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Nephochaetopteryx affinis Lopes (Fig. 1) Nephochaetopteryx affinis Lopes, 1936: 88 (description of male). Type locality: Brazil, S„o Paulo, Birigui. Other references: Dodge (1968a: 281; key); Lopes (1969: 28; catalog); Pape (1996: 259; catalog); Mello-Patiu & Santos (2001: 304; description of female). Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♁ (MNRJ): Holotypus [printed on rectangular red label] // São Paulo / Birigui / 559 [handwritten on rectangular white label] // Nephochaetopte / ryx affinis/ Lopes / V. 9. 36 / Det. H.S. Lopes [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label] // MNRJ / 2194 [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label]. [Holotype lacking all legs and abdomen; terminalia (including sternite 5) and some tergites in glycerin in a microvial pinned beneath the specimen.] Redescription. Male (holotype). Length = 6.5 mm [obtained from Lopes (1936)]. Head. Fronto-orbital and parafacial plates, postocular strip, gena and postgena with golden microtomentum. Frontal vitta black with upper half reddish-brown. Five frontal setae. Palpus black. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 2+4 (first two weak); intra-alars 2+3; supra-alars 1+3; anepisternals 4; merals 5. Mid femur with two median setae and without a differentiated posteroventral seta. Ctenidium consisting of four spines. Wing hyaline, with a faded dark spot beginning in the terminal portion of vein R 1, filling the distal third of cell r 1 and the upper half of the distal half of cell r 2+3; vein R 4+5 setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. [Abdomen. The only specimen examined, the holotype, is lacking its abdomen.] Terminalia. Sternite 5 with a deep cleft, nearly reaching middle of sternite; lobe rounded and with a tuft of short setulae; arm short, tapering distally (Fig. 1E). Cercus elongate and arched in lateral view, with a rectangular apex (Fig. 1A). Cercal prongs widely separated, with divergent tips (Fig. 1B). Cercus with small spines on distal portion and setulae restricted to a narrow strip in proximal region (Fig. 1A). Surstylus almost triangular, with rounded apex, with setae at apex and anterior margin and without setulae on apex and along posterior margin (Fig. 1A). Pregonite shorter than postgonite, with pointed apex and with distal half perpendicular to base; posterior margin with small pointed setae (Fig. 1C). Postgonite hook-like, slightly curved anteriorly, with a thick seta on anterior margin (Fig. 1D). Basiphallus short, longer than wide, about half as long as distiphallus (Fig. 1F). Distiphallus with dorsal margin angled and apical margin rounded (Fig. 1F). Ventral margin of distiphallus sinuous, with a small, twisted projection (Fig. 1F). Vesica elongate, about the same length as distiphallus, gently arched, with distal portion widened (Fig. 1F). Inner process of vesica rectangular in lateral view (Fig. 1F). Median and lateral styli very long and slender, of about the same width as widest portion of lateral wall of distiphallus, and both inserted medially on distiphallus (Fig. 1F). Female. Terminalia as described by Mello-Patiu & Santos (2001, figs 1–2, 29). Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, S„o Paulo). Remarks. Nephochaetopteryx affinis, N. cyaneiventris, N. orbitalis, N. subaurata, N. psittacocercus sp. nov. and N. coendu sp. nov are the only species with cercus bearing spines. However, Nephochaetopteryx affinis differs from these species by the shape of the cerci, with the prongs widely separated in dorsal view., Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on pages 9-11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406, {"references":["Lopes, H. S. (1936) Sarcophagideos neotropicas novos ou pouco conhecidos (Dipt.). Archivos do Instituo de Biologia Vegetal, 3, 71 - 90.","Dodge, H. R. (1968 a) Nine new Nephochaetopteryx from Brazil (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 41, 277 - 287.","Lopes, H. S. (1969) Family Sarcophagidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Vol. 103. Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, S \" o Paulo, pp. 1 - 88.","Pape, T. (1996) Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 8, 1 - 558.","Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Santos, J. M. (2001) Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934: descriptions and comparative morphological notes on the female terminalia (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Studia Dipterologica, 8, 303 - 315."]}

Nephochaetopteryx utinguensis Tibana & Hime (Fig. 36) Nephochaetopteryx utinguensis Tibana & Hime, 1985: 342–345 (descriptions of male, female and first instar larva). Type locality: Brazil, Pará, Belém. Other references: Pape (1996: 262; catalog); Mello-Patiu & Santos (2001: 312; redescription of female). Material examined. Brazil. Acre: Rio Branco, 25.X–8.XI.1991, suspended trap at a height of 1.6 meters, leg. F. Ramos, A. Henriques, I. Gorayeb & N. Bittencourt (1 ♁, MPEG). Amazonas: Balawa-u [= Barcelos], 01°48’25’’N 63°47’04’’W, 14.IX.1995, Malaise trap, leg. L.S. Aquino (1 ♁, INPA); Mamirauá, várzea [= seasonal floodplain for- est], 3°02’54.4’’S 64°51’02.1’’W, 19–21.IX.1997, Malaise trap, leg. I.S. Gorayeb & O. T. Silveira (4 ♁♁, MPEG); same data but 25–28.IX.1993 (2 ♁♁, MPEG); Marão, Rio Japurá, Ilha Jaraqui [= Jaraqui Island], 25.X.1988, leg. J. Dias (1 ♁, MPEG). Maranhão: Ribamar Fiquene, Rio Tocantins [= Tocantins River], 05°56’29’’S 47°25’27’’W, 13.XII.2001, suspended trap, leg. J.A. Rafael, F.L. Oliveira & J. Vidal (1 ♁, INPA). Pará: Belém, [State Park of] Utinga, VIII.1969, leg. H.S. Lopes (1 ♁, MNRJ); same data but APEG (1 ♁, MNRJ); Bragança, Mata do Lobão, 14–15.VIII.2008, butterfly trap baited with banana, leg. R. C.O. Santos (4 ♁♁, MPEG). Rio de Janeiro: Imbaré, X.1967, leg. H. Ebert (1 ♁, MNRJ). Roraima: Vilhena, Polonoroeste, 17.XII.1986, leg. C. Elias (1 ♁, DZUP). Redescription. Male. Length = 4.5–5.0 mm (n = 14). Head. Fronto-orbital, parafacial plates, postocular strip, gena and postgena with golden microtomentum. Frontal vitta black. Six frontal setae. Palpus yellow. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 2+4 (first two weak); intra-alars 2+2; supra-alars 1+3, notopleurals 1 subprimary; anepisternals 5; merals 5. Ctenidium consisting of four spines. Mid femur with two median setae and with a differentiated posteroventral seta. Wing hyaline; vein R 4+5 setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. Abdomen. Tergites brown with a band of grayish microtomentum on anterior 4/5 of dorsal and lateral surfaces. Sternites 2 and 3 orange with a median brown strip and sternite 4 brown, with yellowish setulae and with marginal setae. Terminalia. Sternite 5 brown, with long and short slender setae; cleft shallow, not passing the anterior margin of lobe; lobe rounded and with a tuft of short setulae; arms divergents, wider than long, with rounded apex (Fig. 36E). Cercus elongate, slightly curved dorsally in lateral view, without setulae on inner lateral margin and with long setae restricted to basal half (Fig. 36A). Cercal prongs separated with convergent tips in dorsal view (Fig. 36B). Surstylus almost triangular, with rounded apex, with setulae restricted to a wide cluster in basal half (Fig. 36A). Pregonite with wide base and distal half perpendicular to base, with anterior margin with granulations and with grooves, posterior margin with a row of setae (Fig. 36C). Postgonite shorter than pregonite with pointed apex curved anteriorly, with a long seta and small pointed setae on anterior margin (Fig. 36D). Basiphallus as long as distiphallus, curved dorsally (Fig. 36F). Distiphallus with dorsal margin convex, with ventral margin bearing two pointed projections (Fig. 36F). Vesica strongly angled in lateral view, with a prominent triangular projection in basal half with curved tip covered with microtrichia (Fig. 36F). Inner process of vesica longer than wide in lateral view (Fig. 36F). Lateral and median styli small, of about one-fourth width as the widest lateral wall of distiphallus, and both inserted at the level of vesica base (Fig. 36F). Female. Terminalia as described by Mello-Patiu & Santos (2001, figs 27–28, 42). Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Maranh„o, Pará, Rio de Janeiro). Remarks. The holotype and six paratypes deposited in MNRJ were not examined because we had access to many non-type specimens with the diagnostic features of N. utinguensis, including some from the type locality. This species is similar to N. marianae, from which it differs by the features mentioned in the remarks under that species. It is newly recorded for the Brazilian states of Acre, Amazonas, Maranh„o and Roraima., Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on pages 77-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406, {"references":["Tibana, R. & Hime, N. C. (1985) Redescric \" o de Nephochaetopteryx pallidiventris Townsend, 1934 e descric \" o de N. utinguensis, sp. n. (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 44, 339 - 345.","Pape, T. (1996) Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 8, 1 - 558.","Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Santos, J. M. (2001) Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934: descriptions and comparative morphological notes on the female terminalia (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Studia Dipterologica, 8, 303 - 315.","Lopes, H. S. (1976) Some new or little-known neotropical Sarcophagidae (Diptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 35, 155 - 164.","Lopes, H. S. (1938) Sobre quatro novas especies de Sarcophagideos do Brasil (Dipt.). In: Livro Jubilar do Prof. Travassos. Ex- Libris, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 279 - 295, 2 pls.","Lopes, H. S. (1936) Sarcophagideos neotropicas novos ou pouco conhecidos (Dipt.). Archivos do Instituo de Biologia Vegetal, 3, 71 - 90.","Townsend, C. H. T. (1934) New Neotropical oestromuscoid flies. Revista de Entomologia, 4, 201 - 212."]}

Nephochaetopteryx panamensis Hime (see Hime 1985, figs 1–9) Nephochaetopteryx panamensis Hime, 1985: 627 (description of male). Type locality: Panama, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island. Other references: Pape (1996: 261; catalog). Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♁ (MNRJ): Barro Colo Isld. / Canal Zone / II–18–1929 [printed and hand- written on rectangular white label] // Collector / C.H. Curran [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label] // TYPUS [printed on rectangular red label] // Nephochaetopte / ryx panamen / sis n.sp. ♁ [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label]. [Holotype in good condition, lacking left mid leg; left wing broken and abdomen without sternite 5 and rest of terminalia; a microvial pinned beneath the specimen contains only a wing.] Redescription. Male. Length = 5.5 mm (n = 1). Head. Fronto-orbital, parafacial plates, postocular strip, gena and postgena with silvery microtomentum. Frontal vitta black, with basal half reddish brown. Six frontal setae. Palpus brown. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 3+4 (first two weak); intra-alars 2+2; supra-alars 2+3, notopleurals 2 subprimaries, anepisternals 5; merals 5. Ctenidium consisting of three spines. Wing hyaline, with dark spot beginning in the terminal portion of vein R 1, filling the distal third of cell r 1 and the upper half of the distal half of cell r 2+3; vein R 4+5 setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. Abdomen. Tergites brown with a band of golden microtomentum on anterior 4/5 of dorsal and lateral surfaces. Sternites 1 to 4 yellow with yellowish setulae and with marginal setae. Terminalia [the description of terminalia is based on the illustrations provided by Hime (1985)]. Sternite 5 with a very deep cleft, nearly reaching middle of sternite; lobe rounded with pointed projection in the outer lateral margin; arms divergents and narrowed, with rounded apex. Cercus short (shorter than epandrium), with apex slightly curved dorsally and with a dorsal projection in lateral view. Cercal prongs with convergent tip in dorsal view. Surstylus elliptic. Pregonite longer than wide, with widened base and tapering distally. Postgonite triangular with a long seta on anterior margin. Basiphallus about half of the length distiphallus, with basal half curved dorsally. Distiphallus elongate and almost straight, with two pointed projections on ventral margin. Vesica strongly angled in lateral view. Lateral and median styli short. Female. Unknown. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Panama (Panama). Remarks. This species differs from the others in the genus in having ventral margin of distiphallus with two pointed projections. Nephochaetopteryx panamensis is similar to N. lamasi sp. nov. in the shape of sternite 5 and in having cercus with a prominent apical dorsal protuberance. This species is known only from the holotype male, whose terminalia are missing., Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on page 57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406, {"references":["Hime, N. C. (1985) Contribuic \" o ao estudo do genero Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934, com descric \" o de N. panamensis n. sp. (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 45, 627 - 629.","Pape, T. (1996) Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 8, 1 - 558."]}

Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934: 203. Type species: Nephochaetopteryx pallidiventris Townsend, 1934, by original designation. Sarcohelicobia Blanchard, 1939: 795. Type species: Sarcohelicobia elegans Blanchard, 1939, by original designation. Generic diagnosis. In order to avoid repetition in the species descriptions, we here present those features found in all the known Nephochaetopteryx species (males and females). Head. Gena and postgena with black setulae. Parafacial plate with very short, fine setae along lower anterior eye margin. One or two proclinate fronto-orbital setae (also in males). Two orbital setae. Inner vertical setae parallel and outer vertical setae divergent, differentiated from post-oculars. Occiput with black setulae. Scape and pedicel brown, first flagellomere gray, arista plumose in basal half. Thorax. Brown with gold-gray microtomentum; scutum with three black longitudinal stripes; scutellum with a median black spot on anterior margin. Chaetotaxy: acrostichals = 0+1 (fine); postpronotals = 3; notopleurals = 2 with 1 to 2 subprimary notopleurals; postalars = 2; proepisternals = 2; proepimerals = 1; katepisternals = 3. Postallar wall and metasternum setulose. Scutellum with 1 pair of basal setae, 1 pair of lateral setae, 1 pair of apical setae and no discal setae. Legs. Brown. Fore femur with rows of anterodorsal and anteroventral setae. Fore tibia with one anteroventral seta in distal half and two posterodorsal setae in proximal half. Mid femur with two or three setae on anterior surface, rows of anteroventral and posteroventral setae on proximal half, and two apical setae on posterior surface. Mid femur of male with a ctenidium of rounded spines (circular cross section) on posteroventral surface. Mid tibia with two posterodorsal setae on distal half. Hind coxa with stout setae on posterior surface. Hind femur with two apical setae on posterior surface and rows of anterodorsal and anteroventral setae, first anteroventral seta about two times the length of the other setae. Hind tibia with two anterodorsal and two posterodorsal setae. Apical setae present on all tibiae. Wing. Vein R 1 entirely setulose dorsally. Third costal section bare on ventral surface. Wing hyaline or fumose between apical part of vein R 2+3 and costal vein. Cell r 4+5 open. Tegula blackish. Basicosta white. Male terminalia. Sternite 5 usually with an arm, a lobe, and a cleft. Syntergosternite 7+8 and epandrium red or black. Basiphallus and distiphallus connected by a desclerotized strip. Acrophallus composed of capitis, hillae, lateral styli and median stylus. Lateral and median styli tubular. Recognition. Nephochaetopteryx is usually characterized by wing with an apical spot and vein R 1 entirely setulose dorsally (Pape 1996). However, some specimens belonging to this genus have a hyaline wing, and some species of Panava Dodge and Sarcofahrtiopsis Hall also show R 1 entirely setulose (Lopes 1978; Carvalho-Filho et al. 2014). According to the phylogenetic hypothesis of Buenaventura & Pape (2018), Nephochaetopteryx is a natural group of species with three possible autapomorphies: “hind coxa with thick setae posteriorly”, “mid tibia with neither antero-dorsal nor antero-ventral setae” and “wing fumose between apical part of veins R 2+3 and C”. Another feature found only in species of Nephochaetopteryx is the “inner process of vesica” covered with minute spine-like cuticular projections. However, the “inner process of vesica” is reduced or absent in N. angustifrons and N. pallidifacies. The term “inner process of vesica” is utilized to denominate the structure that Lopes called “base of ventralia” in the description of the male terminalia of his new species Nephochaetopteryx pacatubensis Lopes, 1975a. This term was also utilized by Lopes (1975a) to designate the structure covered with spine-like projections and located inside the distiphallus, attached to the basal portion of the vesica. In the same work, Lopes named a similar structure located inside the distiphallus of N. pallidiventris as “protection of glans”. However, as these structures are located inside the distiphallus and are covered with spine-like projections, we assume that they are homologous. This structure was labeled as “vesical arm-shaped lever” by Buenaventura & Pape (2018, fig. 18B), and according to them it is composed of an “apex” and a “base”. The “apex” is the visible portion of the “vesical arm-shaped lever” body that is joined with the “distal section of vesica”. The base is the portion of the “vesical arm-shaped lever” body that is usually hidden within the paraphallic tube. Based on the figure provided by Bue- naventura & Pape (2018, fig. 18B), it is possible to assesses that the basal portion of the “vesical arm-shaped lever” is the “inner process of vesica”. These authors also mentioned that in Nephochaetopteryx, the “vesical arm-shaped lever” apex is rounded or bilobed. Nephochaetopteryx is a speciose genus with more than 35 described species, but Buenaventura & Pape (2018) analyzed few species (about three). The vesica in Nephochaetopteryx is highly variable in shape and none of them seems to have a rounded or bilobed “vesical arm-shaped lever”. In addition, it is very difficult to assesse the limits between the “vesical arm-shaped lever” and the “distal section of vesica” in most of the species of this genus. For these reasons, we did not utilize the term “vesical arm-shaped lever” and we are utilizing the term “inner process of vesica” to denominate the basal portion of the “vesical arm-shaped lever” sensu Buenaventura & Pape (2018). Buenaventura & Pape (2018) provided a list of diagnostic features for the genus Nephochaetopteryx, but some of them are not present in all species, such as “male abdominal ST4 [= sternite 4] with a dense patch of erect black setae near posterior margin”, a feature present only in few species. They also mentioned “vesica with distal section ornamented”, but the term “ornamented” was not explained. Based on the SEM images of the male terminalia of Nephochaetopteryx species showed by Buenaventura & Pape (2018, figs 18A–C, 25E), it is not possible to assesses what exactly the ornamentation is. Species of Nephochaetopteryx are easily recognized by the following combination of features: small to medium-sized flies (4.0– 7.3 mm in length); wing vein R 1 entirely setulose dorsally; wing fumose between apical part of vein R 2+3 and costal vein or more rarely hyaline; male with one or two proclinate orbital setae; notopleuron with subprimary setae; postalar wall setulose; metasternum setulose; male mid femur with a ctenidium; hind coxa with stout setae on posterior surface; male sternite 5 usually with an arm, a lobe and a cleft; basiphallus and distiphallus connected by a desclerotized strip. Biology. Little is known about the biology of Nephochaetopteryx species, but according to Lopes (1973), many species, in nature, deposit their larvae in feces of mammals and birds. Lopes (1973) obtained many species of this genus in traps baited with human feces in Brazil and one of us (FSCF) collected an adult male on dog feces in a secondary forest in the Brazilian Amazon. Curran & Walley (1934) also collected specimens of Nephochaetopteryx on human feces in Guyana. Lopes (1936, 1973) reared larvae of various species in an artificial medium composed of “gelose plus horse blood serum” or “gelose plus egg albumine”. Pape & Dahlem (2010) reported on larvae bred from vertebrate carcasses, and N. cyaneiventris, N. orbitalis, and N. pallidiventris have been collected from pig carcasses in Brazil (Vairo et al. 2011; Mello-Patiu et al. 2014). Females of Nephochaetopteryx have been collected in traps baited with rotting bovine lung in the Brazilian Amazon (Sousa et al. 2011). However, the natural feeding substrate of the larvae has not yet been reported. Lopes (1975a) collected many adult Nephochaetopteryx flies in Van Someren-Rydon traps (butterfly trap) bait- ed with rotting banana in Ceará (northern Brazil). Van Someren-Rydon traps baited with pineapple were useful for collecting male specimens in a secondary forest in the Brazilian Amazon (FSCF, personal observation). Pape & Dahlem (2010) mentioned that fermented fruits are useful for attracting specimens of Nephochaetopteryx. Nephochaetopteryx distincta Dodge, 1968b was collected flying close to trails of army ants of the species Eciton burchelli Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (information from specimen label). Adults of N. limpidipennis Lopes, 1976 were collected on mango flowers (Mangifera indica; Anacardiaceae) in Mexico (information from specimen label). Key to the males of Nephochaetopteryx This key is based only on males, since females of most species remain unknown. Nephochaetopteryx coxalis Dodge, 1968a and N. maxima Dodge, 1968b were not included because their males are unknown. 1. Wing vein R 2+3 with setulae ventrally...................................................................... 2 - Wing vein R 2+3 without setulae ventrally................................................................... 6 2. Mid femur with small setae, shorter than height of mid femur (Fig. 38B). Vesica in lateral view with an elongate and narrowed tip (Figs 14F, 21F). Ventral margin of distiphallus serrated (Figs 14F, 21F)........................................ 3 - Mid femur with a long seta, longer than or as long as height of mid femur (Fig. 38A). Vesica dome-shaped in lateral view, with an enlarged tip (Figs 10E, 30F, 35F). Ventral margin of distiphallus not serrated (Figs 10E, 30F, 35F)................... 4 3. Tip of vesica in lateral view not curved (Fig. 21F). Apical margin of distiphallus smooth, not corrugated (Fig. 21F)............................................................................................... N. molinai Lopes - Tip of vesica in lateral view strongly curved (Fig. 14F). Apical margin of distiphallus corrugated (Fig. 14F)..................................................................................................... N. inca sp. nov. 4. Apical margin of distiphallus in lateral view with a preapical concavity close to ventral margin (Fig. 30F). Surstylus with a broad rounded apex (Fig. 30A)............................................................. N. sofiae sp. nov. - Apical margin of distiphallus entirely rounded in lateral view, without a preapical concavity close to ventral margin (Figs 10E, 35F). Surstylus with a narrowed, rounded apex (Figs 10E, 35F)................................................. 5 5. Cerci in dorsal view with cercal prongs slightly convergent (Fig. 35B). Ventral margin of distiphallus with a glossiform lobe projected anteriorly (Fig. 35F)............................................................ N. travassosi Lopes - Cerci in dorsal view with cercal prongs parallel (Fig. 10B). Lateral margin of distiphallus with a glossiform lobe curved toward base of distiphallus (Fig. 10E)............................................................. N. distincta Dodge 6. Sternite 4 with a median patch of thick setae near posterior margin (Figs 37A, 37B, 38E)............................ 7 - Sternite 4 without a median patch of thick setae near posterior margin........................................... 11 7. Palpus yellow. Sternite 5 with lobes joined (Dodge 1968a, fig. S)................................ N. juquiana Dodge - Palpus brown. Sternite 5 with lobes separated (Figs 5E, 16E, 25E).............................................. 8 8. Cercus with pointed tip, strongly curved ventrally and with a small, preapical protuberance (Figs 5 A–B).. N. boruca sp. nov. - Cercus with tip rounded or quadrate, without a preapical protuberance (Figs 16 A–B, 25A–B, 31A–B).................. 9 9. Apical margin of distiphallus with a prominent concavity (Fig. 16F). Vesica short, with distal portion not reaching ventral margin of distiphallus (Fig. 16F).......................................................... N. limpidipennis Lopes - Apical margin of distiphallus without a concavity (Figs 25F, 31F). Vesica elongate and angled, with distal portion reaching ventral margin of distiphallus (Figs 25F, 31F).............................................................. 10 10. Postgonite curved anteriorly (Fig. 31D). Vesica with a rectangular median projection (Fig. 31F)......... N. spinosa Dodge - Postgonite curved posteriorly near middle (Fig. 25D). Vesica with a rounded median projection (Fig. 25F).............................................................................................. N. pallidiventris Townsend 11. Apical margin of distiphallus with two concavities (Fig. 13A). Surstylus about the same length as cercus (Fig. 13A)........................................................................................... N. fuscipennis Lopes - Apical margin of distiphallus without a concavity (Fig. 9F). Surstylus shorter than cercus (Figs 1A, 2B, 7A)............ 12 12. Cercus with spines on dorsal surface (Figs 1 A–B, 7A–B, 9A–B, 22A–B)........................................ 13 - Cercus without spines on dorsal surface (Figs 2 A–B, 24A–B)................................................. 18 13. Cercal base with a prominent, rounded dorsal projection (Figs 9 A–B).......................... N. cyaneiventris Lopes - Cercal base without a prominent, rounded dorsal projection (Figs 1 A–B, 7A–B, 22A–B)............................ 14 14. Surstylus with spines (Fig. 7A). Sternite 5 with two strong flattened setae at base of lobe (Fig. 7E)....... N. coendu sp. nov. - Surstylus without spines (Figs 1A, 22A). Sternite 5 without strong flattened setae at base of lobe (Figs 1E, 22E)......... 15 15. Ventral margin of distiphallus not serrated (Fig. 1F). Cercus in dorsal view mostly narrowed, in lateral view strongly curved anteriorly (Figs 1 A–B)..................................................................... N. affinis Lopes - Ventral margin of distiphallus serrated (Figs 22F, 27F). Cercus in dorsal view mostly broadened, in lateral view not so strongly curved anteriorly (Figs 22 A–B, 27A–B).................................................................. 16 16. Cercus in lateral view with a single, rounded preapical projection (Fig. 32A). Pregonite narrowed with rounded apex, slightly curved posteriorly..................................................................... N. subaurata (Engel) - Cercus in lateral view with two or three rounded projections (Figs 22A, 27B). Pregonite with a different combination of features.............................................................................................. 17 17. Cercus in lateral view with three rounded projections (Fig. 27B). Pregonite subrectangular (Fig. 27C).................................................................................................. N. psittacocercus sp. nov. - Cercus in lateral view with two rounded projections (Fig. 22A). Pregonite claw-shaped (Fig. 22C)................................................................................................ N. orbitalis (Curran & Walley) 18. Basiphallus as long as or longer than distiphallus. Ventroapical margin of distiphallus with a strong projection (Figs 2F, 24F). Palpus yellow....................................................................................... 19 - Basiphallus shorter than distiphallus. Ventroapical margin of distiphallus without a strong projection (Figs 4F, 23D). Palpus brown or yellow..................................................................................... 20 19. Ventral margin of distiphallus membranous (Fig. 2F). Vesica with a median spiny projection (Fig. 2F). Lateral stylus as long as vesica (Fig. 2F)...................................................................... N. angustifrons Lopes - Ventral margin of distiphallus sclerotized (Fig. 24F). Vesica without a median spiny projection (Fig. 24F). Lateral stylus shorter than vesica (Fig. 24F)................................................................. N. pallidifacies Lopes 20. Cercus with one or two dorsal excavations (Figs 4 A–B)...................................................... 21 - Cercus without a dorsal excavation (Figs 3B, 15B, 19B)..................................................... 22 21. Cercus with one large dorsal excavation (Figs 4 A–B). Apical margin of distiphallus with a fissure (Fig. 4F).................................................................................................... N. biculcita Dodge - Cercus with two dorsal excavations (Fig. 23A). Apical margin of distiphallus without a fissure (Fig. 23D)................................................................................................. N. pacatubensis Lopes 22. Cercus (lateral view) with a preapical protuberance on dorsal margin (Figs 15A, 19A).............................. 23 - Cercus (lateral view) without a preapical protuberance on dorsal margin (Fig. 3A)................................. 25 23. Sternite 5 with lobe almost triangular and bare (Fig. 15E). Surstylus with rounded apex, not curved posteriorly (Fig. 15A). 24 - Sternite 5 with lobe rounded and with a tuft of setulae (Fig. 19E). Surstylus with pointed apex, strongly curved posteriorly (Fig. 19A)................................................................................ N. matinta sp. nov. 24. Vesica in lateral view with a strong triangular basal projection and not strongly arched distally (Fig. 15F)..................................................................................................... N. lamasi sp. nov. - Vesica in lateral view without a triangular basal projection and strongly arched distally (Hime 1985, figs 7–9)................................................................................................ N. panamensis Hime 25. Lateral wall of distiphallus with many tiny cuticular spines (Figs 3F, 8E). Ventral margin of distiphallus with two strong, pointed projecti, Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on pages 6-9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406, {"references":["Townsend, C. H. T. (1934) New Neotropical oestromuscoid flies. Revista de Entomologia, 4, 201 - 212.","Blanchard, E. E. (1939) Los sarcofagidos argentinos. Contribucion a su conocimiento. Physis, 17, 791 - 856.","Pape, T. (1996) Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 8, 1 - 558.","Lopes, H. S. (1978) The systematic position of the genus Panava Dodge, with descriptions of two new species (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 38, 801 - 805.","Carvalho-Filho, F. S., Esposito, M. C. & Silva, A. A. (2014) A further new species of Sarcofahrtiopsis Hall (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) associated with faeces of the disk-winged bat (Thyroptera Spix: Chiroptera) in Brazil and the redescription of the female terminalia of S. cuneata (Townsend). Zootaxa, 3889 (1), 118 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3889.1.7","Buenaventura, E. & Pape, T. (2018) Phylogeny, evolution and male terminalia functionality of Sarcophaginae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 183 (4), 808 - 906. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlx 070","Lopes, H. S. (1975 a) Sarcophagid flies (Diptera) from Pacatuba, State of Ceara. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 34, 271 - 294.","Lopes, H. S. (1973) Collecting and rearing Sarcophagidae flies (Diptera) in Brazil during forty years. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 45, 279 - 291.","Curran, C. H. & Walley, G. S. (1934) Sarcophagidae. In: Curran, C. H. (Ed.), The Diptera of Kartabo, Bartica District, British Guiana, with descriptions of new species from other British Guiana localities. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 66, 474 - 491.","Lopes, H. S. (1936) Sarcophagideos neotropicas novos ou pouco conhecidos (Dipt.). Archivos do Instituo de Biologia Vegetal, 3, 71 - 90.","Pape, T. & Dahlem, G. A. (2010) Sarcophagidae. In: Brown, B. V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J. M., Wood, D. M., Woodley, N. E. & Zumbado, M. (Eds.), Manual of Central American Diptera. Vol. 2. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, pp. 1313 - 1335.","Vairo, K. P., Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Carvalho, C. J. B. (2011) Pictorial identification key for species of Sarcophagidae (Diptera) of potential forensic importance in southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 55, 333 - 347. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262011005000033","Mello-Patiu, C. A., Paseto, M. L., Faria, L. S., Mendes, J. & Linhares, A. X. (2014) Sarchophagid flies (Insecta, Diptera) from pig carcasses in Minas Gerais, Brazil, with nine new records from the Cerrado, a threatened Neotropical biome. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 58, 142 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262014000200005","Sousa, J. R. P., Esposito, M. C. & Carvalho Filho, F. S. (2011) Composition, abundance and richness of Sarcophagidae (Diptera: Oestroidea) in forests and forest gaps with different vegetation cover. Neotropical Entomology, 40, 20 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 566 X 2011000100003","Dodge, H. R. (1968 b) The Sarcophagidae of Barro Colorado Island, Panama (Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 61, 421 - 450. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 61.2.421","Lopes, H. S. (1976) Some new or little-known neotropical Sarcophagidae (Diptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 35, 155 - 164.","Dodge, H. R. (1968 a) Nine new Nephochaetopteryx from Brazil (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 41, 277 - 287.","Hime, N. C. (1985) Contribuic \" o ao estudo do genero Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934, com descric \" o de N. panamensis n. sp. (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 45, 627 - 629."]}

