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1. Primordial black holes and their gravitational-wave signatures

Author

Eleni Bagui, Sébastien Clesse, Valerio De Luca, Jose María Ezquiaga, Gabriele Franciolini, Juan García-Bellido, Cristian Joana, Rajeev Kumar Jain, Sachiko Kuroyanagi, Ilia Musco, Theodoros Papanikolaou, Alvise Raccanelli, Sébastien Renaux-Petel, Antonio Riotto, Ester Ruiz Morales, Marco Scalisi, Olga Sergijenko, Caner Ünal, Vincent Vennin, David Wands, and For the LISA Cosmology Working Group

Subjects
Black holes, Primordial black holes, Cosmology, Gravitational waves, LISA, Atomic physics. Constitution and properties of matter, QC170-197
Abstract

Abstract In the recent years, primordial black holes (PBHs) have emerged as one of the most interesting and hotly debated topics in cosmology. Among other possibilities, PBHs could explain both some of the signals from binary black hole mergers observed in gravitational-wave detectors and an important component of the dark matter in the Universe. Significant progress has been achieved both on the theory side and from the point of view of observations, including new models and more accurate calculations of PBH formation, evolution, clustering, merger rates, as well as new astrophysical and cosmological probes. In this work, we review, analyze and combine the latest developments in order to perform end-to-end calculations of the various gravitational-wave signatures of PBHs. Different ways to distinguish PBHs from stellar black holes are emphasized. Finally, we discuss their detectability with LISA, the first planned gravitational-wave observatory in space.

Published
2025
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2. Cosmology with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna

Author

Pierre Auclair, David Bacon, Tessa Baker, Tiago Barreiro, Nicola Bartolo, Enis Belgacem, Nicola Bellomo, Ido Ben-Dayan, Daniele Bertacca, Marc Besancon, Jose J. Blanco-Pillado, Diego Blas, Guillaume Boileau, Gianluca Calcagni, Robert Caldwell, Chiara Caprini, Carmelita Carbone, Chia-Feng Chang, Hsin-Yu Chen, Nelson Christensen, Sebastien Clesse, Denis Comelli, Giuseppe Congedo, Carlo Contaldi, Marco Crisostomi, Djuna Croon, Yanou Cui, Giulia Cusin, Daniel Cutting, Charles Dalang, Valerio De Luca, Walter Del Pozzo, Vincent Desjacques, Emanuela Dimastrogiovanni, Glauber C. Dorsch, Jose Maria Ezquiaga, Matteo Fasiello, Daniel G. Figueroa, Raphael Flauger, Gabriele Franciolini, Noemi Frusciante, Jacopo Fumagalli, Juan García-Bellido, Oliver Gould, Daniel Holz, Laura Iacconi, Rajeev Kumar Jain, Alexander C. Jenkins, Ryusuke Jinno, Cristian Joana, Nikolaos Karnesis, Thomas Konstandin, Kazuya Koyama, Jonathan Kozaczuk, Sachiko Kuroyanagi, Danny Laghi, Marek Lewicki, Lucas Lombriser, Eric Madge, Michele Maggiore, Ameek Malhotra, Michele Mancarella, Vuk Mandic, Alberto Mangiagli, Sabino Matarrese, Anupam Mazumdar, Suvodip Mukherjee, Ilia Musco, Germano Nardini, Jose Miguel No, Theodoros Papanikolaou, Marco Peloso, Mauro Pieroni, Luigi Pilo, Alvise Raccanelli, Sébastien Renaux-Petel, Arianna I. Renzini, Angelo Ricciardone, Antonio Riotto, Joseph D. Romano, Rocco Rollo, Alberto Roper Pol, Ester Ruiz Morales, Mairi Sakellariadou, Ippocratis D. Saltas, Marco Scalisi, Kai Schmitz, Pedro Schwaller, Olga Sergijenko, Geraldine Servant, Peera Simakachorn, Lorenzo Sorbo, Lara Sousa, Lorenzo Speri, Danièle A. Steer, Nicola Tamanini, Gianmassimo Tasinato, Jesús Torrado, Caner Unal, Vincent Vennin, Daniele Vernieri, Filippo Vernizzi, Marta Volonteri, Jeremy M. Wachter, David Wands, Lukas T. Witkowski, Miguel Zumalacárregui, James Annis, Fëanor Reuben Ares, Pedro P. Avelino, Anastasios Avgoustidis, Enrico Barausse, Alexander Bonilla, Camille Bonvin, Pasquale Bosso, Matteo Calabrese, Mesut Çalışkan, Jose A. R. Cembranos, Mikael Chala, David Chernoff, Katy Clough, Alexander Criswell, Saurya Das, Antonio da Silva, Pratika Dayal, Valerie Domcke, Ruth Durrer, Richard Easther, Stephanie Escoffier, Sandrine Ferrans, Chris Fryer, Jonathan Gair, Chris Gordon, Martin Hendry, Mark Hindmarsh, Deanna C. Hooper, Eric Kajfasz, Joachim Kopp, Savvas M. Koushiappas, Utkarsh Kumar, Martin Kunz, Macarena Lagos, Marc Lilley, Joanes Lizarraga, Francisco S. N. Lobo, Azadeh Maleknejad, C. J. A. P. Martins, P. Daniel Meerburg, Renate Meyer, José Pedro Mimoso, Savvas Nesseris, Nelson Nunes, Vasilis Oikonomou, Giorgio Orlando, Ogan Özsoy, Fabio Pacucci, Antonella Palmese, Antoine Petiteau, Lucas Pinol, Simon Portegies Zwart, Geraint Pratten, Tomislav Prokopec, John Quenby, Saeed Rastgoo, Diederik Roest, Kari Rummukainen, Carlo Schimd, Aurélia Secroun, Alberto Sesana, Carlos F. Sopuerta, Ismael Tereno, Andrew Tolley, Jon Urrestilla, Elias C. Vagenas, Jorinde van de Vis, Rien van de Weygaert, Barry Wardell, David J. Weir, Graham White, Bogumiła Świeżewska, Valery I. Zhdanov, and The LISA Cosmology Working Group

