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Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing health problem. About 20% of CKD patients have undetermined causes. Data describing histopathological patterns of unexplained impaired kidney functions in Egypt are lacking. We aimed to identify the clinicopathological characteristics and short-term outcomes of adult cases with unexplained impaired kidney functions. Methods: We conducted a prospective study in Assiut University Hospital from August 2018 to May 2022. It included patients with unexplained elevated serum creatinine (serum creatinine > 115 μmol/L) who underwent renal biopsies. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize data on patient demographics, histopathological patterns, and outcomes after three months. Clinical trial registration number: NCT03586531. Results: Overall, 210 native renal biopsies were included in the analysis. Glomerular diseases were the most common pathological finding (n = 88, 44.9%), amyloidosis and FSGS were the most prevalent glomerular pathology (15.2%, 14.3%, respectively). Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) was diagnosed in 8.1% of the cases; histology suggestive of genetic origin was found in 2.5%, and LECT amyloidosis was found in 3.8% of the cases. Poor outcomes were observed in 43.6% of the patients i.e., renal replacement therapy or death. Treatment strategies were changed based on the biopsy findings in 86 patients (40%). Conclusion: Amyloidosis and FSGS were the most common causes of unexplained renal impairment. CKDu is not uncommon in Egypt, and more preventive measures are needed. This study supports the irreplaceable role of renal biopsy in disease diagnosis, treatment decisions, and predicting prognosis even in advanced stages. Resumen: Antecedentes: La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) es un problema de salud en crecimiento. Aproximadamente el 20% de los pacientes con ERC tienen causas no determinadas. Los datos que describen los patrones histopatológicos de la disfunción renal inexplicada en Egipto son escasos. Nuestro objetivo fue identificar las características clinicopatológicas y los resultados a corto plazo de casos adultos con disfunción renal inexplicada. Métodos: Realizamos un estudio prospectivo en el Hospital Universitario de Assiut desde agosto de 2018 hasta mayo de 2022. Se incluyeron pacientes con niveles elevados inexplicados de creatinina sérica (creatinina sérica > 115 μmol/l) que se sometieron a biopsias renales. Se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas para resumir los datos sobre la demografía de los pacientes, los patrones histopatológicos y los resultados después de tres meses. Número de registro del ensayo clínico: NCT03586531. Resultados: En total, se incluyeron 210 biopsias renales nativas en el análisis. Las enfermedades glomerulares fueron el hallazgo patológico más común (n = 88, 44,9%), siendo la amiloidosis y la glomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentaria (FSGS) las patologías glomerulares más prevalentes (15,2% y 14,3%, respectivamente). La enfermedad renal crónica de causa desconocida (ERCn) se diagnosticó en el 8,1% de los casos; la histología sugerente de origen genético se encontró en el 2,5%, y la amiloidosis LECT se detectó en el 3,8% de los casos. Se observaron malos resultados en el 43,6% de los pacientes, es decir, terapia de reemplazo renal o muerte. Las estrategias de tratamiento se modificaron en 86 pacientes (40%) basándose en los hallazgos de la biopsia. Conclusión: La amiloidosis y la FSGS fueron las causas más comunes de insuficiencia renal inexplicada. La ERCn no es infrecuente en Egipto, y se necesitan más medidas preventivas. Este estudio respalda el papel insustituible de la biopsia renal en el diagnóstico de enfermedades, las decisiones de tratamiento y la predicción del pronóstico, incluso en etapas avanzadas.

Abstract Retention is crucial in orthodontics, aiming to preserve treatment outcomes and enhance patient satisfaction with permanent fixed retainers. However, a removable retainer may be needed with fixed retainers to prevent unwanted changes. An eight-unit extended fixed retainer is proposed to eliminate the need for a removable retainer, addressing the undesired changes associated with six-unit fixed retainers. The impact of extended retainers on periodontium and quality of life remains unexplored. This study evaluates the periodontal response and patient-reported quality of life with an eight-unit maxillary fixed retainer. A single-arm prospective clinical trial with only twenty-eight test group patients (6 males, 22 females) who finished active orthodontic treatment were recruited. The mean age was (19.8 ± 4.5 years). This research was approved by the institutional review board of the Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University (IORG:0008839, No-0479-8/2022). The registration date of this study was (5/06/2023). An eight-unit maxillary fixed retainer was bonded to the palatal surface of the maxillary incisors, canines, and first or second premolars directly after debonding the brackets. The periodontal assessment and quality of life were carried out through clinical examination and valid questionnaires and the patients were followed up for 12 months. The periodontal response improved significantly at 1-year follow-up. The Probing depth, Gingival index, Plaque index, Bleeding index, and mobility index were significantly lower in these patients. Quality of life was assessed by the OHIP-14. The mean score decreased by -1.86 (SD = 4.19), and the acceptance of the orthodontic appliance scale score increased by 0.68 (SD = 0.86), which was significant with a p-value

Abstract In this study, plasma functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes, f-MWCNTs, were incorporated into a poly(ethyl methacrylate), PEMA, polymer matrix at different wt.% (0.005, 0.01, and 0.02 wt.%) to prepare nanocomposite films using the traditional solution casting method. The XRD, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, TGA, mechanical analysis and UV–Vis spectroscopy techniques were employed to investigate the effects of the wt.% of f-MWCNTs on the structure, spectroscopic and other physiochemical properties of the synthesized films. XRD analysis showed a monotonic change in the PEMA structure upon incorporation of f-MWCNTs at different wt.%. The XPS results showed an increase of oxygen-based functional groups C-O and O-C-O on the PEMA/f-MWCNTs/ composite films compared to pure PEMA. Raman spectroscopy results consistent with the XRD and XPS findings, confirming the homogeneous distribution of f-MWCNTs in the PEMA matrix. Thermal stability of f-MWCNTs/PEMA improved as the f-MWCNTs content increased. Optical studies showed a reduction in the bandgap energy as the f-MWCNTs content increased, accompanied by significant improvements in optical properties such as refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k), dielectric constants (ε′ and ε″), and optical conductivity (σopt). Mechanical testing revealed enhancements in breaking strength, Young’s modulus, yield stress, and elongation at break with increasing f-MWCNTs concentrations. Furthermore, the AC electrical conductivity of the films also improved, demonstrating better charge transport capabilities. These synergistic enhancements in optical, thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties make PEMA/f-MWCNTs nanocomposites promising candidates for advanced applications, including optoelectronic devices, optical components, and conductive packaging materials.

Heat features of a ternary nanofluid are examined in a heated flowing condition among a curvy conduit and endoscope that undergo peristalsis motion and sinusoidal variabilities. Three nanoparticles, copper, silver, and aluminum oxide were dispersed in blood as a basic fluid to study their potential effects on the flow and temperatures of the mixed fluid under thermal radiation and magnetic resonance, as well as the system's entropy optimization. The authors explored this system to understand flowing and heat diffusion in peristaltic conduits and as a medical application that may offer a future perspective for all researchers. Continuity and energy equations in their partial differential form related to the Maxwell equation due to the influence of radial magnetic force determined issue modeling based on basic regulating equations. This system was simplified by assuming a long wavelength and translated to ODEs using similarity. Closed-form solutions in magnetic fields were calculated using Mathematica software. Comparing results to earlier studies proved validity. Figures and tables showed how the issue factors affected pumping, temperature, pressure gradient, and heat transfer rate. The most significant findings record that the boluses density climbs considerably and the pressure gradient grows up as the magnetic resonance and gab ratio increases. Data Availability: Manuscript has no associated data.