Nephochaetopteryx biculcita Dodge (Fig. 4) Nephochaetopteryx biculcita Dodge, 1968a: 279 (key), 282 (description of male). Type locality: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro. Other references: Pape (1996: 260; catalog). Material examined. Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Jacarepaguá, Rep. Ciganos, Estrada dos Três Rios, 22.X.1984, leg. H.J. Guimarães (2 ♁♁, MNRJ). Redescription. Male. Length = 5.0 mm (n = 2). Head. Fronto-orbital and parafacial plates, postocular strip, gena and postgena with golden microtomentum. Frontal vitta reddish-black with basal half reddish. Six frontal setae. Palpus brown. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 2+4 (first two weak); intra-alars 2+2; supra-alars 1+3, anepisternals 5; merals 5. Mid femur with two median setae and without a differentiated posteroventral seta. Ctenidium consisting of four spines. Wing hyaline, with dark spot beginning in the terminal portion of vein R 1, filling the distal third of cell r 1 and the upper half of the distal half of cell r 2+3; vein R 4+5 setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. Abdomen. Tergites brown, with a band of gray microtomentum on anterior 4/5 of dorsal and lateral surfaces. Sternites 1 to 4 yellow, covered with yellowish setulae and marginal setae. Terminalia. Sternite 5 brown, without a cleft; with thick setae concentrated in posterior half, mainly on lobe; lobe triangular, isolated by a membranous region and with a tuft of short setulae; arm finger-shaped and short (about the same length as lobe) (Fig. 4E). Syntergosternite 7+8, epandrium and cercus brown. Cercus elongate, tapering distally in lateral view, with quadrate tip (Fig. 4A). Cercal prongs slightly convergent (Fig. 4B). Cercus with a conspicuous dorsal excavation in the cercal base that is not covered with setulae (Figs 4 A–B). Surstylus with distal portion narrowed and apex quadrate, with apical setae and a median patch of setulae (Fig. 4A). Pregonite shorter than postgonite, with basal portion enlarged and distal portion narrowed, perpendicular to base, with rounded apex, and bearing small pointed setae on anterior margin (Fig. 4C). Postgonite straight, tapering distally, with a long seta and small pointed setae on anterior margin (Fig. 4D). Basiphallus short, about half the length of distiphallus, gently curved dorsally (Fig. 4F). Distiphallus almost straight, with apical margin rounded and bearing a median fissure in lateral view (Fig. 4F). Vesica strongly angled, with a triangular projection on proximal half and serrated apex (Fig. 4F). Inner process of vesica with rectangular apex (Fig. 4F). Lateral and median styli short, of about one-fourth of width of widest portion of lateral wall of distiphallus, and both inserted at level of vesica (Fig. 4F). Median stylus with a basal projection. Lateral stylus with minute spines ventrally (Fig. 4F). Female. Unknown. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Brazil (Rio de Janeiro). Remarks. Nephochaetopteryx biculcita differs from other species in having cercus with a large excavation in proximal half; sternite 5 lacking a cleft and with lobe surrounded by a membranous region; apex of distiphallus with a fissure. The holotype of N. biculcita, deposited in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History (USNM), was not examined. However, we examined two males from Rio de Janeiro (the type locality), which exhibit the same diagnostic features found in the original description and in the illustrations of the terminalia and sternite 5 provided by Dodge (1968a)., Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on pages 15-17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406, {"references":["Dodge, H. R. (1968 a) Nine new Nephochaetopteryx from Brazil (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 41, 277 - 287.","Pape, T. (1996) Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 8, 1 - 558."]}

Nephochaetopteryx similis sp. nov. (Fig. 29) Type material. HOLOTYPE ♁ (MPEG): Brasil Pará / Paragominas / Faz. [= Farm] Cachoeira / do Rio Vermelho / 15 a [= to] 18.I.1991 [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label] // Brasil Pará / J. Dias [printed on rectangular white label] // Armadilha Malaise [= Malaise trap] [printed on rectangular white label]. [Holotype in good condition, with left mid leg lacking and abdomen and terminalia cleared and preserved in glycerin in a plastic microvial pinned beneath the specimen.] PARATYPES (7). ♁ (MPEG): Brasil Pará / Paragominas / Faz. [= Farm] Cachoeira / do Rio Vermelho / 15 a [= to] 18.I.1991 [rectangular white label with printed and handwritten data] // Brasil Pará / R.B. Neto [rectangular white label with printed data] // Armadilha Malaise [= Malaise trap] [rectangular white label with printed data] [paratype in good condition, with left fore leg lacking and abdomen and terminalia glued to a card triangle pinned beneath the specimen]. ♁ (MPEG): Brasil Pará / Paragominas / Faz. [= Farm] Cachoeira / do Rio Vermelho / 15 a [= to] 18.I.1991 [rectangular white label with printed and handwritten data] // Brasil Pará / J. Dias [rectangular white label with printed data] // Armadilha Malaise [rectangular white label with printed data] [paratype covered with fungal hyphae, with mid legs and left hind leg missing and abdomen and terminalia cleared and stored in a plastic microvial pinned beneath the specimen]. ♁ (MPEG): Brasil Pará / Paragominas / Faz. [= Farm] Cachoeira / do Rio Vermelho / 18 a [= to] 21.I.1991 [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label] // Brasil Pará / R. B. Neto [printed on rectangular white label] // Armadilha Malaise [= Malaise trap] [printed on rectangular white label] [paratype in good condition]. 3 ♁♁ (MPEG): BRASIL-PARÁ / São Geraldo do Araguaia / Serra das An- dorinhas-Sta. Cruz / S6°12’58.8” W48°26’1.6” / 08 a [= to] 22-V-2001 [printed on rectangular white label] // S. Andorinhas-Sta. Cruz- 08-22/ V /2001 / Mata de Encosta [= hillside forest], Malaise / Cols: I.S. Gorayeb, E.M. Santos, / N. Bittencourt, J.M.F. Ribeiro [printed on rectangular white label] [paratype 1 covered with Lepidoptera scales, with right fore leg and right mid leg missing and terminalia glued to a card triangle pinned beneath the specimen; paratype 2 missing left mid leg and terminalia; paratype 3 in good condition, covered with Lepidoptera scales]. ♁ (MPEG): Brasil Amazonas / Humaitá / 54 B16 / 17 a [= to] 21-IX-1990 [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label] // Armadilha / 1,6m / Suspensa [= suspended trap at a height of 1.6 meters] [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label] // Brasil AM / R. Constantino [printed on rectangular white label] [paratype covered with fungal hyphae, lacking left fore leg and mid legs, with terminalia cleared and preserved in glycerin in a microvial pinned beneath the specimen.] Description. Male. Length = 4.8–5.0 mm (n = 8). Head. Fronto-orbital, parafacial plates, gena and postgena with silvery yellow microtomentum and postocular strip silvery. Frontal vitta black with basal half reddish-brown. Six frontal setae. Palpus yellow. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 2+4 (first two weak); intra-alars 3+3; supra-alars 2+3, notopleurals 2 subprimaries; anepisternals 5; merals 5. Ctenidium consisting of four or five spines. Mid femur with two median setae and without a differentiated posteroventral seta. Wing hyaline, with dark spot beginning in the terminal portion of vein R 1, filling the distal third of vein r 1 and the upper half of the distal half of vein r 2+3; vein R 4+5 setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. Abdomen. Tergites brown with a band of silvery microtomentum on anterior 4/5 of dorsal and lateral surfaces. Sternites 2 to 4 yellow with a median brown strip, covered with yellowish setulae and with marginal setae. Terminalia. Sternite 5 brown, longer than wide, with small setae restricted to posterior half; cleft shallow, extending a little beyond base of lobe; lobe rounded, with a tuft of short setulae; arm elongate, with quadrate apex (Fig. 29E). Cercus elongate and narrow in lateral view (Fig. 29A). Cercal prongs with tips parallel in dorsal view (Fig. 29B). Cercal base without setulae on inner lateral margin and outer lateral margin; with long and small setae (Figs 29 A–B). Surstylus conical, with a quadrate apex and with a patch of setulae on posterobasal corner (Fig. 29A). Pregonite elongate and curved anteriorly, with some small pointed setae on posterior margin (Fig. 29C). Postgonite conical, slightly curved anteriorly with a long seta and some small pointed setae on anterior margin (Fig. 29D). Basiphallus elongate, curved dorsally, about two-third of width of the wider portion of distiphallus (Fig. 29F). Distiphallus with dorsal margin almost linear and apical margin rounded in lateral view (Fig. 29F). Ventral margin of distiphallus bearing a small curved finger-like projection in lateral view (Fig. 29F). Vesica angled, with a basal triangular projection and with distal portion with small setulae in lateral view (Fig. 29F). Inner process of vesica longer than wide in lateral view (Fig. 29F). Lateral and median styli short, of about one-fourth of width of widest portion of lateral wall of distiphallus, and both inserted in the middle of distiphallus (Fig. 29F). Median stylus with a projection basally (Fig. 29F). Female. Unknown. Etymology. From the Latin “similis” (= similar), in reference to the strong similarity of its male terminalia to those of N. tinguensis. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Brazil (Amazonas, Pará). Remarks. This species is very similar to N. tinguensis in the shape of the male terminalia. However, in N. similis sp. nov. the lobe of sternite 5 is not united with the arm; the vesica is slightly curved; the posterodorsal corner of the distiphallus is angled in lateral view and the postgonite is entirely conical. In N. tinguensis the lobe of sternite 5 is united with the arm; the vesica is strongly angled; the posterodorsal corner of the distiphallus is rounded in lateral view; and the distal half of the postgonite is conical., Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on pages 63-65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406