Subjects
Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), Cosmology, Atomic physics. Constitution and properties of matter, QC170-197
Abstract

Abstract The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) has two scientific objectives of cosmological focus: to probe the expansion rate of the universe, and to understand stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds and their implications for early universe and particle physics, from the MeV to the Planck scale. However, the range of potential cosmological applications of gravitational-wave observations extends well beyond these two objectives. This publication presents a summary of the state of the art in LISA cosmology, theory and methods, and identifies new opportunities to use gravitational-wave observations by LISA to probe the universe.

Published
2023
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3. Primordial black hole production in Critical Higgs Inflation

Author

Jose María Ezquiaga, Juan García-Bellido, and Ester Ruiz Morales

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Primordial Black Holes (PBH) arise naturally from high peaks in the curvature power spectrum of near-inflection-point single-field inflation, and could constitute today the dominant component of the dark matter in the universe. In this letter we explore the possibility that a broad spectrum of PBH is formed in models of Critical Higgs Inflation (CHI), where the near-inflection point is related to the critical value of the RGE running of both the Higgs self-coupling λ(μ) and its non-minimal coupling to gravity ξ(μ). We show that, for a wide range of model parameters, a half-domed-shaped peak in the matter spectrum arises at sufficiently small scales that it passes all the constraints from large scale structure observations. The predicted cosmic microwave background spectrum at large scales is in agreement with Planck 2015 data, and has a relatively large tensor-to-scalar ratio that may soon be detected by B-mode polarization experiments. Moreover, the wide peak in the power spectrum gives an approximately lognormal PBH distribution in the range of masses 0.01–100M⊙, which could explain the LIGO merger events, while passing all present PBH observational constraints. The stochastic background of gravitational waves coming from the unresolved black-hole-binary mergers could also be detected by LISA or PTA. Furthermore, the parameters of the CHI model are consistent, within 2σ, with the measured Higgs parameters at the LHC and their running. Future measurements of the PBH mass spectrum could allow us to obtain complementary information about the Higgs couplings at energies well above the EW scale, and thus constrain new physics beyond the Standard Model.

Published
2018
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4. The False Alarms induced by Gaussian Noise in Gravitational Wave Detectors

Author

Juan Garcia-Bellido, José Francisco Nuño Siles, ESTER RUIZ MORALES, Gonzalo Morrás, and UAM. Departamento de Física Teórica

Subjects
Gravitational Waves, LIGO (Observatory), Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Física, FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Compact, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

Gaussian noise is an irreducible component of the background in gravitational wave (GW) detectors. Although stationary Gaussian noise is uncorrelated in frequencies, we show that there is an important correlation in time when looking at the matched filter signal to noise ratio (SNR) of a template, with a typical autocorrelation time that depends on the template and the shape of the noise power spectral density (PSD). Taking this correlation into account, we compute from first principles the false alarm rate (FAR) of a template in Gaussian noise, defined as the number of occurrences per unit time that the template's matched filter SNR goes over a threshold $\rho$. We find that the Gaussian FAR can be well approximated by the usual expression for uncorrelated noise, if we replace the sampling rate by an effective sampling rate that depends on the parameters of the template, the noise PSD and the threshold $\rho$. This results in a minimum SNR threshold that has to be demanded to a given GW trigger, if we want to keep events generated from Gaussian noise below a certain FAR. We extend the formalism to multiple detectors and to the analysis of GW events. We apply our method to the GW candidates added in the GWTC-3 catalog, and discuss the possibility that GW200308\_173609 and GW200322\_091133 could be generated by Gaussian noise fluctuations., Comment: 22 pages, 11 figures

Published
2022
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5. Bayesian analysis of the spin distribution of LIGO/Virgo black holes

Author

Ester Ruiz Morales, Jose Francisco Nuño Siles, Juan Garcia-Bellido, and UAM. Departamento de Física Teórica