In this study, twenty samples of wheat flour were collected from local markets. Thirteen of these samples were local flour with different commercial names, and seven were imported flour with different commercial names. Three radionuclides (U-238, Th-232, K-40) were detected in all the wheat flour samples with a multichannel buffer (MCB) detector. The value of the specific activity of the local flour for the element U-238 ranged between 4.34 and 11.88 Bq/kg, with an average value of 7.98 Bq/ kg, as for the element Th-232, its specific activity ranged between 3.22 and 4.84 Bq/ kg, with an average value of 3.94 Bq/kg. For the element potassium K-40, the specific activity ranged between 220.45 and 290.65 Bq/kg with an average value of 248.63 Bq/kg. The average specific activity of imported flour for the element uranium U-238 ranged between 1.25 and 4.38 Bq/ kg, with an average value of 2.48 Bq/kg. As for the element Th-232, its specific activity ranged between 0.22 and 2.88 Bq/kg, with an average value of 1.51 Bq/ kg. As for the element potassium K-40, its specific activity ranged between 152.23 and 161.32 Bq/ kg with an average value of 158.19 Bq/kg. The radioactivity dose calculated for all samples is 0.424 mSv.y-1, which is lower than the allowable limit of 1 mSv.y-1. It was shown through this study that the radioactivity level of local flour was higher than that of imported flour.

The electrical performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules under concentrated illumination significantly declines due to the substantial increase in the module's average temperature, especially in areas with elevated ambient temperatures and high levels of solar radiation, such as the Gulf region. Therefore, implementing efficient thermal management to these modules is required for achieving a lower operating temperature, longer lifespan, higher electrical energy output, and harnessing low-grade thermal energy. Converging absorbers are commonly used in PV module's cooling. However, the optimized design for these absorbers is rarely explored. This study proposes an integrated framework combining outdoor experimental testing, computational modeling, and desirability optimization through response surface methodology (RSM) to fill this gap. This integrated framework is employed to statistically evaluate the impact of the converging channel outlet height (Hout, ranging from 3 mm to 17 mm), cooling fluid velocity (from 0.007 to 0.01 m/s), adhesive material thermal conductivity (from 0.14 to 3.7 W/m·K), and cooling water inlet temperature (25 to 35 °C) at a solar concentration ratio of 3 Suns on various PV module responses. Five responses including module temperature, module temperature non-uniformity, thermal power, net electrical power, and entropy generation rate are evaluated at these ranges of the design factors. Predictive models for these five responses are developed with high coefficients of determination (R²). An analysis of variance is performed to identify the most significant factors and interactions influencing each response. Various optimization scenarios for the responses are explored. Among these, maximizing the thermal and electrical generated power can be attained by using a converging channel with Hout of 3 mm, inlet velocity of 0.0084 m/s, inlet temperature of 20 °C, and adhesive thermal conductivity of 2.94 W/m·K.

Background: Camel milk (CM) has emerged as a potential therapeutic agent against oxidative stress (OS)-related disorders, particularly metabolic syndrome. CM contains bioactive compounds such as lactoferrin, α-lactalbumin, and Vitamin C, which contribute to its antioxidant properties. Objective: This review examines the antioxidant properties of CM and its bioactive components in combating OS and managing metabolic syndrome. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted focusing on studies that explored the antioxidant properties of CM and its impact on OS and metabolic syndrome. Results: The findings indicated CM possesses significant antioxidant properties, mainly attributed to its bioactive compounds, which can inhibit the production of various reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby reducing OS. Evidence suggests that CM enhances the body's antioxidative defense, improves insulin sensitivity, and supports liver and kidney function. CM's multifaceted approach shows promise as a therapeutic strategy for metabolic disorders related to OS. Conclusion: Considering its robust antioxidant qualities and capacity to regulate immune responses while enhancing metabolic health indicators, CM may be a valuable asset in the natural therapeutic repertoire to counter metabolic syndromes. Further clinical trials and research are essential to fully comprehend the therapeutic potential of CM, including dosage, long-term implications, and integration within extensive treatment schemes for metabolic syndromes and associated disorders. Recommendation: The use of CM to reduce OS requires further clinical studies to confirm its benefits and identify key compounds. Standardization of production and processing is essential for quality and safety, and research into potential risks and side effects is needed, especially for those with specific health conditions. Enhancing the accessibility, affordability, and sustainability of production methods is critical. Fortifying camel's milk with vitamins and minerals can improve its nutritional value.

The current study objective was to investigate the risk factors associated with the isolation of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. (ES) from the feces of dairy cows in California (CA). A longitudinal study was conducted on ten dairies, and a random sample of cattle (late pregnant heifers and dry cows) stratified by each herd’s parity distribution were followed monthly from close-up to 120 days in milk during fall to winter 2018 (winter season) and spring to summer 2019 (summer season). Gastrointestinal commensals were isolated from fecal samples and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using the broth microdilution method against a selected panel of antimicrobial drugs (AMD). Eight dairies used blanket AMD therapy at dry-off for all lactating cows, while the remaining two dairies did not use any AMD treatment at dry-off. Clinical mastitis was identified as the most common indication for AMD use across the study dairies. Intramuscular administration of ceftiofur hydrochloride to treat lameness and unknown disease during lactation was significantly associated with the isolation of tetracycline-resistant fecal E. coli. Resistance to ceftiofur, tetracycline, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in fecal E. coli was significantly higher in the winter than in the summer season. In contrast, resistance to tetracycline, florfenicol, tilmicosin, tildipirosin, or tiamulin in fecal gram-positive commensals was significantly higher in the summer than in the winter. In conclusion, AMD usage practices and seasonal variations significantly influenced the AMR of E. coli and ES in the feces of dairy cattle.

Abstract Glucokinase (GCK), a key enzyme in glucose metabolism, plays a central role in glucose sensing and insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells, as well as glycogen synthesis in the liver. Mutations in the GCK gene have been associated with various monogenic diabetes (MD) disorders, including permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM) and maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), highlighting its importance in maintaining glucose homeostasis. Additionally, GCK gain-of-function mutations lead to a rare congenital form of hyperinsulinism known as hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (HH), characterized by increased enzymatic activity and increased glucose sensitivity in pancreatic β-cells. This review offers a comprehensive exploration of the critical role played by the GCK gene in diabetes development, shedding light on its expression patterns, regulatory mechanisms, and diverse forms of associated monogenic disorders. Structural and mechanistic insights into GCK’s involvement in glucose metabolism are discussed, emphasizing its significance in insulin secretion and glycogen synthesis. Animal models have provided valuable insights into the physiological consequences of GCK mutations, although challenges remain in accurately recapitulating human disease phenotypes. In addition, the potential of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) technology in overcoming current model limitations is discussed, offering a promising avenue for studying GCK-related diseases at the molecular level. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of GCK’s multifaceted role in glucose metabolism and its dysregulation in disease states holds implications for developing targeted therapeutic interventions for diabetes and related disorders.

Abstract Background Posttreatment changes after orthodontic treatment are challenging. One of the main reasons for such a phenomenon is the lack of patient compliance with removable retainers especially in the maxillary arch, due to palatal coverage, deterioration of speech, decreased masticatory efficiency, and loss of retainers. Fixed retainers have been introduced to overcome patient compliance and provide longer stable results. However, teeth still show movements when a six-unit fixed retainer is in place. Thus, in this study, an eight-unit fixed retainer was evaluated in an attempt to eliminate unwanted movements. The aim of this research was to assess short-term positional changes associated with an eight-unit extended maxillary fixed retainer. Materials and methods A single-arm clinical trial was conducted to address the aim of the study. This research was approved by the institutional review board of the Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University (IORG:0008839, No-0479–8/2022). The registration date of this study was 5/06/2023. Twenty-eight patients (19.8 ± 4.5 years) who had finished the active orthodontic phase and started retention had an eight-unit extended maxillary fixed retainer that was bonded to the palatal surface of the maxillary incisors, canines, and the first premolars or the second premolars. Pre-retention and one-year post-retention intra-oral scans were made to produce STL files that were superimposed to determine the amount of tooth change. Additionally, analysis of digital casts and lateral cephalometric radiographs was performed. Results Statistically significant changes in all planes and the rotation of teeth after one year of retention were found. The upper right lateral incisor exhibited the most evident change in the vertical plane, while the upper right central incisor exhibited the greatest change overall. Minimal changes in the cast measurements were observed. Lateral cephalometric measurements showed minimal changes after one year of retention, and these changes were not statistically significant except in the interincisal angle and the angle between the upper incisor and the line connecting the A-point to the pogonion. Conclusion Increasing the extension of maxillary fixed retainers did not eliminate unwanted tooth movement in the first year of retention.