Nephochaetopteryx matinta sp. nov. (Fig. 19) Type material. HOLOTYPE ♁ (MPEG): Brasil Pará Tucuruí / Rio Tocantins / SAUDE / 5 a 7–VI–1984 [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label] // Armadilha / 7 m / Suspensa [= suspended trap at height of 7 meters] [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label]. [Holotype in good condition, lacking left mid leg and fore legs.] PARATYPES (2). ♁ (INPA): BRASIL: Amazonas / 26 Km NE Manaus / Reserva Ducke [= Ducke Reserve] / 27.X.1988 [printed on rectangular white] // J.A. Rafael / Arm. Suspensa / 1,5 metros [= suspended trap at height of 1.5 meters] [printed on rectangular white label] [paratype in good condition, lacking left mid leg and left fore leg, with terminalia and last segments of abdomen cleared and preserved in glycerin in a microvial pinned beneath the specimen]. ♁ (INPA): BRASIL Roraima / Rio Uraricoera / Ilha de Maracá [= Maracá Island] / 02–13. V.1987 [printed on rectangular white label] // J.A. Rafael / J.E. R. Brasil / L.S. Aquino [printed on rectangular white label] // Armadilha / Suspensa [= suspended trap] [printed on rectangular white label] [paratype with thorax partly damaged and terminal portion of abdomen cleared and preserved in glycerin in a microvial pinned beneath the specimen]. Description. Male. Length = 5.0 mm (n = 3). Head. Fronto-orbital, parafacial plates and postocular strip with golden microtomentum. Frontal vitta black. Six frontal setae. Gena and postgena with golden microtomentum. Palpus yellow. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 2+4 (first two weak); intra-alars 2+3; supra-alars 2+3, notopleurals 1 subprimary; anepisternals 5; merals 5. Ctenidium consisting of four spines. Mid femur with two median setae and with a differentiated posteroventral seta. Wing hyaline; vein R 4+5 setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. Abdomen. Tergites brown with a band of grayish microtomentum on anterior 4/5 of dorsal and lateral surfaces. Sternites 2 and 3 orange with a median brown strip on posterior margin; sternite 4 brown, with yellowish setulae and marginal setae. Terminalia. Sternite 5 brown, with long and short slender setae; cleft shallow, not passing the anterior margin of lobe; lobe rounded and with a tuft of short setulae; arms divergent and glossiform (Fig. 19E). Cercus sinuous, short- er than epandrium, without setulae on cercal prong, with a small preapical protuberance on dorsal surface and with tip strongly curved posteriorly in lateral view (Fig. 19A). Cercal prongs with convergent rectangular apex in dorsal view (Fig. 19B). Surstylus elongate, tapering distally, with pointed apex curved posteriorly, with setulae restricted to basal margin (Fig. 19A). Pregonite claw-shaped, curved anteriorly, bearing small, pointed setulae on posterior margin (Fig. 19C). Postgonite shorter than pregonite, with pointed apex curved anteriorly, anterior margin bearing a long seta and small pointed setae (Fig. 19D). Basiphallus elongate, about half as long as distiphallus (Fig. 19F). Distiphallus L-shaped, with rounded apical margin (Fig. 19F). Ventral margin of distiphallus with a small, pointed projection and with serrated margin (Fig. 19F). Vesica strongly angled, with a basal triangular projection and with pointed apex strongly curved in lateral view (Fig. 19F). Inner process of vesica elongate and curved posteriorly (Fig. 19F). Lateral and median styli short, of about one-fourth width as the widest portion of lateral wall of distiphallus, and both inserted medially in distiphallus (Fig. 19F). Female. Unknown. Etymology. The specific name, which should be treated as a noun in apposition, is derived from the name “Matinta Pereira”, who in the Brazilian folklore is a witch dwelling in the Amazon forest. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Brazil (Amazonas, Pará, Roraima). Remarks. This species differs from the others in having surstylus with distal portion pointed and strongly curved posteriorly. The cercus of this species resembles that of N. panamensis.

Nephochaetopteryx travassosi Lopes (Figs 35, 37D) Nephochaetopteryx travassosi Lopes, 1938: 279 (description of male). Type locality: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara, Gávea. Other references: Dodge (1968a: 279; key); Lopes (1969: 28; catalog); Pape (1996: 262; catalog); Mello-Patiu & Santos (2001: 312; description of female). Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♁ (MNRJ): Rio de Janeiro / Jardim Botânico / H.S. Lopes [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label bordered with black] // Holotype [printed on rectangular red label bordered with black] // Nephochaetopteryx / ♁ travassosi n. sp. / Holotypo / 8.9.37 Det. H.S. Lopes [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label] // MNRJ / 2205 [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label bordered with black]. [Holotype lacking left mid leg, hind leg, abdomen and terminalia.] Additional material examined. Brazil. Paraná: Jundiaí do Sul, Fazenda Monte Verde [= Monte Verde Farm], 02.XI.1987, PROFAUPAR, Malaise trap, [no collector] (1 ♁, DZUP). Rio de Janeiro: Alto da Boa Vista, 08.II.1985, leg. Guimarães (1 ♀, MNRJ). São Paulo: Ribeir „o Grande, 24°15’S 48°10’W, 13–16.XII.2000, Malaise trap, leg. M. T. Tavares (1 ♁, MZUSP); same data but 10–13.XII.2000 (2 ♀♀, MZUSP). Redescription. Male. Length = 6.8–7.0 mm (n = 4). Head. Fronto-orbital and parafacial plates, postocular strip, gena and postgena with golden microtomentum. Frontal vitta reddish-black with basal half reddish. Six frontal setae. Palpus brown. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 2+4 (first two weak); intra-alars 2+2; supra-alars 1+3, anepisternals 5, notopleurals 1 subprimary; merals 5. Mid femur with three median setae and without differentiated posteroventral seta. Ctenidium consisting of three to six spines. Wing hyaline with dark spot beginning in the terminal portion of vein R 1, filling the distal third of cell r 1 and the upper half of the distal half of cell r 2+3; vein R 2+3 with setulae ventrally; vein R 4+5 setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. Abdomen. Tergites brown with a band of gray microtomentum on anterior 4/5 of dorsal and lateral surfaces (Fig. 37D). Sternites 1 to 4 brown with grayish-blue microtomentum, quadrate, covered with yellowish setulae and marginal setae. Sternite 4 with a median patch of thick setae near posterior margin. Terminalia. Sternite 5 brown, with a deep cleft, nearly reaching middle of sternite; lobe rounded and with a tuft of short setulae and several long and short setae; arms convergents, short and glossiform, covered with setae (Fig. 35E). Cercus shorter than epandrium, almost straight, with a minute preapical protuberance on ventral margin (Fig. 35A). Cercal prongs separated with tips strongly convergent (Fig. 35B). Cercus with a preapical tuft of long setulae on inner lateral margin, without setulae apically and with long and thick setae basally (Figs 35 A–B). Surstylus almost triangular, covered with setulae, except on lateral margins (Fig. 35A). Pregonite wider than long, with rounded apex perpendicular to base; ventral and posterior margins with short and pointed setae (Fig. 35C). Postgonite straight, tapering distally, with pointed apex; posterior margin with a long seta (longer than postgonite) and small pointed setae (Fig. 35D). Basiphallus short, about half as long as distiphallus, with proximal region narrowed and curved dorsally (Fig. 35F). Distiphallus elongate, with dorsal margin sinuous, with apical margin rounded (Fig. 35F). Ventral margin with a conspicuous glossiform projection directed anteriorly with serrated margin, with a large, rounded projection just above the base of vesica (Fig. 35F). Vesica dome-shaped. Lateral and median styli short, of about one-third of width of widest lateral wall of distiphallus, and both inserted close to apical surface of distiphallus (Fig. 35F). Female. Terminalia as described by Mello-Patiu & Santos (2001, figs 25–26, 41). Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Brazil (Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, S„o Paulo). Remarks. This species is similar to N. distincta and N. sofiae sp. nov. in the shape of the distiphallus and differs from these by the features mentioned in the remarks under N. distincta and N. sofiae sp. nov. The holotype of N. travassosi has no associated abdomen and terminalia. Nevertheless, it is possible to determine in the figure of the terminalia provided by Lopes (1938) that the vesica of this species is dome-shaped. In addition, the holotype shows R 2+3 with setulae ventrally. We analyzed specimens with these features from Brazil’s Atlantic forest (biome of the type locality) and they were identified as N. travassosi. Therefore, this species is recorded for the first time from S„o Paulo and Paraná., Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on pages 75-77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406, {"references":["Lopes, H. S. (1938) Sobre quatro novas especies de Sarcophagideos do Brasil (Dipt.). In: Livro Jubilar do Prof. Travassos. Ex- Libris, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 279 - 295, 2 pls.","Dodge, H. R. (1968 a) Nine new Nephochaetopteryx from Brazil (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 41, 277 - 287.","Lopes, H. S. (1969) Family Sarcophagidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Vol. 103. Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, S \" o Paulo, pp. 1 - 88.","Pape, T. (1996) Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 8, 1 - 558.","Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Santos, J. M. (2001) Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934: descriptions and comparative morphological notes on the female terminalia (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Studia Dipterologica, 8, 303 - 315."]}

Nephochaetopteryx flavipalpis Lopes (Figs 12, 37E) Nephochaetopteryx flavipalpis Lopes, 1936: 85 (descriptions of male and female). Type locality: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara, Jardim Botânico. Other references: Dodge (1968a: 281; key); Lopes (1969: 28; catalog); Pape (1996: 260; catalog); Mello-Patiu & Santos (2001: 307; redescription of female). Nephochaetopteryx shannoni Dodge, 1968a: 286 (description of male). Type locality: Brasil, Rio de Janeiro. Other references: Dodge (1968a: 281; key); Pape (1996: 262; catalog). Syn. nov. Type material examined. PARATYPE. ♁ (MZUSP): São Paulo / Lussamira / 545 [handwritten on rectangular white label] // Cotypus [printed on rectangular red label bordered with black] // Nephochaetopte / ryx flavipal / pis Lopes ♀ / 5.936/ Det. H.S. Lopes / Paratype [handwritten on rectangular white label]. [Paratype in good condition.] Additional material examined. Brazil. Espírito Santo: Linhares, VI.1972, leg. P.C. Elias (2 ♁♁, MNRJ). Rio de Janeiro: Grajaú, leg. H.S. Lopes (2 ♁♁, 1 ♀, MNRJ; 4 ♁♁, 2 ♀♀, MZUSP); same data but X.1966, culture 777 (1 ♁, 1 ♀, MNRJ); same data but 26.IV.1938 (2 ♀♀, MZUSP). Redescription. Male. Length = 4.9–5.1 mm (n = 10). Head. Fronto-orbital and parafacial plates, postocular strip, gena and postgena with golden microtomentum. Frontal vitta reddish brown. Five frontal setae. Palpus yellow. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 2+4 (first two weak); intra-alars 2+2; supra-alars 1+3; notopleurals 1, subprimary, anepisternals 5; merals 5. Mid femur with two median setae and without a differentiated posteroventral seta. Ctenidium consisting of seven spines. Wing hyaline, with a faint dark spot beginning in the terminal portion of vein R 1, filling the distal third of cell r 1 and the upper half of the distal half of cell r 2+3; vein R 4+5 setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. Abdomen. Tergites brown with a band of yellow-whitish microtomentum on anterior 4/5 of dorsal and lateral surfaces and in some specimens posterior half of tergites 4 and 5 with a black band (Fig. 37E). Sternites 1 to 4 brown, quadrate, covered with whitish setulae and marginal setae. Terminalia. Sternite 5 brown, trapezoid-shaped, tapering anteriorly, with a shallow cleft; lobe absent; arm badly differentiated, with rounded apex. Sternite 5 with small and slender setae on posterior half and one long and strong marginal seta on arm (Fig. 12E). Cercus shorter than epandrium, tapering distally, gently inclined posteriorly (Fig. 12B). Cercal base with enlarged and rounded lobes. Cercal prongs separated but with tips convergent (Fig. 12A). Cercus without setulae along margins, with long setae in proximal portion and short setae in distal portion (Figs 12 A–B). Surstylus elongate, with rounded apex, without setae and with a patch of setulae on basal half (Fig. 12B). Pregonite with an enlarged basal portion and with a saber-like apical portion curved anteriorly; basal half with an elongate and pointed projection parallel to apex (Fig. 12C). Posterior margin of pregonite with small pointed setulae (Fig. 12C). Postgonite almost straight with pointed apex and small pointed setae on distal half and a long seta on anterior margin (Fig. 12D). Basiphallus rectangular and short, about one third of length of distiphallus (Fig. 12E). Distiphallus gently curved, with dorsal margin sinuous and apical margin rounded. Ventral margin serrated (Fig. 12F). Vesica elongate and angled in lateral view, with one pointed and one rounded middle projection (Fig. 12F). Inner process of vesica with strong spine-like processes distally (Fig. 12F). Lateral and median styli tubular and very long, of about the same width as widest portion of lateral wall of distiphallus, and both inserted apically in distiphallus (Fig. 12F). Median stylus with finger-like projection basally (Fig. 12F). Female. Terminalia as described by Mello-Patiu & Santos (2001, figs 9–10, 33). Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Brazil (Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, S„o Paulo). Remarks. This species differs from other congeneric species in having base of pregonite with a pointed fingerlike projection, sternite 5 without a lobe, arm short and cleft reduced. Dodge (1968a) mentioned that N. shannoni is similar to N. flavipalpis, from which it differs in some small differences in the shape of the pregonite and vesica. The differences in the vesica pointed out by Dodge (1968a) are “closely appressed, undivided keel, without teeth” for the vesica and “smaller apical division” for the pregonite. The “smaller apical division” of the pregonite is a highly variable feature. The illustration provided by Dodge (1968a) shows that the vesica has two pointed projections, the “teeth”, which are not present in the original illustration of N. flavipalpis provided by Lopes (1936, fig. 21). However, these features are present on the vesica of the type material examined and also in other specimens from the same type locality as N. flavipalpis. The holotype of N. shannoni, deposited in the U. S. National Museum of Natural History (USNM), was not examined. However, we analyzed specimens from the type locality of N. shannoni which show the diagnostic features mentioned by Dodge (1968a). Therefore, as significant differences were not found between N. shannoni and N. flavipalpis and as they are distributed in the same region of Brazil, they are considered to be synonyms. This is the first record of this species from the state of Espírito Santo., Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on pages 31-33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406, {"references":["Lopes, H. S. (1936) Sarcophagideos neotropicas novos ou pouco conhecidos (Dipt.). Archivos do Instituo de Biologia Vegetal, 3, 71 - 90.","Dodge, H. R. (1968 a) Nine new Nephochaetopteryx from Brazil (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 41, 277 - 287.","Lopes, H. S. (1969) Family Sarcophagidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Vol. 103. Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, S \" o Paulo, pp. 1 - 88.","Pape, T. (1996) Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 8, 1 - 558.","Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Santos, J. M. (2001) Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934: descriptions and comparative morphological notes on the female terminalia (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Studia Dipterologica, 8, 303 - 315."]}