Subjects
Astrophysics and Astronomy, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, gr-qc, Population, FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Gravitational waves, Spin, Binary black hole, 0103 physical sciences, Prior probability, education, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Spin-½, Physics, education.field_of_study, Black hole binaries, Spins, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gravitational wave, General Relativity and Cosmology, Isotropy, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Física, Astronomy and Astrophysics, LIGO, Space and Planetary Science, astro-ph.CO, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

Gravitational wave detection from binary black hole (BBH) inspirals has become routine thanks to the LIGO/Virgo interferometers. The nature of these black holes remains uncertain. We study here the spin distributions of LIGO/Virgo black holes from the first catalog GWTC-1 and the first four published BBH events from run O3. We compute the Bayes evidence for several independent priors: flat, isotropic, spin-aligned and anti-aligned. We find strong evidence for low spins in all of the cases, and significant evidence for small isotropic spins versus any other distribution. When considered as a homogeneous population of black holes, these results give support to the idea that LIGO/Virgo black holes are primordial, JGB and ERM thank the Theory Division for their generous hospitality during their Sabbatical at CERN in 2018, when this work originated. The authors acknowledge support from the Research Project PGC2018-094773-B-C32 (MINECO-FEDER, Spain) and the Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa Program, Spain SEV-2016-0597

Published
2020

6. Primordial black holes from single field models of inflation

Author

Juan Garcia-Bellido and Ester Ruiz Morales

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Theory, Inflation (cosmology), Physics, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Toy model, Structure formation, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Cosmic microwave background, Dark matter, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Primordial black hole, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Inflaton, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th), Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Gravitational collapse, 010306 general physics, Particle Physics - Theory, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

Primordial black holes (PBH) have been shown to arise from high peaks in the matter power spectra of multi-field models of inflation. Here we show, with a simple toy model, that it is also possible to generate a peak in the curvature power spectrum of single-field inflation. We assume that the effective dynamics of the inflaton field presents a near-inflection point which slows down the field right before the end of inflation and gives rise to a prominent spike in the fluctuation power spectrum at scales much smaller than those probed by Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and Large Scale Structure (LSS) observations. This peak will give rise, upon reentry during the radiation era, to PBH via gravitational collapse. The mass and abundance of these PBH is such that they could constitute the totality of the Dark Matter today. We satisfy all CMB and LSS constraints and predict a very broad range of PBH masses. Some of these PBH are light enough that they will evaporate before structure formation, leaving behind a large curvature fluctuation on small scales. This broad mass distribution of PBH as Dark Matter will be tested in the future by AdvLIGO and LISA interferometers., Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures. Matches version published in PDU

Published
2017
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7. Compact anisotropic models in general relativity by gravitational decoupling

Author

Francisco Tello-Ortiz and Ester Ruiz Morales

Subjects
Physics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, General relativity, Isotropy, FOS: Physical sciences, lcsh:Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Decoupling (cosmology), 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Gravitation, Stars, symbols.namesake, Classical mechanics, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:QB460-466, symbols, lcsh:QC770-798, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, Einstein, Anisotropy, Field equation, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Engineering (miscellaneous)
Abstract

Durgapal’s fifth isotropic solution describing spherically symmetric and static matter distribution is extended to an anisotropic scenario. To do so we employ the gravitational decoupling through the minimal geometric deformation scheme. This approach allows to split Einstein’s field equations in two simply set of equations, one corresponding to the isotropic sector and other to the anisotropic sector described by an extra gravitational source. The isotropic sector is solved by the Durgapal’s model and the anisotropic sector is solved once a suitable election on the minimal geometric deformation is imposes. The obtained model is representing some strange stars candidates and fulfill all the requirements in order to be a well behaved physical solution to the Einstein’s field equations.

Published
2018

8. Charged anisotropic compact objects by gravitational decoupling

Author

Ester Ruiz Morales and Francisco Tello-Ortiz

Subjects
Physics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Isotropy, FOS: Physical sciences, lcsh:Astrophysics, Decoupling (cosmology), General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Compact star, 01 natural sciences, Computer Science::Digital Libraries, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Redshift, Gravitation, Classical mechanics, Speed of sound, lcsh:QB460-466, 0103 physical sciences, Einstein field equations, lcsh:QC770-798, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, 010306 general physics, Anisotropy, Engineering (miscellaneous)
Abstract

In the present article, we have constructed a static charged anisotropic compact star model of Einstein field equations for a spherically symmetric space-time geometry. Specifically, we have extended the charged isotropic Heintzmann solution to an anisotropic domain. To address this work, we have employed the gravitational decoupling through the so called minimal geometric deformation approach. The charged anisotropic model is representing the realistic compact objects such as $$RXJ1856-37$$ and $$SAX J1808.4-3658(SS2)$$ . We have reported our results in details for the compact star $$RXJ1856-37$$ on the ground of physical properties such as pressure, density, velocity of sound, energy conditions, stability conditions, Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation and redshift etc.