This work investigates the Ohmic heating, nonuniform heat generation, and Hall effects with Cattaneo-Christov model (CCM) on flow and heat transfer of power-low non-Newtonian fluids (NNFs) past stretching surface embedded in a porous medium. Runge-Kutta method is used to solve non-linear ODEs numerically using a shooting procedure. We study non-Newtonian fluids for power law values of 0.7 and 1.2, respectively. Innovation of this work lies in studying the effect of Hall currents in presence of buoyancy force and an irregular heat source on slip flow of NNFs moving through Darcy porous medium. Varying velocities, surface frictional forces, and Nusselt numbers are examined. Resulting entropy is also examined using computational flow problem investigation. Model-simulated results suggested that various factors play critical role in constructing thermal systems. It is asserted that Hall parameter, mixed convection parameter, Biot numbers, and thermal relaxation time improve heat transference rates by directly affecting fluid molecules temperature.

Primary objective of this examination is to discover hybridized nanofluid flowing and heat transport that flows between a rotatable cone positioned above an expandable disc. Hybridized nanofluid contains Cadmium telluride (CdTe) as first nanoparticle and Silicon carbide (SiC) as second nanoparticle in ethylene glycol as base fluid. Electromagnetic impact and Darcy-Forchheimer model are considered with thermal radiative fluxing. By using appropriate similarity transformation, physical phenomena may be illustrated by a collection of nondimensional equations. An in-depth analysis is conducted to examine how the expansion of the surface affects the motion and temperature layers, as well as the swirl angle from the disc surface, and heat transfers from the cone and disc walls. Results demonstrate that expanding the wall varies flowing and heat dynamics within the conical gap. Boost CdTe nanoparticles without SiC nanoparticles lower disc Nusselt numbers while increasing it in a cone. In absence of CdTe nanoparticles, SiC nanoparticles increase Nusselt numbers in disc and cone. Nusselt numbers peak for rotating cone and expanded disk at φ1=φ2=0.04. When gap angles are modest, faster wall expansion rate cools disk surface and heats cone surface. These findings have important medical and pharmacological implications in blood component separation and drilling machine cooling.

This study examines the molecules motion influences and thermal attributes in power-law non-Newtonian dissipative fluids' magnetohydrodynamic behavior, Joule heating, electromigration, and Cattaneo-Christov effects. Effects of Hall on both flow velocity and temperature, as well as the heat transport are considered. The investigation looks at heat transference that occurs when there is a slippage consequence, how the temperature influences the viscosity of the fluid, and how the potential parameters influence the exponential non-Newtonian flow of fluid via an extensible sheet. Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg's approach, which is based on the shooting procedure, was used to develop computational solutions for nonlinear ordinary differential equations. When exposed to a deformation that is generated by expansion, pressure, or agitation, a dilatant fluid is characterized by a phenomenon in which its viscosity rises and may harden. This phenomenon is referred to as the dilatation phenomenon. High shearing rates provide the impression that it is stable. When expanded, subjected to pressure, or agitated, dilatant fluids become more viscous and transform into solids. Both the non-equilibrium that occurs within the fluid and the reduction of the irreversibility processes that occur within it are caused by the acquired charges that are a result of Hall effect of fluid molecules.

Sodium benzoate, a common food preservative, has been linked to oxidative stress, inflammation, and potential damage to various organs, including the kidneys. Aged black garlic (ABG) offers significant potential in supporting body health through its powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which can help reduce cellular damage and inflammation and, thus, improve organ functions. The purpose of this investigation is to investigate the ameliorative effect of aged black garlic extract (ABG extract) on the nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by sodium benzoate. A total of thirty-two adult male albino rats were divided randomly into four groups: Group 1: control; Group 2: orally given ABG extract (200 mg/kg bw) daily for 4 weeks; Group 3: administrated orally by sodium benzoate daily for 4 weeks; Group 4: cotreated with both ABG extract and sodium benzoate for 30 days. This included histological examinations, a histochemical demonstration of DNA contents, and an immunohistochemical demonstration of pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3, as well as a biochemical evaluation of renal MDA, CAT, SOD, GPx, and IL-1β levels. Moreover, serum and urinary urea, uric acid, creatinine, sodium, and potassium levels were also determined, as well as serum C-reactive protein. FI (30 days), FER, and BWG% were calculated as well as urinary volume and protein being measured. The findings revealed that ABG extract significantly improved all histopathological and physiological changes (p < 0.05) induced by SB as renal tissue was significantly improved, DNA contents were restored, and capase-3 immunoreactivity was diminished. Additionally, oxidative and inflammatory markers, and renal function parameters, were significantly improved. These results showed that ABG extract possesses significant ameliorative effects against the nephrotoxicity induced by sodium benzoate; this may be mediated by its antioxidant activity.

Brucellosis is a neglected zoonotic disease that has a significant economic and public health impact, especially in endemic countries. This review delves deeply into brucellosis’s current epidemiological situation and potential sources of livestock infection in Egypt during the last two decades. MLVA-16 and Whole Genome Sequencing based on core-genome SNP analyses confirm the presence of different B. abortus and B. melitensis outbreak strains, both older widely disseminated Brucella strains and newly introduced ones. Despite implementing the test-and-slaughter control strategy over forty years, the disease is still endemic, and different Brucella species circulate among several animal species. The raising of mixed animal species in the same households or farms, exposure to aborted animals, and lack of public awareness about brucellosis transmission are among the main risk factors for increasing livestock brucellosis prevalence in Egypt. Young animals’ voluntary vaccination, lack of a nationwide animal identification system, and uncontrolled animal movement stand beyond the ineffectively applied control strategy and may be subdued by applying mass vaccination to decrease disease prevalence dramatically and target imported camels, domestic pigs, and dogs (housed and stray) in the national control surveillance. Increasing awareness through educational campaigns is compulsory to reduce brucellosis transmission risk to livestock/humans.

Background/Objectives: Mirtazapine (MRZ) is a psychotropic drug prescribed to manage serious sorts of depression. By virtue of its extensive initial-pass metabolic process with poor water solubility, the ultimate bioavailability when taken orally is a mere 50%, necessitating repeated administration. The current inquiry intended to fabricate nose-to-brain chitosan-grafted cationic leciplexes of MRZ (CS-MRZ-LPX) to improve its pharmacokinetic weaknesses and boost the pharmacodynamics aspects. Methods: Primarily, MRZ-loaded leciplexes (MRZ-LPXs) were fabricated and tailored employing a central composite design (CCD). Vesicle diameter size (VS), entrapment efficiency (EE %), cumulative MRZ release percentage (CMRZR %), and total quantity penetrating after twenty-four hours (Q24) were the four parameters assessed. Then, the determined optimum formulation was coated with chitosan (CS-MRZ-LPX) and utilized in pharmacodynamics investigations and in vivo biologic distribution studies in Wistar male rats. Results: The customized MRZ-LPX formulation had a diameter size of 186.2 ± 3.5 nm and drug EE of 45.86 ± 0.76%. Also, the tailored MRZ-LPX formulation had a cumulative amount of MRZ released of 76.66 ± 3.06% and the total Q24 permeated was 383.23 ± 13.08 µg/cm2. Intranasal delivery of the tailored CS-MRZ-LPX revealed notably superior pharmacokinetic attributes inside the brain and circulation compared to the orally administered MRZ suspension and the intranasal free drug suspension (p < 0.05); the relative bioavailability was 370.9% and 385.6% for plasma and brain, respectively. Pharmacodynamics’ and immunohistopathological evaluations proved that optimum intranasal CS-MRZ-LPX boosted antidepressant activity compared to the oral and free nasal drug administration. Conclusions: CS-MRZ-LPX tailored formulation can potentially be regarded as a prospective nano platform to boost bioavailability and enhance pharmacodynamics efficacy. Ultimately, intranasal CS-MRZ-LPX can be considered a promising avenue for MRZ targeted brain delivery as an antidepressant.

