, [{NbCl3-(bdmpzm)}2]3 and [{NbCl3(btpzm)}2]4, respectively. Mononuclear acetylene complexes [NbCl3(L–L)(RCCR′)](R = R′= Ph, L–L = bpzm 5, bdmpzm 6 or btpzm 7; R = R′= CO2Me, L–L = btpzm 8; R = R′= Me, L–L = bpzm 9, bdmpzm 10 or btpzm 11) have been preapared from either the reaction of 2–4 with acetylenes or the interaction of acetylene complexes [NbCl3(dme)(RCCR′)] with the appropriate L–L. This last reaction with tris(pyrazol-1-yl)methane (tpzm) or tris(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl) methane (tdmpzm) in the presence of 1 equivalent of AgBF4 afforded the cationic complexes [NbCl2(L–L–L)(RCCR′)]BF4(R = R′= Ph, L–L–L = tpzm 12 or tdmpzm 13; R = R′= Me, L–L–L = tpzm 14 or tdmpzm 15). The structures of these complexes have been determined by spectroscopic methods. Variable-temperature NMR studies of some of the complexes were carried out in order to establish their fluxional behaviour in solution and free activation energy values were calculated at the coalescence temperature.

The reaction of alkyne-containing niobium(III) complexes [NbCl3(dme)(RCCR′)] (dme = 1,2-dimethoxyethane) with the appropriate Na(S2CNR″2) reagents, in a 1∶3 molar ratio, afforded the corresponding dialkyldithiocarbamato complexes [Nb(RCCR′)(S2CNR″2)3] (R = R′ = Ph, R″ = Me 1; R = R′ = Ph, R″ = Et 2; R = R′ = R″ = Me 3; R = R′ = Me, R″ = Et 4; R = R′ = Et, R″ = Me 5; R = R′ = R″ = Et 6; R = R′ = SiMe3, R″ = Me 7; R = R′ = SiMe3, R″ = Et 8; R = Ph, R′ = Me, R″ = Me 9). The same complexes were also prepared from the reaction of the appropriate [NbCl3(bpzm)(RCCR′)] [bpzm = bis(pyrazol-1-yl)methane] complexes with the corresponding sodium dialkyldithiocarbamates. All complexes were spectroscopically characterized and the dynamic behaviour of some of them was studied by variable-temperature NMR techniques. The molecular structure of complex 9 was also established.