Published
2018
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9. Primordial Black Hole production in Critical Higgs Inflation

Author

Jose María Ezquiaga, Ester Ruiz Morales, Juan Garcia-Bellido, UAM. Departamento de Física Teórica, and Instituto de Física Teórica (IFT)

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Theory, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Astrophysics and Astronomy, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Physics beyond the Standard Model, gr-qc, Dark matter, Cosmic microwave background, FOS: Physical sciences, Primordial black hole, Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, symbols.namesake, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), 0103 physical sciences, Planck, 010306 general physics, Particle Physics - Phenomenology, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gravitational wave, General Relativity and Cosmology, hep-th, Física, hep-ph, LIGO, lcsh:QC1-999, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th), Higgs boson, symbols, astro-ph.CO, lcsh:Physics, Particle Physics - Theory, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

Primordial Black Holes (PBH) arise naturally from high peaks in the curvature power spectrum of near-inflection-point single-field inflation, and could constitute today the dominant component of the dark matter in the universe. In this letter we explore the possibility that a broad spectrum of PBH is formed in models of Critical Higgs Inflation (CHI), where the near-inflection point is related to the critical value of the RGE running of both the Higgs self-coupling $\lambda(\mu)$ and its non-minimal coupling to gravity $\xi(\mu)$. We show that, for a wide range of model parameters, a half-domed-shaped peak in the matter spectrum arises at sufficiently small scales that it passes all the constraints from large scale structure observations. The predicted cosmic microwave background spectrum at large scales is in agreement with Planck 2015 data, and has a relatively large tensor-to-scalar ratio that may soon be detected by B-mode polarization experiments. Moreover, the wide peak in the power spectrum gives an approximately lognormal PBH distribution in the range of masses $0.01 - 100\,M_\odot$, which could explain the LIGO merger events, while passing all present PBH observational constraints. The stochastic background of gravitational waves coming from the unresolved black-hole-binary mergers could also be detected by LISA or PTA. Furthermore, the parameters of the CHI model are consistent, within $2\sigma$, with the measured Higgs parameters at the LHC and their running. Future measurements of the PBH mass spectrum could allow us to obtain complementary information about the Higgs couplings at energies well above the EW scale, and thus constrain new physics beyond the Standard Model., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures. Matches PLB version

Published
2017

10. Measuring the Top Yukawa Coupling to a Heavy Higgs Boson at Futuree+e−Linear Colliders

Author

J. Alcaraz and Ester Ruiz Morales

Subjects
Physics, Coupling, Top quark, Particle physics, Luminosity (scattering theory), High Energy Physics::Lattice, Electron–positron annihilation, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Yukawa potential, General Physics and Astronomy, Nuclear physics, Mass spectrum, Higgs boson, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Center of mass
Abstract

If the Higgs boson mass is greater than 350 GeV, the top quark Yukawa coupling can be determined using the Higgs resonant contribution to tt production from W+W- fusion at high energy e(+)e(-) linear colliders. We have evaluated the significance with which the signal of a Higgs decaying to tt pairs could be observed at future e(+)e(-) colliders, with center of mass energies of 800 GeV and 1 TeV, and an integrated luminosity of 1 ab(-1). We find that a signal significance greater than 5sigma and a relative error in the top Yukawa measurement better than 10% can be achieved at these facilities, for Higgs boson masses in the ranges of 350-500 GeV and 350-650 GeV, respectively.

Published
2001
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11. Non-decoupling effects of the SM Higgs boson to one loop

Author

Ester Ruiz Morales and Maria J. Herrero

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, High Energy Physics::Lattice, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Electroweak interaction, Observable, Decoupling (cosmology), Invariant (physics), Renormalization, symbols.namesake, Effective field theory, symbols, Higgs boson, Lagrangian
Abstract

We study the complete non-decoupling effects of the standard model Higgs boson to one loop. Using effective field theory methods, we integrate out the Higgs boson and represent its non-decoupling effects by a set of gauge invariant effective operators of the electroweak chiral Lagrangian. In a previous work, we analyzed the non-decoupling effects in the two and three point Green's functions of gauge fields. We complete here the calculation of the chiral effective operators by analyzing the four point functions. We discuss in detail the relation between the renormalization of both the standard model and the effective theory, which is crutial for a correct understanding and use of the electroweak chiral Lagrangian. Some examples have been chosen to show the applicability of this effective Lagrangian approach in the calculation of low energy observables in electroweak theory.

Published
1995
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12. Study of γγ→WL+WL− and γγ→ZLZL reactions with chiral lagrangians

Author

Ester Ruiz-Morales and Maria J. Herrero

Subjects
Physics, Chiral anomaly, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Gauge boson, Particle physics, Chiral perturbation theory, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Elementary particle, Invariant mass, Symmetry breaking, Boson, Standard Model
Abstract

We analyze the effects of a strongly interacting symmetry breaking sector of the standard model in γγ→WL+WL− and γγ→ZLZL reactions at TeV energies by using chiral lagrangians and chiral perturbation theory. We find significant deviations from the standard model predictions for the differential cross sections at high invariant mass of the gauge boson pair. We study the experimental signals that could be obtained in a high energy and high luminosity dedicated γγ collider and estimate the estimate the sensitivity that such experiments could reach with regard to the values of the effective lagrangian parameters.

