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Background Dry eye disease (DED) is a common ophthalmic disorder which affects 5–50% of the global population. Aim The aim of this study was to compare the effects of topical application of cyclosporine A (CsA) to prednisolone in patients with DED. Patients and methods The study included 40 patients diagnosed with DED. They were randomly divided into two groups: group A patients received treatment with topical 0.05% CsA twice a day, and group B patients received treatment with topical 1% prednisolone four times a day for 1 month. All patients were examined at three visits: before treatment, after 2 weeks, and 1 month after the intervention to show the effect of the two drugs on the tear break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer’s score, ocular surface disease index (OSDI), and surface stain, in addition to assessment of the patient’s DED-related symptoms. Results In the prednisolone group, the pretreatment Schirmer’s test results were 3.05±1.57 and 2.35±1.57 mm for the right (OD) and left eyes (OS), respectively. It improved to 5.65±2.30 and 5.85±2.43 mm, respectively 2 weeks after discontinuation of treatment (posttreatment). Similarly, the pretreatment values for the CsA group were 1.35±1.57 and 2.0±1.52 mm and became 5.65±2.30 and 5.85±2.434 mm, respectively after treatment. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding the pretreatment (P=0.001) and posttreatment (P=0.026) Schirmer’s test results. In the prednisolone group, the pretreatment TBUT was 4.20±1.61 and 3.85±1.09 s and improved to 6.60±1.31 and 6.85±1.42 s, respectively after treatment. Similarly, in the CsA group the pretreatment values were 2.65±1.81 and 3.30±1.38 s and became 8.65±1.69 and 9.30±1.42 s, respectively, posttreatment. In addition, there was a statistically significant difference between the studied groups regarding the pretreatment (P=0.007) and posttreatment TBUT (P0.05). The surface stain improved in both groups after treatment, with the prednisolone group showing the greatest improvement at 2 weeks (P=0.002). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups at 1 month (P>0.05). Conclusion Both topical CsA and prednisolone demonstrated effectiveness in treating moderate to severe DED cases and were comparable. Prednisolone showed a greater improvement in OSDI (that assesses the DED-related symptoms) and surface stain, while CsA was associated with more improvement in Schirmer’s test and TBUT.

Background Eccentric viewing (EV), also known as eccentric fixation, involves identifying a functioning area of the retina that is as close to the fovea as possible and to learn to use it effectively, which is known as the preferred retinal locus. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of subjective EV training in vision rehabilitation in patients with central scotoma. Patients and methods The direction of EV was monitored in 33 low-vision patients with bilateral central scotomas. The preferred retinal locus was identified, and the preserved visual field was found. The patients were divided randomly into two groups regarding their use of optical low-vision devices with EV training. After 2 months of training, changes in near and far best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and reading speed were evaluated. Results After 2 months of EV training, the near BCVA and mean reading speed significantly improved, whereas the far BCVA did not significantly improve (0.1 LogMar on average). The mean near BCVA improved from 0.97±0.19 to 0.63±0.26 LogMar (P

Purpose To assess the causes and management of low vision in school-age children in Menoufia Governorate. Patients and methods This prospective study was made among 140 children with vision impairment aged from 6 to 18 years who came to the low-vision clinic of the Department of Ophthalmology of Menoufia University Hospitals with visual acuity less than 6/18 in the better eye best correction. A complete history was obtained. Complete examination of the anterior and posterior segments was done. Strabismus existence was determined. Refractive errors were measured. Before and after using low-vision aids, near and far visual acuity was measured. Results The mean age of patients was 11.94±3.61 years; 76 (54.29%) of the children were males and 64 (45.71%) of the children were females. According to the distribution of the diagnoses, hereditary fundus dystrophies were the most prevalent diagnosis among the children, accounting for 28.57% of diagnoses, followed by albinism (20%). The rehabilitation techniques that were mostly used were telescopic glasses (54.29%) for distant vision, electronic magnifiers (31.43%), and optical magnifiers (20.0%) for near vision. Low-vision devices were shown to significantly improve both near and distant visual acuity. Conclusions Visual rehabilitation for school-age children with visual impairment can result in a considerable improvement in both distant and near vision. As a result, pediatricians and ophthalmologists must recommend vision rehabilitation for children with vision impairment.

Background Diabetic maculopathy is a serious consequence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) that greatly affects the visual acuity. Diabetic macular edema (DME) and diabetic macular ischemia (DMI) are major causes of vision affection in diabetic patients. Purpose The aim of this study was to compare fluorescein angiography (FA) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in evaluation of diabetic maculopathy. Patients and methods This comparative cross-sectional study was performed on 87 eyes of 54 patients with type I or type II diabetes, older than 18 years old with any diabetic retinal changes, and 108 eyes of 54 control subjects. An ocular examination was performed as well as color fundus photography, FA, and OCTA. Investigations were done on the same day. FA and OCTA findings were summarized and compared. Results The mean age of the patients was 59.4±8.5 years. OCTA was statistically significantly superior to FA in diagnosing DMI. The foveal avascular zone (FAZ) was ischemic (enlarged) in 74 (85.06%) eyes by OCTA compared with only 46 (52.87%) eyes by FA, with a statistically significant difference (P = 0.001). In addition, OCTA detected microaneurysms significantly more than FA (P = 0.001). The mean FAZ area of the control eyes by OCTA was significantly less than in the ischemic eyes (U = 56.602, P < 0.001), while the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) vascular density (VD) and the deep capillary plexus (DCP) VD in the control eyes was statistically significantly higher than in the ischemic eyes (U = 36.984, P < 0.001, and U = 35.955, P < 0.001, respectively). FA showed diffuse leakage (edema) at the macula as the most common pattern of DME that was detected in 37.9% of the eyes followed by focal macular leakage in 18.4% of the eyes and cystoid leakage in 8% of the eyes while 35.5% of the eyes showed no macular edema. Conclusion OCTA is a cornerstone in DMI diagnosis both qualitatively and quantitatively. In addition, it is essential in evaluating the deep retinal vasculature, while FA is essential in diabetic retinopathy grading and in the diagnosis of DME in a qualitative manner. Both investigations are complementary to each other in diabetic maculopathy evaluation.