The performance of polycrystalline solar modules in semi-arid regions, such as Aswan City, Egypt, can be significantly influenced by local climatic conditions. This study aims to develop simplified models to accurately predict the thermal and electrical performance of these modules. We propose three models that directly correlate incident solar radiation with temperature under clear sky conditions. These models were validated against nominal operating cell temperature values, showing strong agreement. Our results indicate electrical efficiencies between 17.24 % and 15.92 %, and exergy efficiencies from 16.64 % to 14.53 %. The energy payback time was determined to be 2.17 years. Additionally, the PV system demonstrated a sustainability index above one and is expected to mitigate approximately 14.4 tons of CO2 emissions per square meter over a 25-year lifespan. Compared to complex PV models, our simplified models offer practical advantages, advancing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by enhancing solar energy efficiency, promoting economic growth, fostering sustainable cities, and contributing to climate action in Aswan.

This paper proposes a fast protection scheme of a hybrid AC/DC distribution network based on features extraction of the decomposed signals. The signal decomposition is achieved using discrete wavelets transform (DWT). The proposed scheme offers three main functions, fast fault detection for both network sides, AC fault classification with the ability to identify the faulted phase/ phases, and protection coordination between AC and DC sides. In addition, the scheme is based on local measurement so no need for extra-cost for communication infrastructure. The absence of communication reduces the overall cost and, as a most important feature, it reduces the fault clearing time. The system is thoroughly analyzed under many types of faults in both AC and DC sides. Also, different disturbance conditions are considered which used in threshold determination. The simulation results show that the proposed protection scheme was not only able to protect the system but also it offers a generalized fast acting communication-less approach.

The asymmetric design of hairpin windings is known as a method for reducing AC losses in electric motors, especially at high frequencies. However, the design of the asymmetric winding is very critical to obtaining the best benefit regarding the efficiency and the thermal performance of the motor. Compared to the state-of-the-art in this paper, deep investigations are carried out to obtain the optimum design of the asymmetric hairpin windings while still employing a conventional manufacturing method. An analytical model is developed to speed up the investigation process, and the results of the analytical model are validated with a finite element method (FEM) model. The conclusions from the analytical investigation are considered in the design of an electric vehicle (EV) motor. The performance of the motor is studied for two different driving profiles to validate the rules of the asymmetric windings design and check the degree of dependency of the design of asymmetric windings on the application. It is proved that using asymmetric design reduces motor losses and improves thermal performance.

Two forms of flower-like ZnO nanostructures were synthesized using hydrothermal methods at various growth times/temperatures and zinc precursors. The morphology, structure, chemical composition, and optical properties of these ZnO nanoflowers were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), X-ray photoelectrons spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The SEM images revealed two forms of flower-like nanostructures, namely lotus- and tulip-like flower ZnO nanostructures. The XPS analysis revealed the oxidation state of the Zn and O elements, as well as the presence of OH groups on the surface of the lotus-like flower ZnO nanostructure. The XRD results revealed less crystallinity of the lotus-like ZnO nanoflowers (NFs) compared with the tulip-like ZnO NFs. The XRD results revealed the presence of Zn (OH)2 in the ZnO NFs. The Raman results confirmed less crystallinity of the lotus-like ZnO NFs. The estimated optical bandgap was 2.92 and 3.0 eV for the tulip- and lotus-like ZnO NFs, respectively. The tulip-like ZnO NFs showed superior photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye, verified via UV–Vis radiation, compared with the lotus-like ZnO NFs, which show the impact of the structure defects and OH- impurities on the photocatalytic performance of ZnO nanoflowers.

A novel and efficient method for synthesizing Au-decorated ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) with enhanced photocatalytic activity is presented. The synthesis involves a two-step process: hydrothermal preparation of ZnO NPs followed by nonthermal plasma-assisted deposition of Au nanoparticles on their surface. Comprehensive characterization of the ZnO and ZnO–Au NPs was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Optical properties were evaluated via UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence measurements. The synthesized ZnO NPs displayed a hexagonal wurtzite structure, and the successful deposition of Au NPs was confirmed by TEM and XPS analysis, along with Raman and fluorescence data showing the quenching effect caused by Au. The incorporation of Au nanoparticles led to the appearance of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) at 540 nm, enhancing visible light absorption and improving photocatalytic performance. Notably, the methylene blue (MB) degradation efficiency increased from 78% with pure ZnO NPs to 91.6% with ZnO–Au NPs under UV-Vis irradiation, demonstrating superior photocatalytic activity. This study introduces a simple and scalable method for synthesizing plasmonic ZnO-Au hybrid nanomaterials using plasma technology and highlights the critical role of Au NPs in enhancing photocatalytic performance by reducing electron–hole recombination.

Due to high penetration of renewable generation in power systems, and the need to provide the interface between distributed energy resources, the split-source inverter (SSI) provides both the boosting and the conversion capabilities in one single-stage. Also the need for converter-based artificial inertia has become more important. In this paper a model-predictive control (MPC) based on virtual synchronous generator (VSG) algorithm for a parallel-connected three-phase SSI is proposed for conceiving regulation of local voltage and realizing power-sharing of an islanded AC microgrid (MG). A virtual synchronous generator (VSG) is deployed to ensure active-power-sharing and provide inertia-emulation and hence reducing the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) that results from sudden load change. To accomplish a simple control construction, quick dynamic performance, high stability, and enhanced current limitation, a finite-set MPC (FS-MPC) is used. The analysis and modeling of the proposed technique are presented in detail. A simulation model is used to investigate the proposed system performance.

Abstract Microalgae have the potential to become the primary source of biodiesel, catering to a wide range of essential applications such as transportation. This would allow for a significant reduction in dependence on conventional petroleum diesel. This study investigates the effect of biostimulation techniques utilizing nanoparticles of Magnesium oxide MgO, Calcium hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, and Zinc oxide ZnO to enhance the biodiesel production of Chlorella sorokiniana. By enhancing cell activity, these nanoparticles have demonstrated the ability to improve oil production and subsequently increase biodiesel production. Experimentally, each nanomaterial was introduced at a concentration of 15 mg L−1. The results have shown that MgO nanoparticles yielded the highest biodiesel production, with a recorded yield of 61.5 mg L−1. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, on the other hand, facilitated lipid accumulation. ZnO nanoparticles showcased a multifaceted advantage by enhancing both growth and lipid content. Thus, it is suggested that these nanoparticles can be used effectively to increase the lipid content of microalgae. These findings highlight the potential of biostimulation strategies utilizing MgO, hydroxyapatite, and zinc oxide nanoparticles to bolster biodiesel production.

Split-source inverter (SSI) has been recently developed as an alternative to the commonly used ZSI where it can serve an interface between the renewable energy sources and the common grid. This paper presents a mathematical model and control strategy for grid-connected SSI system with either constant voltage source or photovoltaic (PV) source. The control strategy is based on linear PI controllers which are fine-tuned by the frequency loop shaping method with the help of the derived mathematical model to ensure the stability of the system with robust dynamic behavior. The derived mathematical model provides a straightforward and efficient understanding of the dynamics resulting from the interaction between the PV and the SSI grid-connected system. The simulation results indicate that the system has a robust dynamic behavior when subjected to various transient conditions. Finally, a downscaled prototype of SSI grid-connected system is implemented to experimentally validate both the mathematical model and control strategy.