Nephochaetopteryx aurescens Dodge (Fig. 3) Nephochaetopteryx aurescens Dodge, 1968b: 423 (key), 436 (descriptions of male and female). Type locality: Panama, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island. Other references: Pape (1996: 259; catalog). Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♁ (SEMC): Barro Colorado I / Canal Zone Panama / 13.II.1956 No. / C.W. & M.E. Rettenmeyer [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label] // HOLOTYPE / Nephochaetopteryx / aurescens / Dodge [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label bordered with red]. [Holotype in good condition, with terminalia removed and glued to the specimen label.]. PARATYPE. ♁ (MNRJ): PANAMA-Canal Zone / Barro Colorado Is. / 22.IV.63 No. / CW & ME Rettenmeyer [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label] // Taken in / Malaise trap [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label] // Paratype [printed on rectangular green label] // Nephochaeto. / aurescens / PARATYPE / Det. H. R. Dodge [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label bordered with black]. [Paratype in good condition, with terminalia (including sternite 5) cleared and preserved in glycerin in a microvial pinned beneath the specimen.] Redescription. Male. Length = 6.0–7.0 mm (n = 2). Head. Fronto-orbital and parafacial plates with golden microtomentum. Postocular strip with silvery microtomentum. Frontal vitta black, with basal half reddish. Four frontal setae. Gena and postgena with silvery microtomentum. Palpus yellow. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 2+4 (first two weak); intra-alars 2+3; supra-alars 2+3, notopleurals 1, subprimary; anepisternals 6; merals 5. Mid femur with two median setae and with a differentiated posteroventral seta. Ctenidium consisting of three spines. Wing hyaline; vein R 4+5 setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. Abdomen. Tergites brown with a band of golden microtomentum on anterior 4/5 of dorsal and lateral surfaces. Sternites 1 to 3 yellow and sternite 4 brown, covered with yellowish setulae and with marginal setae. Terminalia. Sternite 5 brown, longer than wide; cleft shallow; lobe rectangular and with a tuft of short setulae, with outer lateral margin fused with arm; arm short, with rounded apex projected posteriorly. Sternite 5 with small setulae restricted to posterior half (Fig. 3E). Syntergosternite 7+8, epandrium and cercus brown. Cercus short, tapering distally in lateral view, with a rectangular apex (Fig. 3A). Cercal prongs parallel and separated (Fig. 3B). Distal portion and outer lateral margin of cercus without setulae (Figs 3 A–B). Surstylus almost triangular, with rounded apex without setulae on margins and with few, scattered, small and slender setae (Fig. 3A). Pregonite elongate, with rounded apex and pointed setae on posterior margin (Fig. 3C). Postgonite conical, with pointed apex and a long seta and small pointed setae on anterior margin (Fig. 3D). Basiphallus quadrangular and short, about half as long as distiphallus. Distiphallus widened, with rounded apical surface, some small spines basally on apical margin, and some cuticular spines laterally (Fig. 3F). Ventral margin of distiphallus with two prominent, pointed projections curved in a basal direction (Fig. 3F). Vesica angled, with a quadrate apex. Inner process of vesica widened and curved (Fig. 3F). Lateral and median styli short, of about one-fourth of width of widest portion of lateral wall of distiphallus (Fig. 3F). Female. Unknown. Dodge (1968d) described one female specimen from Panama as N. aurescens only because it had a yellow palpus. However, since this is a relatively common feature in Nephochaetopteryx, this specimen may not be the female of N. aurescens, and thus the female of this species is not redescribed here. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Panama (Panama). Remarks. This species differs from others in the genus in having distiphallus with cuticular spines proximally on dorsal margin and male sternite 5 with the outer lateral margin of the lobe fused with the arm., Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on pages 13-15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406, {"references":["Dodge, H. R. (1968 b) The Sarcophagidae of Barro Colorado Island, Panama (Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 61, 421 - 450. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 61.2.421","Pape, T. (1996) Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 8, 1 - 558."]}

Nephochaetopteryx canga sp. nov. (Fig. 6) Type material. HOLOTYPE ♁ (MPEG): Brasil Pará / Serra Norte / N1- CANGA / 31.X.3X.1985 [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label] // Armadilha / 1,6m / Suspensa [= suspended trap at a height of 1.6 meters] [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label] // Brasil Pará / J. Dias [printed on rectangular white label] // MPEG DIP / 12181645 [printed on rectangular white label]. [Holotype in good condition, with terminal portion of abdomen, sternite 5 and rest of terminalia cleared and stored in glycerin in a plastic microvial pinned beneath the specimen.] Description. Male (holotype). Length = 5.3 mm. Head. Fronto-orbital and parafacial plates, gena, postgena and postocular strip with yellowish-gray microtomentum. Frontal vitta black with basal half reddish-brown. Five frontal setae. Palpus brown. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 2+4 (first two weak); intra-alars 2+2; supra-alars 1+3, notopleurals 1, subprimary; anepisternals 6; merals 6. Ctenidium consisting of six spines. Mid femur with two median setae and without a differentiated posteroventral seta. Wing hyaline, with dark spot beginning in the terminal portion of vein R 1, filling the distal third of cell r 1 and the upper half of the distal half of cell r 2+3; vein R 4+5 setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. Abdomen. Tergites brown with a band of golden microtomentum on anterior 4/5 on dorsal and lateral surfaces. Sternites 2 to 4 yellow with a brown median strip, covered with yellowish setulae and with marginal setae. Terminalia. Sternite 5 yellowish-brown, with small setae restricted to posterior half; cleft deep, nearly reaching middle of sternite; lobe reduced, quadrate and with a tuft of short setulae; arm very small, glossiform (Fig. 6E). Syntergosternite 7+8, epandrium and cercus brown. Cercus short, tapering distally, with rounded tip bent dorsally (Fig. 6B). Cercal base with long and thick setae (Figs 6 A–B). Cercal prongs parallel, with divergent tips and without setulae on distal third (Fig. 6A). Surstylus triangular, with setulae restricted to basal half and small pointed setae at apex (Fig. 6B). Pregonite with distal half perpendicular to base; anterior margin with a prominent glossiform projection; posterior margin with small pointed setae (Fig. 6C). Postgonite shorter than pregonite, narrowed at apex, which is gently curved anteriorly; anterior margin with one long seta (shorter than postgonite) and minute and pointed setae (Fig. 6D). Basiphallus short, about half as long as distiphallus and narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 6F). Distiphallus with anterior margin serrated and with grooves laterally (Fig. 6F). Vesica angled, with distal portion widened in lateral view (Fig. 6F). Inner process of vesica longer than wide in lateral view (Fig. 6F). Lateral and median styli very short, of about one-third of width of lateral wall of distiphallus, and both inserted close to apical surface of distiphallus (Fig. 6F). Female. Unknown. Etymology. “Canga” is the name of an uncommon, savanna-like vegetation that grows on the iron ore-bearing rocks of the region of Carajás in the Brazilian Amazon, where the type specimen was collected. Therefore, the specific epithet canga is a noun in apposition. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Brazil (Pará). Remarks. This species is similar to N. molinai and N. inca sp. nov. in the shape of the cercus and pregonite. However, it differs from N. molinai in having a very small lobe of sternite 5 and the projection of the anterior margin of the pregonite glossiform, and from N. inca sp. nov. by the shape of the vesica and gonites., Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on page 19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406

Nephochaetopteryx juquiana Dodge Nephochaetopteryx juquiana Dodge, 1968a: 281 (key), 283 (description of male). Type locality: Brazil, S„o Paulo, Juquiá. Other references: Pape (1996: 260; catalog). Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Brazil (S„o Paulo). Remarks. This species was described by Dodge (1968a) based on only one male specimen from Juquiá (S„o Paulo), which was deposited in the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC). All the specimens described by Dodge (1968a) and deposited in the IOC had since been relocated to MNRJ. However, the holotype of N. juquiana was not located in the MNRJ prior to the 2018 fire. From the description provided by Dodge (1968a) it is evident that this species differs from other species of Nephochaetopteryx by the following combination of characters: sternite 4 of male with a median patch of thick setae; pregonite narrowed, very long (longer than postgonite) and curved anteriorly. None of the specimens analyzed in this study had this combination of features., Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on page 36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406, {"references":["Dodge, H. R. (1968 a) Nine new Nephochaetopteryx from Brazil (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 41, 277 - 287.","Pape, T. (1996) Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 8, 1 - 558."]}

Nephochaetopteryx tembe sp. nov. (Fig. 33) Type material. HOLOTYPE ♁ (MPEG): Brasil Pará / Paragominas / Faz. [= Farm] Cachoeira / do Rio Vermelho / 15 a [= to] 18.I.1991 [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label] // Brasil Pará / R. B. Neto [printed on rectangular white label] // Armadilha Malaise [= Malaise trap] [printed on rectangular white label]. [The holotype lacks its right fore leg; its abdomen and terminalia are cleared and preserved in glycerin in a microvial pinned beneath the specimen.] Description. Male (holotype). Length = 5.3 mm. Head. Fronto-orbital, parafacial plates, gena and postgena with yellowish-gray microtomentum and postocular strip with grayish microtomentum. Frontal vita black with basal half reddish-brown. Six frontal setae. Palpus yellow. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 2+4 (first two weak); intra-alars 2+3; supra-alars 1+3, notopleurals 1 subprimary; anepisternals 6; merals 5. Ctenidium consisting of five spines. Mid femur with two median setae and without a differentiated posteroventral seta. Wing hyaline, with dark spot beginning in the terminal portion of vein R 1, filling the distal third of cell r 1 and the upper half of the distal half of cell r 2+3. Vein R 4+5 setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. Abdomen. Tergites brown with a band of golden microtomentum on anterior 4/5 of dorsal and lateral surfaces. Sternites 2 to 4 yellow with a median brown strip, covered with yellowish setulae and with marginal setae. Terminalia. Sternite 5 brown, wider than long, with small setae restricted to posterior half; cleft shallow, not surpassing the anterior margin of lobe; lobe reduced, quadrate and with a tuft of short setulae; arms divergent, glossiform (Fig. 33E). Cercus straight in lateral view, with a small apical rounded projection bent ventrally (Fig. 33A). Cerci elongate with cercal prongs adjacent; lateral margin slightly ondulate and tip quadrate in dorsal view (Fig. 33B). Cercus without setulae on outer and apical margins, covered with many long and small setae (Figs 33 A–B). Surstylus conical, with setulae restricted to basal portion, apical portion bearing many short setae (Fig. 33A). Pregonite glossiform, shorter than postgonite, slight curved anteriorly, with small pointed setae on posterior margin (Fig. 33C). Postgonite straight, with distal half tapering distally, with a long seta and some small pointed setae on anterior margin (Fig. 33D). Basiphallus elongate, curved dorsally (Fig. 33F). Distiphallus with posterior margin angled distally, with apical margin rounded in lateral view (Fig. 33F). Lateral wall of distiphallus with grooves posteriorly, with a cluster of microtrichia anteriorly; ventral margin rounded (Fig. 33F). Vesica elongate and angled, with a middle triangular projection and with apex bearing small spines (Fig. 33F). Base of vesica elongate, with spine-like processes (Fig. 33F). Lateral and median styli elongate, about half as long as the widest portion of lateral wall of distiphallus, and both inserted medially in distal portion of distiphallus (Fig. 33F). Female. Unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet “ tembe ” is a noun in apposition derived from the Tembé Indian tribe that inhabits the region of Paragominas, the type locality of the new species. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Brazil (Pará). Remarks. This species can be easily distinguished from the other species in the genus by the reduced and rectangular lobe of male sternite 5 and by the adjacent cercal prongs., Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on pages 71-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406