Published
1992
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13. Particle production from symmetry breaking after inflation and leptogenesis

Author

Juan Garcia-Bellido and Ester Ruiz Morales

Subjects
Inflation (cosmology), Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, media_common.quotation_subject, Dark matter, FOS: Physical sciences, Fermion, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Universe, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Baryon asymmetry, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), Leptogenesis, Symmetry breaking, False vacuum, media_common
Abstract

Recent studies suggest that the process of symmetry breaking after inflation typically occurs very fast, within a single oscillation of the symmetry-breaking field, due to the spinodal growth of its long-wave modes, otherwise known as `tachyonic preheating'. We show how this sudden transition from the false to the true vacuum can induce a significant production of particles, bosons and fermions, coupled to the symmetry-breaking field. We find that this new mechanism of particle production in the early Universe may have interesting consequences for the origin of supermassive dark matter and the generation of the observed baryon asymmetry through leptogenesis., Comment: 17 pages, 2 figures. Significantly enlarged version, including a more detailed discussion of leptogenesis. To appear in Physics Letters B

Published
2001
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14. Analysis of a subsolar-mass black hole trigger from the second observing run of Advanced LIGO

Author

Morrás, Gonzalo, Siles, José Francisco Nuño, Menéndez-Vázquez, Alexis, Karathanasis, Christos, Martinovic, Katarina, Phukon, Khun Sang, Clesse, Sebastien, García-Bellido, Juan, Nez, Mario Martí, ESTER RUIZ MORALES, and Sakellariadou, Mairi

Subjects
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We perform an exhaustive follow-up analysis of a subsolar-mass (SSM) gravitational wave (GW) candidate reported by Phukon et al. from the second observing run of Advanced LIGO. This candidate has a reported signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of $8.6$ and false alarm rate of $0.41$ yr which are too low to claim a clear gravitational-wave origin. When improving on the search by using more accurate waveforms, extending the frequency range from 45 Hz down to 20 Hz, and removing a prominent blip glitch, we find that the posterior distribution of the network SNR lies mostly below the search value, with the $90\%$ confidence interval being $7.94^{+0.70}_{-1.05}$. Assuming that the origin of the signal is a compact binary coalescence (CBC), the secondary component is $m_2 = \text{$0.76^{+0.50}_{-0.14}$} M_\odot$, with $m_2 < 1 M_\odot$ at $84\%$ confidence level, suggesting an unexpectedly light neutron star or a black hole of primordial or exotic origin. The primary mass would be $m_1 = \text{$4.71^{+1.57}_{-2.18}$} M_\odot$, likely in the hypothesized lower mass gap and the luminosity distance is measured to be $D_{\rm L}=124^{+82}_{-48}$Mpc. We then probe the CBC origin hypothesis by performing the signal coherence tests, obtaining a log Bayes factor of $4.96 \pm 0.13$ for the coherent vs. incoherent hypothesis. We demonstrate the capability of performing a parameter estimation follow-up on real data for an SSM candidate with moderate SNR. The improved sensitivity of O4 and subsequent LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing runs could make it possible to observe similar signals, if present, with a higher SNR and a more precise measurement of the parameters of the binary., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures

15. Black holes, gravitational waves and fundamental physics: a roadmap

Author

Leor Barack, Vitor Cardoso, Samaya Nissanke, Thomas P Sotiriou, Abbas Askar, Chris Belczynski, Gianfranco Bertone, Edi Bon, Diego Blas, Richard Brito, Tomasz Bulik, Clare Burrage, Christian T Byrnes, Chiara Caprini, Masha Chernyakova, Piotr Chruściel, Monica Colpi, Valeria Ferrari, Daniele Gaggero, Jonathan Gair, Juan García-Bellido, S F Hassan, Lavinia Heisenberg, Martin Hendry, Ik Siong Heng, Carlos Herdeiro, Tanja Hinderer, Assaf Horesh, Bradley J Kavanagh, Bence Kocsis, Michael Kramer, Alexandre Le Tiec, Chiara Mingarelli, Germano Nardini, Gijs Nelemans, Carlos Palenzuela, Paolo Pani, Albino Perego, Edward K Porter, Elena M Rossi, Patricia Schmidt, Alberto Sesana, Ulrich Sperhake, Antonio Stamerra, Leo C Stein, Nicola Tamanini, Thomas M Tauris, L Arturo Urena-López, Frederic Vincent, Marta Volonteri, Barry Wardell, Norbert Wex, Kent Yagi, Tiziano Abdelsalhin, Miguel Ángel Aloy, Pau Amaro-Seoane, Lorenzo Annulli, Manuel Arca-Sedda, Ibrahima Bah, Enrico Barausse, Elvis Barakovic, Robert Benkel, Charles L Bennett, Laura Bernard, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Christopher P L Berry, Emanuele Berti, Miguel Bezares, Jose Juan Blanco-Pillado, Jose Luis Blázquez-Salcedo, Matteo Bonetti, Mateja Bošković, Zeljka Bosnjak, Katja Bricman, Bernd Brügmann, Pedro R Capelo, Sante Carloni, Pablo Cerdá-Durán, Christos Charmousis, Sylvain Chaty, Aurora Clerici, Andrew Coates, Marta Colleoni, Lucas G Collodel, Geoffrey Compère, William Cook, Isabel Cordero-Carrión, Miguel Correia, Álvaro de la Cruz-Dombriz, Viktor G Czinner, Kyriakos Destounis, Kostas Dialektopoulos, Daniela Doneva, Massimo Dotti, Amelia Drew, Christopher Eckner, James Edholm, Roberto Emparan, Recai Erdem, Miguel Ferreira, Pedro G Ferreira, Andrew Finch, Jose A Font, Nicola Franchini, Kwinten Fransen, Dmitry Gal’tsov, Apratim Ganguly, Davide Gerosa, Kostas Glampedakis, Andreja Gomboc, Ariel Goobar, Leonardo Gualtieri, Eduardo Guendelman, Francesco Haardt, Troels Harmark, Filip Hejda, Thomas Hertog, Seth Hopper, Sascha Husa, Nada Ihanec, Taishi Ikeda, Amruta Jaodand, Philippe Jetzer, Xisco Jimenez-Forteza, Marc Kamionkowski, David E Kaplan, Stelios Kazantzidis, Masashi Kimura, Shiho Kobayashi, Kostas Kokkotas, Julian Krolik, Jutta Kunz, Claus Lämmerzahl, Paul Lasky, José P S Lemos, Jackson Levi Said, Stefano Liberati, Jorge Lopes, Raimon Luna, Yin-Zhe Ma, Elisa Maggio, Alberto Mangiagli, Marina Martinez Montero, Andrea Maselli, Lucio Mayer, Anupam Mazumdar, Christopher Messenger, Brice Ménard, Masato Minamitsuji, Christopher J Moore, David Mota, Sourabh Nampalliwar, Andrea Nerozzi, David Nichols, Emil Nissimov, Martin Obergaulinger, Niels A Obers, Roberto Oliveri, George Pappas, Vedad Pasic, Hiranya Peiris, Tanja Petrushevska, Denis Pollney, Geraint Pratten, Nemanja Rakic, Istvan Racz, Miren Radia, Fethi M Ramazanoğlu, Antoni Ramos-Buades, Guilherme Raposo, Marek Rogatko, Roxana Rosca-Mead, Dorota Rosinska, Stephan Rosswog, Ester Ruiz-Morales, Mairi Sakellariadou, Nicolás Sanchis-Gual, Om Sharan Salafia, Anuradha Samajdar, Alicia Sintes, Majda Smole, Carlos Sopuerta, Rafael Souza-Lima, Marko Stalevski, Nikolaos Stergioulas, Chris Stevens, Tomas Tamfal, Alejandro Torres-Forné, Sergey Tsygankov, Kıvanç İ Ünlütürk, Rosa Valiante, Maarten van de Meent, José Velhinho, Yosef Verbin, Bert Vercnocke, Daniele Vernieri, Rodrigo Vicente, Vincenzo Vitagliano, Amanda Weltman, Bernard Whiting, Andrew Williamson, Helvi Witek, Aneta Wojnar, Kadri Yakut, Haopeng Yan, Stoycho Yazadjiev, Gabrijela Zaharijas, Miguel Zilhão, AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques (IHES), IHES, Laboratoire Univers et Théories (LUTH (UMR_8102)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Théorique d'Orsay [Orsay] (LPT), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHES), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Barack, L., Cardoso, V., Nissanke, S., Sotiriou, T. P., Askar, A., Belczynski, C., Bertone, G., Bon, E., Blas, D., Brito, R., Bulik, T., Burrage, C., Byrnes, C. T., Caprini, C., Chernyakova, M., Chrusciel, P., Colpi, M., Ferrari, V., Gaggero, D., Gair, J., Garcia-Bellido, J., Hassan, S. F., Heisenberg, L., Hendry, M., Heng, I. S., Herdeiro, C., Hinderer, T., Horesh, A., Kavanagh, B. J., Kocsis, B., Kramer, M., Le Tiec, A., Mingarelli, C., Nardini, G., Nelemans, G., Palenzuela, C., Pani, P., Perego, A., Porter, E. K., Rossi, E. M., Schmidt, P., Sesana, A., Sperhake, U., Stamerra, A., Stein, L. C., Tamanini, N., Tauris, T. M., Urena-Lopez, L. A., Vincent, F., Volonteri, M., Wardell, B., Wex, N., Yagi, K., Abdelsalhin, T., Aloy, M. A., Amaro-Seoane, P., Annulli, L., Arca-Sedda, M., Bah, I., Barausse, E., Barakovic, E., Benkel, R., Bennett, C. L., Bernard, L., Bernuzzi, S., Berry, C. P. L., Berti, E., Bezares, M., Blanco-Pillado, J. J., Blazquez-Salcedo, J. L., Bonetti, M., Boskovic, M., Bosnjak, Z., Bricman, K., Brugmann, B., Capelo, P. R., Carloni, S., Cerda-Duran, P., Charmousis, C., Chaty, S., Clerici, A., Coates, A., Colleoni, M., Collodel, L. G., Compere, G., Cook, W., Cordero-Carrion, I., Correia, M., De