Abstract Background Our recent studies have demonstrated the crucial involvement of FOXA2 in the development of human pancreas. Reduction of FOXA2 expression during the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into pancreatic islets has been found to reduce α-and β-cell masses. However, the extent to which such changes are linked to alterations in the expression profile of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) remains unraveled. Methods Here, we employed our recently established FOXA2-deficient iPSCs (FOXA2 −/− iPSCs) to investigate changes in lncRNA profiles and their correlation with dysregulated mRNAs during the pancreatic progenitor (PP) and pancreatic islet stages. Furthermore, we constructed co-expression networks linking significantly downregulated lncRNAs with differentially expressed pancreatic mRNAs. Results Our results showed that 442 lncRNAs were downregulated, and 114 lncRNAs were upregulated in PPs lacking FOXA2 compared to controls. Similarly, 177 lncRNAs were downregulated, and 59 lncRNAs were upregulated in islet cells lacking FOXA2 compared to controls. At both stages, we observed a strong correlation between lncRNAs and several crucial pancreatic genes and TFs during pancreatic differentiation. Correlation analysis revealed 12 DE-lncRNAs that strongly correlated with key downregulated pancreatic genes in both PPs and islet cell stages. Selected DE-lncRNAs were validated using RT-qPCR. Conclusions Our data indicate that the observed defects in pancreatic islet development due to the FOXA2 loss is associated with significant alterations in the expression profile of lncRNAs. Therefore, our findings provide novel insights into the role of lncRNA and mRNA networks in regulating pancreatic islet development, which warrants further investigations. Video Abstract

Abstract Background Retainer is a necessary procedure when orthodontic treatment complete to avoid relapse due to periodontal fiber elasticity and to allow for alveolar bone regeneration. Compare the influence of vertical force on the failure of three fixed retainers: CAD/CAM polyether ether ketone (PEEK), CAD/CAM fiber glass reinforced composites (FRCs), and lingual retainer wire “Bond-A-Braid™”. Materials and methods One hundred and eight maxillary first premolars teeth were randomly allocated to three groups: Group A (CAD/CAM PEEK), Group B (CAD/CAM FRC), and Group C (lingual retainer wire " Bond-A-Braid™”). These retainers were bonded using Assure Plus Bonding Resin and GO TO Paste. For each specimen, a loading cycling and thermocycling machine was used. The failure debonding forces were measured on the interproximal segments using a universal testing machine with a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was calculated after identifying types of failure with a stereomicroscope at (X 20) magnification. Results Group B and group C showed the highest failure bonding forces, with a mean of 209.67 ± 16.15 and 86.81 ± 4.59 N, respectively. However, Group A had a statistically significant lower bond failure force, with a mean value of 45.73 ± 4.48 N. At baseline, there was a statistically significant difference in connector retainer displacement between the three studied groups (p

Maesa indica Roxb. Sweet is a shrub known for its richness in secondary metabolites. A callus culture protocol was established to enhance its chemical profile. Sixteen elicitation culture treatments were evaluated, and we confirmed that the treatment of 200 mg/L polyethylene glycol (4000) coupled with exposure to 30 W UV irradiation for 60 min (PEG4) resulted in the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, which were 4.1 and 4.9 times those of the plant ethanolic extract and 4.9 and 4.8 times those of a control sample, respectively. The phenolic compounds in the different treatments were identified qualitatively and quantitatively using the LC-ESI-MS/MS-MRM technique. Molecular docking studies of the phenolic compounds were conducted using MOE software and revealed that rutin showed the highest binding affinity toward the anti-cancer target (p38α MAPK). The cytotoxicity of the ME and PEG 4 treatment was tested against colon, breast, prostate, lung, and liver cell lines using an MTT assay. The highest cytotoxic effect of PEG4 was against prostate cancer with an IC50 value of 25.5 µg/mL. Hence, this study showed enhanced secondary metabolite accumulation and identified the phenolic compounds in the 16 treatments. The cytotoxicity assay highlighted the possible cytotoxic effect of the PEG4 treatment, and we recommend further investigations into its activity.

The present research emphasizes fabrication alongside the assessment of an innovative nano-vesicular membranous system known as invasomes (NVMs) laden with Mirtazapine for rectal administration. This system could circumvent the confines of orally administered counterparts regarding dose schedules and bioavailability. Mirtazapine invasomes were tailored by amalgamating phospholipid, cineole, and ethanol through a thin-film hydration approach rooted in the Box–Behnken layout. Optimization of composition parameters used to fabricate desired NVMs’ physicochemical attributes was undertaken using the Design-Expert® program. The optimal MRZ-NVMs were subsequently transformed to a pH-triggered in situ rectal gel followed by animal pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic investigations relative to rectal plain gel and oral suspension. The optimized NVMs revealed a diameter size of 201.3 nm, a z potential of −28.8 mV, an entrapment efficiency of 81.45%, a cumulative release within 12 h of 67.29%, and a cumulative daily permeated quantity of 468.68 µg/cm2. Compared to the oral suspension, pharmacokinetic studies revealed a 2.85- and 4.45-fold increase in calculated rectal bioavailability in circulation and brain, respectively. Pharmacodynamic and immunohistopathology evaluations exposed superior MRZ-NVMs attributed to the orally administered drug. Consequently, rectal MRZ-NVMs can potentially be regarded as a prospective nanoplatform with valuable pharmacokinetics and tolerability assets.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the flow of liquid (specifically water) supported by three different types of nanoparticles (copper, silver, and aluminum oxide) in a slanted microcorrugated pipe with varying diameters and wave displacements. This model fulfills several key uses in the fields of environmental and water treatment, such as improving fluid mixing within inclined microchannels to boost the effectiveness of filtration and separation processes and designing inclined channels with ripples to better mix waste materials and more effectively separate different components. In this perception, we analyzed a model for the fluids flow inside the microchannel with the electromagnetic field (EMF) effects and pressure variation in the conduit under the external influence of thermal radiation and heat source which did not appear in the last published literature. The analytical techniques with assistance of mathematical software were used to solve the main governing equations such as Poisson, momentum, and energy equations and then deduce the heat transfer rate at the peristaltic conduit surfaces and the system’s ideal entropy. The results of the model simulation suggested that a number of factors could have a big influence on how thermal systems are built. It was claimed that the irreversibility resulting from friction and Joule heating, as opposed to thermal irreversibility, controls the system’s entropy buildup more tightly. Furthermore, the alteration of the conduit’s form and geometry resulted in a substantial enhancement in the heat transfer rate at its bottom wall, ranging from 20% to 600%. Despite numerous studies, an accurate model regarding the mechanism of the liquid’s flow supported by tri-nanoparticles in an inclined microcorrugated conduit enclosing variable diameters and wave shifts is far from being understood.

The effect of three rootstocks on the responsiveness of “Superior Seedless” grapes to cold storage was investigated in this study during the growing seasons of 2021 and 2022. The “Superior Seedless” bunches were preserved for 90 days at 4 ± 1°C and 98 ± 2 relative humidity%. The “Superior Seedless” bunch response under cold storage was shown to be influenced by the rootstocks. According to the study, bunches picked from “Superior Seedless” that were grown on the “1103 Paulson” rootstocks performed better in antioxidant enzyme activities (AEAs) than bunches obtained from other rootstocks. Furthermore, during cold storage, the rates of H2O2 and O2−generation decreased more rapidly. However, combined with a low electrolyte leakage percentage (EL%) and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenger concentration increased during the cold storage period. Furthermore, while berry quality traits were harvested from “Superior Seedless” grafted onto “1103 Paulson” rootstock, they were improved compared to other rootstocks. The molecular docking technique is performed to evaluate the binding affinity of antioxidant enzymes with a group of intracellular ligands, including DPPH, MDA, ascorbic acid, and tartaric acid, which show great results with respect to the DPPH compound. Following these findings, it can be concluded that the influence of rootstocks on “Superior Seedless” bunch responses to low cold storage represents a novel potential natural effect of rootstocks on responding bunches of “Superior Seedless” to low cold storage.

Background and Aim: Due to climatic changes, arthropod-borne viruses have become a global health concern. In Egypt, West Nile virus (WNV) was initially detected in humans in 1950 and then in 1951, 1954, 1968, and 1989. Although WNV infection has been recorded in numerous Middle Eastern countries, its prevalence among the equine population in Egypt is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the current situation of vector-borne WNV in Egypt, estimate its seroprevalence, and assess the associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: We screened 1100 sera samples and nasal swabs from the same equids, 156 mosquito pools, and 336 oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs from migratory birds for WNV. The sera were investigated for the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) against WNV-prE. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to detect WNV RNA in the nasal swab samples, mosquito pools, and migratory birds’ oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs. Results: The seroprevalence showed positive IgG in sera samples collected from different districts. The data showed that horses were 1.65-fold more susceptible than donkeys, with male being 1.45 times more susceptible than females. Moreover, the tested equids samples were divided into three groups based on their age: 10 years. The 5–10- year group was 1.1 and 1.61 times more vulnerable to infection than the 10 year groups. All the sera samples were negative for IgM. The nasal swabs from equids, oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs from migratory birds, and mosquito samples tested negative for WNV by molecular detection. Conclusion: Based on the obtained data, we recommend that effective control programs should be implemented to enable epidemiological investigations and understand the current situation of WNV in Egypt.