Nephochaetopteryx limpidipennis Lopes (Figs 16, 37C, F) Nephochaetopteryx limpidipennis Lopes, 1976: 70–72 (descriptions of male and female). Type locality: Mexico, Sonora, Bahia San Carlos. Other references: Pape (1996: 260; catalog); Mello-Patiu & Santos (2001: 307; description of female). Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♁ (CAS): MEX.: Sonora / Bahia San Carlos / 1.III.1936 / P.H. Arnaud Jr. [printed on rectangular white label] // PAUL H. ARNAULD, JR. / COLLECTION / Gift to California / Academy of Sciences / San Francisco, CALIF. [printed on rectangular white label] // HOLOTYPUS [handwritten on rectangular red label] // Nephochaetopteryx / limpidipennis / Holotypus ♁ / Det. H.S. Lopes [printed on rectangular white label] // California Academy / of Sciences / Type No. 12390 [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label]. [Holotype in good condition, with cleared abdomen glued to the specimen label and terminalia and sternite 5 glued to a card triangle pinned beneath the specimen.] PARATYPES (3). ♀ (CAS): MEX.: Sonora / Alamos / 21.II.1936 / P.H. Arnaud Jr. [printed on rectangular white label] // PAUL H. ARNAULD, JR. / COLLECTION / Gift to California / Academy of Sciences / San Francisco, CA- LIF. [printed on rectangular white label] // Collected at / flr [flower] Mangifera / indica [printed on rectangular white label] // Allotypus [handwritten on rectangular red label] // Nephochaetopteryx / limpidipennis / n. sp. Allotypus ♀ / Det. H.S. Lopes [printed on rectangular white label] // Collection of the / CALIFORNIA ACADEMY / OF SCI- ENCES, San / Francisco, California [printed on rectangular white label] [paratype in good condition, lacking left mid leg, with cleared abdomen glued to specimen label and terminalia and sternites glued to a card triangle pinned beneath the specimen]. ♁ (MNRJ): MEX.: Sonora / Alamos / 5.I.1971 / P.H. & M. Arnaud / Collectors [printed on rectangular white label] // Paratype [printed on rectangular green label] // Nephochaetopteryx / limpidipennis / Paratypus ♁ / Det. H.S. Lopes [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label] [paratype in good condition, with left wing broken, cercus and sternite 5 glued to a card triangle pinned below the specimen and missing phallus and gonites]. ♀ (MNRJ): MEX.: Sonora / Alamos / 21.II.1963 / P.H. Arnaud Jr. [printed on rectangular white label] // Collected at / flor [= flower] Mangifera / indica [printed on rectangular white label] // PAUL H. ARNAULD, JR. / COLLECTION / Gift to California / Academy of Sciences / San Francisco, CALIF. [printed on rectangular white label] // Paratype [printed on rectangular green label] // Nephochaetopteryx / limpidipennis / Paratypus ♀ / Det. H.S. Lopes [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label] [paratype in good condition, missing right mid leg, with abdomen and terminalia cleared and preserved in glycerin in a microvial pinned beneath the specimen]. Additional material examined. Mexico. Chiapas: San Cristobal de las Casas, 20. V.1969, leg. B. V. Peterson (1 ♁, MNRJ). Jalisco: Puerto Vallarta, 31.XII.1970, leg. P.H. Arnaud & M. Arnaud (1 ♀, MNRJ). Redescription. Male. Length = 4.0– 5.5 mm (n = 3). Head. Fronto-orbital and parafacial plates, postocular strip, gena and postgena with golden microtomentum. Frontal vitta black, with basal half or entirely reddish-brown. Six frontal setae. Palpus brown or black. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 2+4 (first two weak); intra-alars 2+2; supra-alars 2+3, notopleurals 2 subprimaries; anepisternals 5; merals 5. Ctenidium consisting of four spines. Mid femur with two median setae and without a posteroventral differentiated seta. Wing hyaline; vein R setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. 4+5 Abdomen. Tergites brown with a band of grayish microtomentum on anterior 4/5 of dorsal and lateral surfaces. Sternites 1 to 4 brown with yellowish setulae and with marginal setae. Terminalia. Sternite 5 brown, with small setae restricted to posterior half; cleft deep, nearly reaching middle of sternite; lobe rounded and with a tuft of short setulae; arms divergent, small and narrow, with rounded apex (Fig. 16E). Cercus shorter than epandrium, with cercal prongs slight curved posteriorly with rounded apex bearing a small pointed projection on posterior margin in lateral view (Fig. 16A). Cercus with lateral margin of cercal base projected laterally and cercal prongs separated and parallel in dorsal view (Fig. 16B). Cercal prong with a preapical tuft of setulae; long and thick setae restricted to cercal base (Figs 16 A–B). Surstylus conical with rounded apex; anterior margin concave, with a narrow strip of setulae close to posterior margin of basal half and with small setae restricted to distal half (Fig. 16A). Pregonite short (shorter than postgonite), with distal half perpendicular to base, with few pointed setae on posterior margin (Fig. 16C). Postgonite tapering distally and curved anteriorly, with small pointed setae and with a strong median seta on anterior margin (Fig. 16D). Basiphallus short, about half as long as distiphallus, inverted L-shaped (Fig. 16F). Distiphallus L-shaped, with apical surface concave (Fig. 16F). Ventral margin of distiphallus corrugated with pointed projections (Fig. 16F). Vesica L-shaped, with apical portion serrated and with a middle triangular projection in basal half (Fig. 16F). Inner process of vesica narrowed (Fig. 16F). Lateral and median styli elongate, and both inserted close to apical surface of distiphallus (Fig. 16F). Female. Differs from male as follows: palpus spatulate (Fig. 37F), tergite 5 reddish with golden microtomentum (Fig. 37C). Terminalia as described by Mello-Patiu & Santos (2001, figs 11–12, 34). Distribution. NEARCTIC—Mexico (Sonora). NEOTROPICAL—Mexico (Chiapas, Jalisco). Remarks. The female of this species differs from the others in the genus in having tergite 5 reddish with golden microtomentum and the palpus enlarged and spatulate. In the other species, tergite 5 is brown with golden or grayish microtomentum and the palpus is club-shaped. However, the females of many species remain unknown. The distiphallus of this species shows apical surface with a prominent concavity and ventral margin corrugate and with pointed projections, features found only in N. fuscipennis. However, N. fuscipennis differs from N. limpidipennis in having an elongate surstylus (see remarks under N. fuscipennis). Males and females of this species were collected on mango flowers (Mangifera indica: Anacardiaceae) in Mexico. This is the first record of N. limpidipennis from Chiapas and Jalisco., Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on pages 38-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406, {"references":["Lopes, H. S. (1976) Some new or little-known neotropical Sarcophagidae (Diptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 35, 155 - 164.","Pape, T. (1996) Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 8, 1 - 558.","Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Santos, J. M. (2001) Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934: descriptions and comparative morphological notes on the female terminalia (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Studia Dipterologica, 8, 303 - 315."]}

Nephochaetopteryx lopesi Dodge (Fig. 17) Nephochaetopteryx lopesi Dodge, 1968a: 281 (key), 285 (description of male). Type locality: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Angra dos Reis, Japuhyba [= Japuíba]. Other references: Pape (1996: 261; catalog). Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♁ (MNRJ): JAPUHYBA / ANGRA 23–3 – 940 / J. LANE E LOPES [print- ed and handwritten on rectangular white label bordered with black] // Holotype [printed on rectangular red label] // HOLOTYPE / Nephochaetopteryx / Dodge lopesi [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label bordered with red] // MNRJ / 2201 [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label]. [Holotype lacking head, fore legs and left mid leg, with terminalia extended.] Additional material examined. Brazil. Paraíba: Jo „o Pessoa, Mata do Buraquinho, 01.IX.2009, on pig carcass, leg. R. Farias (1 ♁, MPEG). Redescription. Male. Length = 4.5 mm (n = 2). Head. Fronto-orbital and parafacial plates, postocular strip, gena and postgena with golden microtomentum. Frontal vitta reddish-black with basal half reddish-brown. Six frontal setae. Palpus brown. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 2+4 (first two weak); intra-alars 2+2; supra-alars 1+3; anepisternals 5; merals 5. Mid femur with two median setae and without a differentiated posteroventral seta. Ctenidium consisting of four spines. Wing hyaline, with faint brown spot beginning in the terminal portion of vein R 1, filling the distal third of cell r 1 and the upper half of the distal half of cell r 2+3; vein R 4+5 setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. Abdomen. Tergites brown with a band of golden microtomentum on anterior 4/5 of dorsal and lateral surfaces. Sternites 1 to 4 yellow, covered with yellowish setulae and with marginal setae. Terminalia. Sternite 5 brown, with a very shallow cleft, not surpassing the base of lobe; lobe rounded and with a tuft of short setulae; arm glossiform, curved posteriorly (Fig. 17E). Sternite 5 with small setulae restricted to posterior half (Fig. 17E). Cercus elongate and narrow in lateral view (Fig. 17A). Cercal prongs with pointed tips strongly convergent (Fig. 17B). Inner lateral margin of cercus without setulae and cercal base with long setae (Fig. 17A). Surstylus conical, with a small patch of setulae basally on posterior margin (Fig. 17A). Pregonite widened, with tip curved anteriorly, anterior margin with some pointed projections, posterior margin with small setae (Fig. 17C). Postgonite conical, with rounded tip slightly curved anteriorly and with a long seta on anterior margin (Fig. 17D). Basiphallus longer than wide, curved dorsally (Fig. 17F). Distiphallus club-shaped, with dorsal margin sinuous and apical margin rounded (Fig. 17F). Ventral margin sinuous with a thin finger-like projection (Fig. 17F). Vesica strongly angled, with bifid tip (Fig. 17F). Inner process of vesica longer than wide (Fig. 17F). Lateral and median styli short, about one-fourth of width of widest portion of the lateral wall of distiphallus, positioned medially in distiphallus (Fig. 17F). Median stylus with a projection basally (Fig. 17F). Female. Unknown. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Brazil (Paraíba, Rio de Janeiro). Remarks. This species differs from the others in the genus in having vesica with a bifid tip and anterior margin of pregonite with many pointed projections., Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on pages 40-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406, {"references":["Dodge, H. R. (1968 a) Nine new Nephochaetopteryx from Brazil (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 41, 277 - 287.","Pape, T. (1996) Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 8, 1 - 558."]}

Nephochaetopteryx tinguensis Dodge (Fig. 34) Nephochaetopteryx tinguensis Dodge, 1968a: 281 (key), 286 (descriptions of male and female). Type locality: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Tinguá. Other references: Pape (1996: 262; catalog); Mello-Patiu & Santos (2001: 310–311; redescription of female). Material examined. Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Iguaçu, Reserva Biológica do Tinguá [= Tinguá Biological Re- serve], sweep netting, 08.III.2002, leg. S. T. P. Amarante e equipe [= S. T. P. Amarante and team] (1 ♁, MZUSP). Redescription. Male. Length = 6.3 mm. Head. Fronto-orbital and parafacial plates with golden microtomentum. Postocular strip with silvery microtomentum. Frontal vitta black, with basal half reddish. Six frontal setae. Gena and postgena with silvery microtomentum. Palpus yellow. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 2+4 (first two weak); intra-alars 2+3; supra-alars 2+3; anepisternals 5; merals 5. Mid femur with three median setae and without a differentiated posteroventral seta. Ctenidium consisting of five spines. Wing hyaline, with dark brown spot beginning in the terminal portion of vein R 1, filling the distal third of cell r 1 and the upper half of the distal half of cell r 2+3; vein R 4+5 setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. Abdomen. Tergites brown with a band of golden microtomentum on anterior 4/5 of dorsal and lateral surfaces. Sternites 1 to 4 yellow, covered with yellowish setulae and with marginal setae. Terminalia. Sternite 5 brown, longer than wide; cleft very shallow, not passing the anterior margin of lobe; lobe rounded and with a tuft of short setulae; posterior arm glossiform, projected posteriorly. Sternite 5 with small setulae restricted to posterior half (Fig. 34E). Cercus elongate and narrow in lateral view, with apex slightly bent anteriorly (Fig. 34A). Cercal prongs parallel, with convergent tips (Fig. 34B). Cercal base with long seta, without setulae on outer lateral margin. Cercal prong without setae on inner lateral margin (Figs 34 A–B). Surstylus triangular with rounded apex, some slender setae apically and setulae restricted to basal half (Fig. 34A). Pregonite with distal half perpendicular to basal half with small pointed setae along posterior margin (Fig. 34C). Postgonite almost straight, tapering distally, with a long seta and with some small pointed setae on anterior margin (Fig. 34D). Basiphallus short, about half of the length of distiphallus, curved dorsally (Fig. 34F). Distiphallus with dorsal margin sinuous and apical margin rounded (Fig. 34F). Ventral margin sinuous with a small finger-like curved projection (Fig. 34F). Vesica elongate, strongly angled (Fig. 34F). Inner process of vesica longer than wide in lateral view (Fig. 34F). Lateral and median styli short, of about one-fourth width as the widest portion of lateral wall of distiphallus, and both inserted medially in distiphallus (Fig. 34F). Median stylus with a projection basally (Fig. 34F). Female. Terminalia as described by Mello-Patiu & Santos (2001, figs 23–24, 40). Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Brazil (Rio de Janeiro). Remarks. Nephochaetopteryx tinguensis shares with N. lopesi, N. paraensis and N. similis sp. nov. distiphallus with a small finger-like curved projection and vesica strongly angled. It differs from N. paraensis in having lobe of male sternite 5 rounded, with a tuft of short setulae, and surstylus lacking a pointed projection; and from N. lopesi in lacking pointed projections on the anterior margin of pregonite. The terminalia of N. tinguensis are similar to those of N. similis sp. nov., from which it differs by the shape of the gonites and distiphallus (see remarks under N. similis sp. nov.). Nephochaetopteryx tinguensis was described based on a single male (the holotype) and 20 females (paratypes) from Tinguá, Rio de Janeiro, which were deposited in Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC) (holotype and some paratypes) and in WSU (remaining paratypes) (Dodge 1968a). All the specimens described Dodge (1968a) were later transferred to MNRJ. However, we only found a small box with the female paratypes and the pinned label of the holotype male in MNRJ prior to the 2018 fire. Therefore, the holotype and only male specimen is presumed lost. The present male redescription was based on one specimen from Reserva Biológica do Tinguá in Rio de Janeiro (the type locality), which runs to N. tinguensis in Dodge’s (1968a) key. In addition, the terminalia of the examined specimen are similar to those illustrated by Dodge (1968a). The female paratypes are not redescribed here, since one of them was redescribed by Mello-Patiu & Santos (2001). Dodge (1968a) identified the female specimens as N. tinguensis only because, among the material examined deposited in IOC, they were also collected in Tinguá. In addition, Dodge (1968a) mentioned that all the female paratypes (except for one specimen) differed from the male holotype in the color of palpus (yellow in males and brown in females). Therefore, considering that several species of Nephochaetopteryx whose females are unknown have been recorded from Rio de Janeiro, it is possible that the females identified as N. tinguensis belong to other species., Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on pages 73-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406, {"references":["Dodge, H. R. (1968 a) Nine new Nephochaetopteryx from Brazil (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 41, 277 - 287.","Pape, T. (1996) Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 8, 1 - 558.","Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Santos, J. M. (2001) Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934: descriptions and comparative morphological notes on the female terminalia (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Studia Dipterologica, 8, 303 - 315."]}