La Cruz-Dombriz, A., Czinner, V. G., Destounis, K., Dialektopoulos, K., Doneva, D., Dotti, M., Drew, A., Eckner, C., Edholm, J., Emparan, R., Erdem, R., Ferreira, M., Ferreira, P. G., Finch, A., Font, J. A., Franchini, N., Fransen, K., Gal'Tsov, D., Ganguly, A., Gerosa, D., Glampedakis, K., Gomboc, A., Goobar, A., Gualtieri, L., Guendelman, E., Haardt, F., Harmark, T., Hejda, F., Hertog, T., Hopper, S., Husa, S., Ihanec, N., Ikeda, T., Jaodand, A., Jetzer, P., Jimenez-Forteza, X., Kamionkowski, M., Kaplan, D. E., Kazantzidis, S., Kimura, M., Kobayashi, S., Kokkotas, K., Krolik, J., Kunz, J., Lammerzahl, C., Lasky, P., Lemos, J. P. S., Levi Said, J., Liberati, S., Lopes, J., Luna, R., Ma, Y. -Z., Maggio, E., Mangiagli, A., Montero, M. M., Maselli, A., Mayer, L., Mazumdar, A., Messenger, C., Menard, B., Minamitsuji, M., Moore, C. J., Mota, D., Nampalliwar, S., Nerozzi, A., Nichols, D., Nissimov, E., Obergaulinger, M., Obers, N. A., Oliveri, R., Pappas, G., Pasic, V., Peiris, H., Petrushevska, T., Pollney, D., Pratten, G., Rakic, N., Racz, I., Radia, M., Ramazanoglu, F. M., Ramos-Buades, A., Raposo, G., Rogatko, M., Rosca-Mead, R., Rosinska, D., Rosswog, S., Ruiz-Morales, E., Sakellariadou, M., Sanchis-Gual, N., Sharan Salafia, O., Samajdar, A., Sintes, A., Smole, M., Sopuerta, C., Souza-Lima, R., Stalevski, M., Stergioulas, N., Stevens, C., Tamfal, T., Torres-Forne, A., Tsygankov, S., I Unluturk, Ki., Valiante, R., Van De Meent, M., Velhinho, J., Verbin, Y., Vercnocke, B., Vernieri, D., Vicente, R., Vitagliano, V., Weltman, A., Whiting, B., Williamson, A., Witek, H., Wojnar, A., Yakut, K., Yan, H., Yazadjiev, S., Zaharijas, G., Zilhao, M., Gravitation and Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam, GRAPPA (ITFA, IoP, FNWI), IoP (FNWI), High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Sperhake, Ulrich [0000-0002-3134-7088], Drew, Amelia [0000-0001-8252-602X], Radia, Miren [0000-0001-8861-2025], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ege Üniversitesi, Barack, L, Cardoso, V, Nissanke, S, Sotiriou, T, Askar, A, Belczynski, C, Bertone, G, Bon, E, Blas, D, Brito, R, Bulik, T, Burrage, C, Byrnes, C, Caprini, C, Chernyakova, M, Chruściel, P, Colpi, M, Ferrari, V, Gaggero, D, Gair, J, García-Bellido, J, Hassan, S, Heisenberg, L, Hendry, M, Heng, I, Herdeiro, C, Hinderer, T, Horesh, A, Kavanagh, B, Kocsis, B, Kramer, M, Le Tiec, A, Mingarelli, C, Nardini, G, Nelemans, G, Palenzuela, C, Pani, P, Perego, A, Porter, E, Rossi, E, Schmidt, P, Sesana, A, Sperhake, U, Stamerra, A, Stein, L, Tamanini, N, Tauris, T, Urena-López, L, Vincent, F, Volonteri, M, Wardell, B, Wex, N, Yagi, K, Abdelsalhin, T, Aloy, M, Amaro-Seoane, P, Annulli, L, Arca-Sedda, M, Bah, I, Barausse, E, Barakovic, E, Benkel, R, Bennett, C, Bernard, L, Bernuzzi, S, Berry, C, Berti, E, Bezares, M, Blanco-Pillado, J, Blázquez-Salcedo, J, Bonetti, M, Bošković, M, Bosnjak, Z, Bricman, K, Brügmann, B, Capelo, P, Carloni, S, Cerdá-Durán, P, Charmousis, C, Chaty, S, Clerici, A, Coates, A, Colleoni, M, Collodel, L, Compère, G, Cook, W, Cordero-Carrión, I, Correia, M, de la Cruz-Dombriz, Á, Czinner, V, Destounis, K, Dialektopoulos, K, Doneva, D, Dotti, M, Drew, A, Eckner, C, Edholm, J, Emparan, R, Erdem, R, Ferreira, M, Ferreira, P, Finch, A, Font, J, Franchini, N, Fransen, K, Gal’Tsov, D, Ganguly, A, Gerosa, D, Glampedakis, K, Gomboc, A, Goobar, A, Gualtieri, L, Guendelman, E, Haardt, F, Harmark, T, Hejda, F, Hertog, T, Hopper, S, Husa, S, Ihanec, N, Ikeda, T, Jaodand, A, Jetzer, P, Jimenez-Forteza, X, Kamionkowski, M, Kaplan, D, Kazantzidis, S, Kimura, M, Kobayashi, S, Kokkotas, K, Krolik, J, Kunz, J, Lämmerzahl, C, Lasky, P, Lemos, J, Levi Said, J, Liberati, S, Lopes, J, Luna, R, Ma, Y, Maggio, E, Mangiagli, A, Montero, M, Maselli, A, Mayer, L, Mazumdar, A, Messenger, C, Ménard, B, Minamitsuji, M, Moore, C, Mota, D, Nampalliwar, S, Nerozzi, A, Nichols, D, Nissimov, E, Obergaulinger, M, Obers, N, Oliveri, R, Pappas, G, Pasic, V, Peiris, H, Petrushevska, T, Pollney, D, Pratten, G, Rakic, N, Racz, I, Radia, M, Ramazanoğlu, F, Ramos-Buades, A, Raposo, G, Rogatko, M, Rosca-Mead, R, Rosinska, D, Rosswog, S, Ruiz-Morales, E, Sakellariadou, M, Sanchis-Gual, N, Sharan Salafia, O, Samajdar, A, Sintes, A, Smole, M, Sopuerta, C, Souza-Lima, R, Stalevski, M, Stergioulas, N, Stevens, C, Tamfal, T, Torres-Forné, A, Tsygankov, S, İ Ünlütürk, K, Valiante, R, van de Meent, M, Velhinho, J, Verbin, Y, Vercnocke, B, Vernieri, D, Vicente, R, Vitagliano, V, Weltman, A, Whiting, B, Williamson, A, Witek, H, Wojnar, A, Yakut, K, Yan, H, Yazadjiev, S, Zaharijas, G, and Zilhão, M