Solar PV technology is rapidly and widely expanding throughout the world, particularly in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The UAE has harsh climate conditions, with high ambient temperature, irradiance, and humidity for most of the year. In this study, three-dimensional numerical simulations were run for a 2.88 kW PV grid-connected system in Sharjah, UAE, under actual conditions. The experimental and mathematical results for PV module temperature and electrical power are compared. The parametric study looks at how weather conditions affect system temperature, electrical efficiency, and power. Furthermore, the current research determined the cooling requirements for such PV systems in a variety of terrestrial conditions. To determine how ambient temperature and wind speed affect PV module temperature, electrical efficiency, and electrical output under various irradiance levels, a parametric study was conducted. The findings demonstrate that at low irradiance, low and high ambient temperatures and wind speeds, respectively, yield the lowest PV module temperature and maximum electrical efficiency. High irradiance values have no effect on wind speed, but low ambient temperatures have the most electrical power. Back cooling must be at least 200 W/m2 K to maintain an electrical efficiency of roughly 14.75%. The reduction of the highest temperature at the center of the cell of the 2.88 kW PV grid-connected system by using back cooling reduces by 26 °C for the worse case season where the highest temperature occurs.

Solar PV technology’s growth is fast and widespread in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), even though UAE has harsh climate conditions, ambient temperature, irradiance, and humidity are very high during most of the year. These conditions affect the performance and lifespan of the PV systems installed in the UAE. The current work aims to comprehensively assess the performance of a PV system installed in Sharjah city in UAE in different year seasons. A complete experimental setup for a 2.88 kW PV grid-connected system under the terrestrial conditions of Sharjah city is established. Exergy analysis procedure are performed based on the second law of thermodynamics which presents a different and informative means of evaluating and comparing PV systems reasonably and implicitly. Exergy analysis yields efficiencies that show how nearly actual performance methods recognize more clearly than energy analysis the causes and locations of thermodynamic losses. The results show that January has the highest efficiency while July has the lowest efficiency due to the highest ambient temperature in July. Furthermore, the lowest PV module temperature and highest electrical efficiency obtain at low and high ambient temperatures and highest wind speed. At the same time, the highest electrical power exists at low ambient temperature and the high irradiance value. The highest average PV exergy of 15.34% and lowest average PV exergy of 11.80% were detected in January and July, respectively. The low ambient temperatures in January courses reduced low thermal losses and kept the PV model temperature. However, the low solar radiation limited the conversion yield of the PV system.

Abstract Background and objectives Multiple brain lesions represent a serious challenge in which biopsy is commonly the first step to help overcome patients' mental anxiety and decide the following treatment step. This study presents an effective decisional algorithm that could guide in dealing with such a challenge. We evaluate the feasibility and safety of frame-based stereotactic biopsy to obtain the histopathologic diagnosis of the multiple intra-axial brain lesions and to decide the further treatment. Patients and methods Thirty-two patients with multiple intracerebral lesions underwent stereotactic serial biopsies for brain lesions at the Neurosurgery Department, Tanta University Hospital. All the stereotactic biopsies were obtained under local anesthesia using Riechert–Mundinger (RM) system or Cosman–Roberts–Wells (CRW) system. Results The histopathological diagnosis revealed multifocal malignant gliomas in 43.75% of patients (18.75% anaplastic astrocytoma and 25% multiform glioblastoma) and metastatic tumor in 37.5% of patients (all were adenocarcinoma). In addition, 12.5% had multiple brain abscesses, and 6.25% had malignant lymphoma. We reported no mortality secondary to the surgical procedure. Conclusions Stereotactic biopsy is considered the best choice to allow histopathologic diagnosis of multiple brain lesions with minimal morbidity and no mortality. Histopathologic findings gained with stereotactic procedures guided the choice of proper treatment thus eliminating the hazards associated with blind treatments.

Abstract Environmental issues are brought up concerning the production of Portland cement. As a result, biocement serves as a reliable substitute for Portland cement in green construction projects. This study created a brand-new technique to create high-quality biocement from agricultural wastes. The technique is based on nanomaterials that improve and accelerate the "Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP)" process, which improves the quality of the biocement produced. The mixture was further mixed with the addition of 5 mg/l of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C3N4 NSs), alumina nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs), or silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs). The cement: sand ratio was 1:3, the ash: cement ratio was 1:9, and water: cement ratio was 1:2. Cubes molds were prepared, and then cast and compacted. Subsequent de-molding, all specimens were cured in nutrient broth-urea (NBU) media until testing at 28 days. The medium was replenished at an interval of 7 days. The results show that the addition of 5 mg/l of g-C3N4 NSs with corncob ash delivered the highest “Compressive Strength” and the highest “Flexural Strength” of biocement mortar cubes of 18 and 7.6 megapascal (MPa), respectively; and an acceptable “Water Absorption” (5.42%) compared to all other treatments. This treatment delivered a “Compressive Strength”, “Flexural Strength”, and “Water Absorption” reduction of 1.67, 1.26, and 1.21 times the control (standard Portland cement). It was concluded that adding 5 mg/l of g-C3N4 NSs to the cementitious mixture enhances its properties, where the resulting biocement is a promising substitute for conventional Portland cement. Adding nanomaterials to cement reduces its permeability to ions, increasing its strength and durability. The use of these nanomaterials can enhance the performance of concrete infrastructures. The use of nanoparticles is an effective solution to reduce the environmental impact associated with concrete production.

Abstract The sacropelvis is not only an anatomically complex region but also a biomechanically unique zone transferring axial weights via the transitional lumbosacral junction and the pelvic girdle to the lower appendicular skeleton. When the sacral instrumentation alone is insufficient to achieve stability and solid arthrodesis across the lumbosacral junction, as in long-segment fusions, high-grade spondylolisthesis, deformity corrections, complex sacral/lumbosacral injuries, and neoplasms, sacropelvic fixation is indicated. Many modern sacropelvic fixation modalities outperform historical modalities, especially the conventionally open and percutaneous iliac and S2-alar-iliac screw (S2AI) fixation techniques. Novel screw insertion technologies such as navigation and robotics and modern screw designs aim to maximize the accuracy of screw placement and minimize complications. This review addresses the anatomy and biomechanics of the sacropelvic region as well as the indications, evolution, advantages, and disadvantages of various past and contemporary techniques of lumbosacral and sacropelvic fixation.

Abstract Background Lumboperitoneal (LP) shunting is an effective treatment option aiming at cerebrospinal fluid diversion in cases of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Confirming the distal end position, on the other hand, could be technically difficult, especially in obese people. With minimal invasive procedures, laparoscopic-assisted placement of the peritoneal side of the LP shunt became a valid treatment option. In this study, we aim to evaluate the operation duration, possible complications, and patient outcomes after the placement of a peritoneal catheter using the laparoscopically assisted technique. Methods A retrospective analysis of clinical, preoperative, and postoperative data for 18 patients diagnosed with idiopathic intracranial hypertension and undergoing LP shunt surgery using the laparoscopic-assisted technique for intraperitoneal catheter placement between 2019 and 2021 was performed. Results The average operating time was 93.89 min, and the average hospital stay was 2.3 days. There was no mortality among cases treated with the described technique, and no intraoperative complication occurred. Seven patients (38.9%) had LP shunt failure, with a median duration to failure of 212 days; three cases for slippage, two cases had over drainage, one case had peritoneal adhesions around the shunt tip, and one case had Arnold Chiari malformation. Conclusions The laparoscopic assisted technique is safe and feasible. It allowed a direct vision of the shunt tip position within the peritoneal cavity which helped in confirming position and assessing function, resulting in a superior option over classic surgical options. Short hospital stay, minimal postoperative pain, and low failure rates are the main advantages of described technique.