Nephochaetopteryx cyaneiventris Lopes (Fig. 9) Nephochaetopteryx cyaneiventris Lopes, 1936: 86 (description of male). Type locality: Brasil, S„o Paulo, Alto da Serra (= Paranapiacaba). Other references: Lopes (1969: 28; catalog); Pape (1996: 260; catalog); Mello-Patiu & Santos (2001: 305–307; description of female). Sarcohelicobia elegans Blanchard, 1939: 795 (description of female). Type locality: Argentina, Misiones. Nephochaetopteryx elegans: Lopes (1969: 28; catalog, new combination); Pape (1996: 260; catalog); Mulieri et al. (2010: 19; proposal of synonymy, examination of holotype female). Type material examined. PARATYPES (2). ♁ (MNRJ): São Paulo / Adaserra [= Alto da Serra] / 559b [handwritten on rectangular white label] // Paratype [printed on rectangular green label] // Cotypus [printed on rectangular red label bordered with black] // Nephochaetopteryx cyanei / ventris Lopes / v.936 Det. H.S. Lopes / Paratypus [printed on rectangular white label] // Museu Nacional / Collection / UFRJ / Rio de Janeiro / Brazil [printed on rectangular white label] [paratype in good condition]. ♁ (MZUSP): São Paulo / Cantareira / 559a [printed on rectangular white label with handwritten information] // Cotypus [printed on red label bordered with black] // Nephochaetopte / ryx cyanei / ventris Lopes / v.936- Det. H.S. Lopes / Paratypo [printed on rectangular white label] [paratype in good condition]. Additional material examined. Brazil. Paraná: Jundiaí do Sul, Fazenda [= Farm] Monte Verde, 16.XI.1987, PROFAUPAR, Malaise trap, [no collector] (1 ♁, DZUP); Londrina, 12.X.1982, rotting banana, leg. O. Mielke (3 ♁♁, DZUP). Rio de Janeiro: Grajaú, leg. H.S. Lopes (1 ♁, 1 ♀, MNRJ; 2 ♀♀, MZUSP); Petrópolis, leg. H.S. Lopes (2 ♀♀, MZUSP). Redescription. Male. Length = 4.8–5.5 mm (n = 9). Head. Fronto-orbital and parafacial plates, postocular strip, gena and postgena golden with golden microtomentum. Frontal vitta black with upper half reddish-brown. Five frontal setae. Palpus brown. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 2+4 (first two weak); intra-alars 2+2; supra-alars 1+3; anepisternals 5; merals 5–6. Mid femur with two median setae and without a differentiated posteroventral seta. Ctenidium consisting of four spines. Wing hyaline; vein R 4+5 setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. Abdomen. Tergites brown with a band of bluish-gray microtomentum on anterior 4/5 of dorsal and lateral surfaces. Sternites 1 to 4 brown, quadrate, covered with whitish setulae and with marginal setae. Terminalia. Sternite 5 brown with a deep medial cleft nearly reaching middle of sternite; lobe rounded and with a tuft of short setulae; arm elongate and narrow, gently curved posteriorly (Fig. 9E). Syntergosternite 7+8, epandrium and cercus brown. Cercal base with a prominent protuberance projecting above dorsal surface (Fig. 9A). Tip of cercus pointed and curved anteriorly (Fig. 9A). Cerci in dorsal view with convergent tips and outer lateral margin sinuous (Fig. 9B). Setae and setulae restricted to cercal base; cercal prong with spines (Figs 9 A–B). Surstylus longer than wide, with rounded apex, with setulae restricted to basal half and with setae at apex and anterior margin (Fig. 9A). Pregonite shorter than postgonite, with enlarged base and pointed apex curved anteriorly (Fig. 9C). Postgonite almost straight, tapering distally with a long seta on anterior margin (Fig. 9D). Basiphallus short, about one-third as long as distiphallus (Fig. 9F). Distiphallus with dorsal margin angled and rounded apical margin striated (Fig. 9F). Ventral margin of distiphallus serrated (Fig. 9F). Vesica strongly angled in lateral view, with pointed apex (Fig. 9F). Inner process of vesica rectangular in lateral view (Fig. 9F). Median and lateral styli tubular and elongate, of about half of width of widest portion of lateral wall of distiphallus (Fig. 9F). Female. Terminalia as described by Mello-Patiu & Santos (2001, figs 7–8, 32). Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Argentina (Buenos Aires, Misiones), Brazil (Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, S„o Paulo). Remarks. This species differs from the other species in having cercal base with a conspicuous projection. Nephochaetopteryx cyaneiventris shares with N. affinis, N. orbitalis, N. psittacocercus sp. nov. and N. coendu sp. nov. cerci with spines. This species seems to be restricted to southern South America, where it appears to be relatively common. In the city of Curitiba (state of Paraná), it was collected in a butterfly trap (information from specimen label) and from a pig carcass (Vairo et al. 2011). In Buenos Aires (Argentina), N. cyaneiventris (treated as N. elegans) was collected only in forests in traps baited with dog feces (Mulieri et al. 2008)., Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on page 25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406, {"references":["Lopes, H. S. (1936) Sarcophagideos neotropicas novos ou pouco conhecidos (Dipt.). Archivos do Instituo de Biologia Vegetal, 3, 71 - 90.","Lopes, H. S. (1969) Family Sarcophagidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Vol. 103. Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, S \" o Paulo, pp. 1 - 88.","Pape, T. (1996) Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 8, 1 - 558.","Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Santos, J. M. (2001) Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934: descriptions and comparative morphological notes on the female terminalia (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Studia Dipterologica, 8, 303 - 315.","Blanchard, E. E. (1939) Los sarcofagidos argentinos. Contribucion a su conocimiento. Physis, 17, 791 - 856.","Mulieri, P. R., Mariluis, J. C. & Patitucci, L. D. (2010) Review of the Sarcophaginae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina), with a key and description of a new species. Zootaxa, 2575 (1), 1 - 37. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2575.1.1","Vairo, K. P., Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Carvalho, C. J. B. (2011) Pictorial identification key for species of Sarcophagidae (Diptera) of potential forensic importance in southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 55, 333 - 347. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262011005000033","Mulieri, P. R., Schnack, J. A., Mariluis, J. C. & Torretta, J. P. (2008) Flesh flies species (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) from a grassland and a woodland in a nature reserve of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 56, 1287 - 1294. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 56 i 3.5710"]}

Nephochaetopteryx equatoriana sp. nov. (Fig. 11) Type material. HOLOTYPE ♁ (MNRJ): Coca, Napo R. / Napo, ECUADOR /. V.1965 / 250m., L. Pena // Nepho- chaetopteryx / near / marianae / Det. H.S. Lopes [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label bordered with black]. [Holotype in good condition, with cleared terminalia preserved in glycerin in a microvial pinned beneath the specimen.] Description. Male (holotype). Length = 5.2 mm. Head. Fronto-orbital and parafacial plates, postocular strip, gena and postgena with golden microtomentum. Frontal vitta black, reddish on basal half. Five to six frontal setae. Palpus yellow. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 2+3; intra-alars 2+2; supra-alars 1+3; notopleurals 1, subprimary, anepisternals 5; merals 5. Mid femur with two median setae and without a differentiated posteroventral seta. Ctenidium consisting of four spines. Wing hyaline, with dark spot beginning in the terminal portion of vein R 1, filling the distal third of cell r 1 and the upper half of the distal half of cell r 2+3; vein R 4+5 setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. Abdomen. Syntergite 1+2 orange, tergite 3 orange with a narrow median and posterior brown strip, tergite 4 brown with a band of yellowish microtomentum on anterior 4/5 of dorsal and lateral surfaces, tergite 5 dark brown. Sternites 2 to 4 rectangular, sternites 2 to 3 yellow with a median brown spot on posterior margin, sternite 4 with basal half yellow and posterior half brown. Terminalia. Sternite 5 brown, with a very shallow cleft, not passing the anterior margin of lobe; lobe pointed; posterior arm clubbed, projected posteriorly. Syntergosternite 7+8, epandrium and cercus brown. Cercus elongate and straight, with rounded tip in lateral view (Fig. 11A). Cercal prongs parallel with a rectangular tip in dorsal view (Fig. 11B). Cercus without setulae on inner lateral margin and with long and thick setae restricted to basal half (Figs 11 A–B). Surstylus almost triangular, with an elongate projection in posterobasal corner and a rectangular tip; setulae restricted to posterobasal corner and long and fine setae restricted to base (Fig. 11A). Pregonite with widened base and narrowed distal portion curved anteriorly, with a conspicuous rounded projection on ventral margin and a row of short and pointed setae on dorsal margin (Fig. 11C). Postgonite shorter than pregonite, tapering distally, with pointed tip curved anteriorly and a long seta and some small pointed setae on ventral margin (Fig. 11D). Basiphallus conical, curved ventrally (Fig. 11E). Distiphallus with rounded apical margin; ventral margin convex with a small finger-like projection (Fig. 11E). Vesica elongate and angled, with a triangular projection in basal half and tip with microtrichia (Fig. 11E). Inner process of vesica elongate and curved anteriorly (Fig. 11E). Lateral and median styli short, of about one-fourth of width of widest portion of lateral wall of distiphallus, and both inserted medially in distiphallus (Fig. 11E). Female. Unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition and refers to the type locality. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Ecuador (Napo). Remarks. This species shares with N. paraensis, N. tinguensis and N. similis sp. nov. ventral margin of distiphallus bearing a small finger-like projection, but differs from them in having pregonite with a prominent rounded preapical projection on anterior margin (Fig. 11C)., Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on pages 29-31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406