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Theory, cosmological model, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Event horizon, Astronomy, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Cosmology, Physics, Particles & Fields, Gravitation, High Energy Physics::Theory, black hole: formation, Vacuum energy, black hole, general relativity, NEUTRON-STAR, GENERAL-RELATIVITY, dark energy, STAR CLUSTER SIMULATIONS, gravitational wave, QC, QB, media_common, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, astro-ph.HE, Quantum Science & Technology, [PHYS.HTHE]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Theory [hep-th], hep-th, source modelling, BRANS-DICKE THEORY, fundamental physic, gravitational waves, QUASI-NORMAL MODES, Physical Sciences, birth and evolution of black holes, black holes, fundamental physics, gravitational-wave astronomy, [PHYS.GRQC]Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], HIGH-REDSHIFT FORMATION, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, SCALAR-TENSOR THEORIES, General relativity, media_common.quotation_subject, gr-qc, Physics, Multidisciplinary, birth and evolution of black hole, FOS: Physical sciences, ST/R00045X/1, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Astronomy & Astrophysics, gravitational radiation: direct detection, horizon, vacuum state: energy, Theoretical physics, Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia e Astrofisica, 0103 physical sciences, inflation, 010306 general physics, STFC, Science & Technology, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gravitational wave, Physique, gravitational radiation, RCUK, ST/P000703/1, R-PROCESS NUCLEOSYNTHESIS, Astronomie, singularity, Universe, High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th), gravitation, black hole: model, TIMING ARRAY LIMITS, Dark energy, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], X-RAY BINARIES
Abstract

The grand challenges of contemporary fundamental physics-dark matter, dark energy, vacuum energy, inflation and early universe cosmology, singularities and the hierarchy problem-all involve gravity as a key component. And of all gravitational phenomena, black holes stand out in their elegant simplicity, while harbouring some of the most remarkable predictions of General Relativity: event horizons, singularities and ergoregions. The hitherto invisible landscape of the gravitational Universe is being unveiled before our eyes: the historical direct detection of gravitational waves by the LIGO-Virgo collaboration marks the dawn of a new era of scientific exploration. Gravitational-wave astronomy will allow us to test models of black hole formation, growth and evolution, as well as models of gravitational-wave generation and propagation. It will provide evidence for event horizons and ergoregions, test the theory of General Relativity itself, and may reveal the existence of new fundamental fields. The synthesis of these results has the potential to radically reshape our understanding of the cosmos and of the laws of Nature. The purpose of this work is to present a concise, yet comprehensive overview of the state of the art in the relevant fields of research, summarize important open problems, and lay out a roadmap for future progress. This write-up is an initiative taken within the framework of the European Action on 'Black holes, Gravitational waves and Fundamental Physics'., SCOPUS: re.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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