Heavy metal (HMs) levels were evaluated in aquacultured tilapia fish collected from two highly producing districts in Egypt (Kafr El-Sheikh and El-Faiyum Governorates) during two seasons (autumn 2021 and spring 2022). As well, health risk assessment of exposure to HMs in tilapia fish was studied. The results revealed that six HMs: As, Cu, Fe, Mn, Cr and Zn were predominant in fish samples of the first season (autumn 2021), while most of HMs were existed in samples of the second season. All samples of the two seasons were free of Hg. Notably, autumn season’s fish samples showed higher concentrations of HMs than those of the spring season. As well, Kafr El-Sheikh farms were highly contaminated with HMs than those of El-Faiyum governorate. Risk assessment results indicated that the THQ values of As substantially exceeded 1 either for Kafr El-Shaikh samples (3.15 ± 0.5) or for El-Faiyum samples (2.39 ± 0.8) of autumn season. Meanwhile, THQ values for all HMs, in spring season 2021, were less than one whole. These results indicated a potential health risk arising from the exposure to HMs, As in particular, in fish samples of autumn season as compared to those of spring season. Therefore, there is a need for remedial applications, in such polluted aquacultures in autumn season, which are currently under investigation as an integral part of the research project that funded the current study.

This work aimed to develop and produce lacosamide-loaded niosomes coated with chitosan (LCA-CTS-NSM) using a thin-film hydration method and the Box-Behnken design. The effect of three independent factors (Span 60 amount, chitosan concentration, and cholesterol amount) on vesicle size, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, and cumulative release (8 h) was studied. The optimal formulation of LCA-CTS-NSM was chosen from the design space and assessed for morphology, in vitro release, nasal diffusion, stability, tolerability, and in vivo biodistribution for brain targeting after intranasal delivery. The vesicle size, entrapment, surface charge, and in vitro release of the optimal formula were found to be 194.3 nm, 58.3%, +35.6 mV, and 81.3%, respectively. Besides, it exhibits sustained release behavior, enhanced nasal diffusion, and improved physical stability. Histopathological testing revealed no evidence of toxicity or structural damage to the nasal mucosa. It demonstrated significantly more brain distribution than the drug solution. Overall, the data is encouraging since it points to the potential for non-invasive intranasal administration of LCA as an alternative to oral or parenteral routes.

Egyptian Siwi dates dried using the open sun drying is exposed to different contaminants. So, the current study aims to use the closed solar dryer to improve Siwi date safety. The impact of washing and closed solar drying on the levels of microbial load, aflatoxins and heavy metals in Egyptian Siwi dates (ESD), in comparison to traditional open sun drying methods were examined. Two different drying techniques were employed to dry 300 kg of ESD. The microbial load was assessed following the two drying procedures. The levels of aflatoxins and heavy metals were analyzed using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) techniques, respectively, after both drying methods. Additionally, the influence of storage time on the microbial load of the ESD was also evaluated using standard methods. The findings of the current study demonstrated that the closed solar drying significantly reduced the total bacterial and fungal counts by 96 % and 93 %, respectively, when compared to open sun-drying. No aflatoxins were detected in both fresh Siwi dates and Siwi dates dried using closed solar drying. However, after open sun drying, two aflatoxins; aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), were detected in the ESD, with concentrations of 0.95 and 0.23 μg kg−1, respectively. The closed solar drying significantly decreased the levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in the dried dates by 96 %, 94 %, 48 %, 71 %, 64 %, 4 %, 26 %, and 7 %, respectively, when compared to open sun drying. The stored Siwi dates that was exposed to the open sun drying showed a higher increase in bacterial (4.86 log CFU/g) and fungal (4.46 log CFU/g) counts. However, the stored Siwi dates that was exposed to the closed solar dryer showed a lower increase in bacterial (3.21 log CFU/g) and fungal (2.51 log CFU/g) counts. So, the duration of storage significantly impacted the microbial loads of the closed solar dried dates as compared to open sun drying. Overall, closed solar drying reduced the levels of investigated contaminants and extended the shelf life of ESD, thereby enhancing their safety for human consumption.

This study uses advanced machine learning approaches to predict the kerf open deviation (KOD) when a CO2 laser is used to cut polymeric materials. Four polymeric materials, namely polyethylene (PE), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), were cut under the same conditions. The process control factors were the power of the laser beam (80–140 W) and cutting speed (1–6 mm/s), while sheet thickness, standoff distance, and gas pressure were kept constant during experiments. KOD between the upper and lower opens of the kerf was the process response. KOD was predicted using three machine learning models, namely a conventional artificial neural network (ANN), a hybrid neural network–humpback whale optimizer (HWO-ANN), and a hybrid neural network–particle swarm optimizer (PSO-ANN). Experimental data for all polymeric materials were employed to train and test all models. The hybrid neural network–humpback whale optimizer model outperformed other models to predict KOD for all cut materials. The root-mean-square error between predicted and experimental data was 0.349–0.627 µm, 0.085–0.242 µm, and 0.023–0.079 µm for conventional neural network, neural network–particle swarm model, and neural network–humpback whale model, respectively.

Multiphase machines are becoming one of the mainstream research topics during the last decade, especially in high-reliability based systems. Among the different configurations of the multiphase machines, Asymmetrical Six-Phase Induction Motor (ASPIM) with a spatial displacement of 30° is popular as it has a better magnetomotive force (MMF) distribution. This paper therefore concerns with detecting and mitigating the operation of ASPIM during healthy and faulty modes. Recently, the Z-source Inverter (ZSI) technology has attracted great concerns of the researchers. The key idea of this paper is to combine together the technologies of ASPIM and ZSI. This combination produces a very high reliable drive system. Traditional modulation methods associated with the ZSI are modified in this paper to be convenient for ASPIM drives. Besides, the impedance network design procedures are introduced. Moreover, the Vector Space Decomposition Fault Detection (VSDFD) method has been applied to detect open-circuit faults and used to select the proper post-fault operation. An experimental setup has been established in the laboratory to validate the proposed ideas. Finally, the actual machine parameters are measured and used to investigate the system performance via simulation and experimental results in both healthy and faulty conditions.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the major precarious pathogens accountable for over 1.2 million fatalities annually. The key drivers for pneumococcal vaccine development involve high morbidity and mortality in over one million cases, especially in very young children and the elderly. In this study, immunoinformatics was integrated with subtractive proteomics to find antigenic proteins for designing a multi-epitope vaccine against S. pneumoniae. As prospective vaccine targets, the developed pipeline identified two antigenic proteins, i.e., penicillin-binding protein and ATP synthase subunit. Several immunoinformatics and bioinformatics resources were used to forecast T- and B-cell epitopes from specific proteins. By employing a mixture of five cytotoxic T-cell lymphocytes, six helper T-cell lymphocytes, and seven linear B-cell lymphocyte epitopes, a 392 amino acid-long vaccine was designed. To enhance immune responses, the designed vaccine was coupled with a cholera enterotoxin subunit B adjuvant. The designed vaccine was highly antigenic, non-allergenic, and stable for human usage. The stability of the vaccine with toll-like receptor-4 was evaluated by molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation. In addition, immunological simulation was performed to test its real-world potency. The vaccine codon was then cloned in silico. Overall, this study paves the way for the development of a multi-epitope S. pneumoniae vaccine under laboratory conditions. Furthermore, the current findings warrant for the experimental validation of the final multi-epitope vaccine construct to demonstrate its immunological reinforcing capability and clinical applicability.

Abstract Background Recent studies suggested association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and cardiovascular disorders, including carotid atherosclerosis with evidence of an effect of HCV clearance on carotid atherosclerosis. Objectives We aimed to evaluate the impact of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection on carotid atherosclerosis. Subjects and methods This is a prospective cohort study that was carried out in Internal Medicine and Hepatology Department, and outpatient clinics of the Ain Shams University hospitals included 80 Egyptian patients with chronic HCV infection who started treatment in the form of IFN-free DAA-based regimen and completed the course of treatment and 6-month follow-up period. All patients were subjected to detailed history taking, full physical examination, full laboratory investigations, radiological assessment by abdominal ultrasonography, and high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography of both the common carotid arteries. Results The mean age of cases was 58.13 ± 7.56 years, 49 (61.25%) males and 31 (38.75%) females. IMT was significantly decreased after treatment 1.24 versus 1.57 mm p

Objective: To present the results of a local diagnostic reference level (LDRL) audit for 50th fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), Gallium-68 etraazacyclododecane tetraacetic acid–octreotide (68Ga-DOTATATE), and 68Ga prostate-specific membrane antigen (68Ga-PSMA) whole-body and 18F-FDG brain imaging positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scans. Materials and methods: Patients who underwent whole-body 18F-FDG (158 patients), brain 18F-FDG (50 patients), 68Ga-PSMA (20 patients) and 68Ga-DOTATATE (24 patients) PET/CT examinations at Prince Sultan Military Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia were selected for this study. For these patients, related data were collected that included demographic information, radiation dose quantities, PET/CT protocols and scanner specifications. The LDRL value of the radiation dose for each type of scan was determined based on the calculation of the 50th percentile. Results: The reported 50th percentile for 18F-FDG for whole-body (307.10 MBq) and brain (280.46 MBq) scans were in good agreement with reported national DRLs (NDRLs). The value of the 50th percentile related to 18F-FDG brain imaging was higher than the 50th percentile identified in the literature. The derived LDRLs for 68Ga-DOTATATE (172.05 MBq) and 68G-PSMA (183.89 MBq) were lower than those in the published Administration of Radioactive Substances Advisory Committee (ARSAC) United Kingdom report of 250 MBq and 200 MBq, respectively. The determined CT dose index volume (CTDIvol) and dose–length product (DLP) for diagnostic CT components associated with whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT examinations were higher than the published Japanese NDRL and lower than the New Zealand NDRL. However, the derived 50th percentile of 68Ga PET/CT scans was higher than the CT radiation dose associated with a whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT scan. Conclusion: This study derived the LDRL for four common PET/CT procedures. There is room for lowering the 18F-FDG administered activity with good image quality, despite good agreement with previously published data on NDRLs. It is preferable to optimize the diagnostic CT component associated with all whole-body scans without compromising diagnostic CT image quality.

Abstract FOXA2 has been known to play important roles in liver functions in rodents. However, its role in human hepatocytes is not fully understood. Recently, we generated FOXA2 mutant induced pluripotent stem cell (FOXA2−/−iPSC) lines and illustrated that loss of FOXA2 results in developmental defects in pancreatic islet cells. Here, we used FOXA2−/−iPSC lines to understand the role of FOXA2 on the development and function of human hepatocytes. Lack of FOXA2 resulted in significant alterations in the expression of key developmental and functional genes in hepatic progenitors (HP) and mature hepatocytes (MH) as well as an increase in the expression of ER stress markers. Functional assays demonstrated an increase in lipid accumulation, bile acid synthesis and glycerol production, while a decrease in glucose uptake, glycogen storage, and Albumin secretion. RNA-sequencing analysis further validated the findings by showing a significant increase in genes associated with lipid metabolism, bile acid secretion, and suggested the activation of hepatic stellate cells and hepatic fibrosis in MH lacking FOXA2. Overexpression of FOXA2 reversed the defective phenotypes and improved hepatocyte functionality in iPSC-derived hepatic cells lacking FOXA2. These results highlight a potential role of FOXA2 in regulating human hepatic development and function and provide a human hepatocyte model, which can be used to identify novel therapeutic targets for FOXA2-associated liver disorders.

Abstract Background The genetic factors associated with insulin resistance (IR) are not well understood. Clinical studies on first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients, which have the highest genetic predisposition to T2D, have given insights into the role of IR in T2D pathogenesis. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are excellent tools for disease modeling as they can retain the genetic imprint of the disease. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the genetic perturbations associated with insulin resistance (IR) in the offspring of T2D parents using patient-specific iPSCs. Methods We generated iPSCs from IR individuals (IR-iPSCs) that were offspring of T2D parents as well as from insulin-sensitive (IS-iPSCs) individuals. We then performed transcriptomics to identify key dysregulated gene networks in the IR-iPSCs in comparison to IS-iPSCs and functionally validated them. Results Transcriptomics on IR-iPSCs revealed dysregulated gene networks and biological processes indicating that they carry the genetic defects associated with IR that may lead to T2D. The IR-iPSCs had increased lactate secretion and a higher phosphorylation of AKT upon stimulation with insulin. IR-iPSCs have increased cellular oxidative stress indicated by a high production of reactive oxygen species and higher susceptibility to H2O2 -induced apoptosis. Conclusions IR-iPSCs generated from offspring of diabetic patients confirm that oxidative stress and increased lactate secretion, associated with IR, are inherited in this population, and may place them at a high risk of T2D. Overall, our IR-iPSC model can be employed for T2D modeling and drug screening studies that target genetic perturbations associated with IR in individuals with a high risk for T2D.

Abstract Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide health problem that its incidence increases nowadays with the increase in the risk of environmental pollution. CKD can progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) which usually ends fatally. This study aimed to examine the therapeutic potential of Camel Wharton jelly-mesenchymal stem cells (CWJ-MSCs) in chronic kidney disease model induced in dogs. Methods CWJ-MSCs were injected directed to the kidney with ultrasonographic guidance in dogs with 5/6 nephrectomy to evaluate its therapeutic potency in such cases. Analysis of variance was applied in normally distributed quantitative variables while a non-parametric Mann–Whitney test was used for non-normally distributed quantitative variables. Results The serum urea and creatinine in the treated group were significantly decreased transferring dogs in the treated group from stage 3 to stage 2 CKD according to the IRIS staging system. Histopathology of renal tissue revealed improving CKD lesions by increasing regeneration of degenerated tubules, maintaining the integrity of glomeruli. New vascularization with blood vessels remodeling were common findings. Periodic acid Schiff stain of renal tissue showed the integrity of renal tubules and thickness of the glomerular basement membrane. Fibrosis of cortex and medulla was lower in the treated group than in the CKD model as monitored by Mallory’s trichrome stain (MTC). NGAL and KIM-1 genes expression were decreased while VEGF and EGF genes expression were increased indicating renal tissue repair. Conclusions CWJ-MSCs have a therapeutic potential in the CKD model induced in dogs.

Maesa indica (Roxb.) Sweet is one of the well-known traditionally-used Indian plants. This plant is rich in secondary metabolites like phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, and carbohydrates. It contains numerous therapeutically active compounds like palmitic acid, chrysophanol, glyceryl palmitate, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, dodecane, maesaquinone, quercetin 3-rhaminoside, rutin, chlorogenic acid, catechin, quercetin, nitrendipine, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl octadeca-9,12-dienoate, kiritiquinon, and β-thujone. The Maesa indica plant has been reported to have many biological properties including antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-angiogenic, anti-leishmanial, antioxidant, radical scavenging, antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-coronavirus effects. One purpose of the current study was to investigate the leaves’ metabolome via Triple-Time-of-Flight-Liquid-Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (T-TOF LC/MS/MS) to identify the chemical constituents of the Maesa indica ethanolic extract (ME). Another purpose of this study was to explore the protective effect of ME against potassium dichromate (PD)-induced pulmonary damage in rats. Rats were assigned randomly into four experimental groups. Two different doses of the plant extract, (25 and 50 mg/kg), were administered orally for seven consecutive days before PD instillation injection. Results of our study revealed that ME enhanced cellular redox status as it decreased lipid peroxidation marker, MDA and elevated reduced glutathione (GSH). In addition, ME upregulated the cytoprotective signaling pathway PI3K/AKT. Moreover, ME administration ameliorated histopathological anomalies induced by PD. Several identified metabolites, such as chlorogenic acid, quercetin, apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin, and rutin, had previously indicated lung-protective effects, possibly through an antioxidant effect and inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators. In conclusion, our results indicated that ME possesses lung-protective effects, which may be the result of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.