Nephochaetopteryx pallidifacies Lopes (Fig. 24) Nephochaetopteryx pallidifacies Lopes, 1975a: 280 (description of male). Type locality: Brazil, Ceará, Pacatuba. Other references: Pape (1996: 261; catalog). Nephochaetopteryx linharensis Tibana & Santos, 1997: 1 (description of male). Type locality: Brazil, Espírito Santo, Linhares. Other references: Pape (1996: 260; catalog). Syn. nov. Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♁ (MNRJ): PACATUBA / CEARA, 350 m / BRASIL [rectangular white label with printed data] // H.S. LOPES / 23.1.73 [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label] // Nephochaetopteryx / pallidifacies, n.sp. / ♁ holotypus / Det. H.S. Lopes [handwritten on rectangular white label bordered with black] // MNRJ / 2204 [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label]. [Holotype in good condition, with cleared terminalia preserved in glycerin in a microvial pinned beneath the specimen; distiphallus broken.] HOLOTYPE ♁ of N. linharensis (MNRJ): LINHARES E. SANTO / BRASIL [printed on rectangular white label] // P.C. Elias / VII. 72 [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label] // Holotype [printed on rectangular red label] // Nephochaetopteryx / linharensis / Sp.n. / DET: R. Tibana / e J.M. Santos [handwritten on rectangular white label bordered with black] // MNRJ / 2200 [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label]. [Holotype in good condition, with left wing broken and cleared terminalia preserved in glycerin in a microvial pinned beneath the specimen.] Additional material examined. Brazil. Amazonas: km 81, Embrapa, 20.II.1991, Shannon trap baited with fruit, leg. L.P. Albuquerque & E. Binda (2 ♁♁, INPA); Manaus, C. Univers. [= University Campus], 24. VI.1982, Malaise trap, leg. J.A. Rafael (1 ♁, INPA); Reserva Ducke [= Ducke Reserve], 28.IX.1981, leg. J.A. Rafael (1 ♁, INPA). Minas Gerais: Paraopeba, 10.IX.1969, leg. H. Ebert (1 ♁, MNRJ). Pará: Benevides, 22.III.1993, suspended trap placed at a height of 1.6 m, leg. J. Dias (1 ♁, MPEG). Redescription. Male. Length = 5.5–6.0 mm (n = 10). Head. Fronto-orbital, parafacial plates, postocular strip, gena and postgena with golden microtomentum. Frontal vitta black, with basal half or entirely reddish-brown. Five frontal setae. Palpus yellow. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 2+4 (first two weak); intra-alars 2+2; supra-alars 2+3, notopleurals 2 subprimaries, anepisternals 5; merals 5. Ctenidium consisting of four spines. Mid femur with two median setae and without a differentiated posteroventral seta. Wing hyaline; vein R 4+5 setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. Abdomen. Tergites brown with a band of grayish microtomentum on anterior 4/5 of dorsal and lateral surfaces. Sternites 1 to 4 yellow with yellowish setulae and with marginal setae. Terminalia. Sternite 5 brown; cleft very deep, reaching middle of sternite; lobe rounded and small; arms divergents, short, with rounded apex (Fig. 24E). Cercus elongate, tapering distally, with long and thick setae restricted to cercal base (Fig. 24A). Cercal prongs with rounded and divergent tips in dorsal view (Fig. 24B). Surstylus rounded with a patch of setulae on anterior margin of basal half and with small and fine setae on apex (Fig. 24A). Pregonite elongate, longer than postgonite, widened basally, tapering distally with some small and pointed setae on posterior margin (Fig. 24C). Postgonite elongate, with conical apex, some small and pointed setae on distal half and with a long seta on anterior margin (Fig. 24D). Basiphallus elongate and straight, longer than distiphallus (Fig. 24F). Distiphallus short, with dorsal margin sinuous and apical margin with a conspicuous pointed projection anteriorly (Fig. 24F). Ventral margin of distiphallus with an elongate plate-like projection bearing a short triangular projection and with a long and narrowed pointed projection (Fig. 24F). Vesica twisted basally, with a strong middle pointed projection and with claw-shaped distal half (Fig. 24F). Inner process of vesica absent (Fig. 24F). Lateral and median styli short, of about one-third of width of widest portion of lateral wall of distiphallus, and both inserted close to base of vesica (Fig. 24F). Female. Unknown. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Brazil (Amazonas, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Pará). Remarks. This species differs from the other species in the genus in having ventroapical margin of distiphallus with a pointed projection, ventral margin of distiphallus with a prominent pointed projection and by the shape of vesica. The distiphallus of Nephochaetopteryx angustifrons also shows some these features and the differences between these two species are mentioned in the remarks under N. angustifrons. The terminalia of the holotype of N. linharensis are very similar to those of N. pallidifacies, differing only in the presence of an “apophysis” on apical surface of the distiphallus, the presence of a preapical protuberance on apical surface of the cercus, and in the number of spines forming the ctenidium (three in N. linharensis, five in N. pallidifacies) (Tibana & Santos 1997). The difference between the distiphallic apophyses of N. linharensis and N. pallidifacies is subtle and the number of spines forming the ctenidium is a highly variable feature. We examined some specimens of N. linharensis and N. pallidifacies with a ctenidium composed of three spines (a feature of N. linharensis), but without a protuberance on the cercus (a feature of N. pallidifacies). Tibana & Santos (1997) pointed out that the cercus of N. pallidifacies has no preapical protuberance. However, the cercus of the holotype of N. pallidifacies has a very small protuberance that is not as conspicuous as the protuberance of N. linharensis. Therefore, the apical protuberance seems to be subject to intraspecific variation. Hence, N. linharensis is treated as a junior synonym of N. pallidifacies. This species is recorded for the first time from the Brazilian Amazon (Amazonas, Pará)., Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on pages 51-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406, {"references":["Lopes, H. S. (1975 a) Sarcophagid flies (Diptera) from Pacatuba, State of Ceara. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 34, 271 - 294.","Pape, T. (1996) Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 8, 1 - 558.","Tibana, R. & Santos, M. (1997) A new species of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional, Zoologia, 378, 1 - 6."]}

Nephochaetopteryx lamasi sp. nov. (Fig. 15) Type material. HOLOTYPE ♁ (MZUSP): Brasil: SP / Teodoro Sampaio / Pq. Est. Do Morro do Diabo [= Morro do Diabo State Park] / Trilha da Taquara [= Taquara Trail] / Malaise / 30.IX–4.X.2002 / V. C. Silva col. [printed on rectangular white label]. [Holotype in good condition, with abdomen and terminalia cleared and preserved in glycerin in a microvial pinned beneath the specimen.] Description. Male (holotype). Length = 5.0 mm. Head. Fronto-orbital, parafacial plates, postocular strip, gena and postgena with golden microtomentum. Frontal vitta black. Six frontal setae. Palpus brown. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 2+4 (first two weak); intra-alars 2+2; supra-alars 1+3, notopleurals 1 subprimary; anepisternals 5; merals 5. Ctenidium consisting of five spines. Mid femur with three median setae and without a differentiated posteroventral seta. Wing hyaline, with dark spot beginning in the terminal portion of vein R 1, filling the distal third of cell r 1 and the upper half of the distal half of cell r 2+3; vein R 4+5 setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. Abdomen. Tergites brown with a band of grayish microtomentum on anterior 4/5 of dorsal and lateral surfaces. Terminalia. Sternite 5 brown; with a deep cleft, nearly reaching middle of sternite; lobe quadrate with pointed projection in outer lateral margin; arms divergent, very narrow with rounded apex (Fig. 15E). Cercus shorter than epandrium with distal portion curved posteriorly and a preapical protuberance dorsally in lateral view. Cercal prong without setulae on tip and on inner lateral margin. Cercal base with a middle lateral clutch of differentiated setulae and several long and thick setae basally (Fig. 15A). Cercal prongs convergent with a rounded preapical protuberance on inner lateral margins in dorsal view (Fig. 15B). Surstylus rounded with a small protuberance apically without setulae (Fig. 15A). Pregonite narrow and elongate, curved anteriorly, with rounded apex and few small pointed setae on posterior margin (Fig. 15C). Postgonite shorter than pregonite, tapering distally, with a long seta and some small setae on anterior margin (Fig. 15D). Basiphallus about half as long as distiphallus and curved dorsally (Fig. 15F). Distiphallus elongate, with vetroapical margin bearing a narrow and pointed projection; ventral margin with a claw-like projection (Fig. 15F). Inner process of vesica elongate and arched, without spine-like processes. Vesica elongate, slightly angled, with a pointed triangular projection on basal half and with rounded apex in lateral view (Fig. 15F). Lateral and median styli of about half of width of widest lateral wall of distiphallus, and both inserted at the level of vesica base (Fig. 15F). Female. Unknown. Etymology. This species is named in honor of Brazilian dipterist Dr. Carlos José Einicker Lamas (MZUSP), in recognition of his contributions to our knowledge of the Diptera fauna of Brazil and for his contribution to an early version of this manuscript. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Brazil (S„o Paulo). Remarks. This species differs from the remaining species of the genus in having cercus with a rounded preapical protuberance on the inner lateral margin and ventral margin of distiphallus with a large claw-like projection.

Nephochaetopteryx spinosa Dodge (Fig. 31) Nephochaetopteryx spinosa Dodge, 1968b: 423 (key), 437 (description of male). Type locality: Panama, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island. Other references: Pape (1996: 262; catalog). Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♁ (SEMC): PANAMA-Canal Zone / Barro Colorado Island / 24.IV.1956 / Carl W. & Morlan E. / Rettenmeyer No. [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label bordered with red] // HOLOTYPE / Nephochaetopteryx / spinosa / Dodge [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label bordered with red]. [Holotype in good condition, with terminalia extended and one detached wing glued to the specimen label.] Additional material examined. Brazil. Rondônia: Vilhena, 15.X.1986, leg. C. Elias (1 ♁, DZUP). Paraguay. Canindeyú: Reserva Natural del Bosque Ubaracajú: Jejui-mí, bosque bajo inundado [= lowland flooded forest], Malaise trap, 29.III–9.IV.1996, leg. A.C.F. Costa (1 ♁, DZUP). Redescription. Male. Length = 5.0–7.0 mm (n = 3). Head. Fronto-orbital, parafacial plates and postocular strip with golden microtomentum. Frontal vitta black, with basal half reddish-brown. Five frontal setae. Gena and postgena with golden microtomentum. Palpus brown. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 2+4 (first two weak); intra-alars 2+2; supra-alars 2+3, notopleurals 1 subprimary; anepisternals 7; merals 5. Ctenidium consisting of four spines. Mid femur with two median setae and a differentiated posteroventral seta. Wing hyaline; vein R 4+5 setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. Abdomen. Tergites brown with a band of grayish microtomentum on anterior 4/5 of dorsal and lateral surfaces. Sternite 2 yellow, sternites 3 and 4 brown with yellowish setulae and with marginal setae. Terminalia. Sternite 5 brown, longer than wide; with a shallow cleft, not surpassing the anterior margin of lobe; lobe rounded, with a tuft of short setulae; arm small, with rounded apex (Fig. 31E). Cercus shorter than epandrium, in lateral view straight with rectangular tip bearing a small point on ventral margin (Fig. 31A). Cercal prongs parallel in dorsal view (Fig. 31B). Cercus without setulae on outer lateral and apical margins, with thick setae on proximal region (Figs 31 A–B). Surstylus almost triangular, with rounded apex, a patch of setulae close to anterior margin and small and pointed setae restricted to posterior half (Fig. 31A). Pregonite widened, strongly curved anteriorly with some spine-like setae on posterior margin; sinuous anterior margin with a finger-like projection basally (Fig. 31C). Postgonite shorter than pregonite, tapering distally, curved anteriorly, with small, pointed setae and thick seta on anterior margin (Fig. 31D). Basiphallus short (about one third length of distiphallus), T-shaped (Fig. 31F). Distiphallus L-shaped with distal portion widened, ventral margin serrated (Fig. 31F). Vesica L-shaped with a conspicuous middle rectangular projection (Fig. 31F). Inner process of vesica short (Fig. 31F). Lateral and median styli short, of about one-third width as the widest portion of lateral wall of distiphallus, and both inserted close to apical surface of distiphallus (Fig. 31F). Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Brazil (Rondônia), Panama (Panama), Paraguay (Canindeyú). Remarks. This species is similar to N. pallidiventris and N. boruca sp. nov. in having a T-shaped basiphallus, an L-shaped vesica and male sternite 5 longer than wide. Nephochaetopteryx pallidiventris differs from N. spinosa in having vesica with a rounded middle projection. In N. spinosa this projection is rectangular. The differences between N. spinosa and N. boruca sp. nov. are mentioned in the remarks under the latter species., Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on page 68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406, {"references":["Dodge, H. R. (1968 b) The Sarcophagidae of Barro Colorado Island, Panama (Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 61, 421 - 450. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 61.2.421","Pape, T. (1996) Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 8, 1 - 558."]}

Nephochaetopteryx inca sp. nov. (Fig. 14) Type material. HOLOTYPE ♁ (MNRJ): PERU / Tingo Maria / Río [= River] Huallagá / 670m Leg. / W. Weyrauch [printed on rectangular white label]. [Holotype in good condition, with cleared and shrunken terminalia preserved in glycerin in a microvial pinned beneath the specimen.] Description. Male (holotype). Length = 5.3 mm. Head. Fronto-orbital and parafacial plates, postocular strip, gena and postgena with golden microtomentum. Frontal vitta black, reddish anteriorly. Five frontal setae. Palpus yellow. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 2+4; intra-alars 2+2; supra-alars 1+3, anepisternals 4; merals 6. Mid femur with two median setae and with a differentiated posteroventral seta. Ctenidium consisting of three spines. Wing hyaline with dark spot beginning in the terminal portion of vein R 1, filling the distal third of cell r 1 and the upper half of the distal half of cell r 2+3; vein R 4+5 setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. Abdomen. Tergites brown with a band of grayish microtomentum on anterior 4/5 of dorsal and lateral surfaces. Sternites 2 to 4 rectangular, sternite 2 yellow with a median brown strip broadened posteriorly, sternites 3 and 4 brown; sternite 4 with a median patch of thick setae on posterior margin. Terminalia. Sternite 5 brown, wider than long with short and long setae; cleft deep; lobe short and rectangular; arm elongate, with rounded apex (Fig. 14E). Cercus short, shorter than epandrium, tapering distally, with rounded tip bent posteriorly (Fig. 14A). Cercal base with long and thick setae and without setulae on outer lateral margin basally and on distal one-third (Fig. 14A). Cercal prongs with distal halves parallel in dorsal view (Fig. 14B). Surstylus glossiform, with a finger-like projection on posterobasal corner (Fig. 14A). Pregonite shorter than postgonite, with pointed apex and distal half perpendicular to base; anterior margin with a prominent projection; posterior margin convex with small pointed setae (Fig. 14C). Postgonite elongate, with posterior margin sinuous and a narrowed and pointed apex, gently curved anteriorly; anterior margin with one long seta (longer than postgonite) and few minute and pointed setae (Fig. 14D). Basiphallus short, about half as long as distiphallus, T-shaped in lateral view (Fig. 14F). Distiphallus with apical margin rounded, corrugated medially (Fig. 14F). Ventral margin of distiphallus serrated (Fig. 14F). Vesica angled, with distal portion tapering distally and a hook-shaped tip, in lateral view (Fig. 14F). Vesica with a rounded process medially (Fig. 14F). Inner process of vesica with distal portion rectangular (Fig. 14F). Lateral and median stylus very short, of about one-third of width of widest portion of lateral wall of distiphallus, and both inserted medially in distiphallus (Fig. 14F). Female. Unknown. Etymology. The species is named after the Incan culture, which was prevalent in Peru during the pre-Hispanic age. The specific epithet should be treated as a noun in apposition. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Peru (Huánaco). Remarks. This species is similar to N. molinai in the shape of the cercus, distiphallus and gonites and differs from it in having lobe of sternite 5 short and rectangular; vesica with hook-shaped tip in lateral view and apical margin of distiphallus corrugated. In N. molinai the lobe is glossiform; the tip of the vesica is not hook-shaped and the apical margin of the distiphallus is not corrugated.

Nephochaetopteryx coxalis Dodge (Fig. 37G) Nephochaetopteryx coxalis Dodge, 1968a: 279 (key), 282 (description of female). Type locality: Brazil, Minas Gerais, Lassance. Other references: Pape (1996: 260; catalog); Mello-Patiu & Santos (2001: 305; description of female). Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♀ (MNRJ): Lassance-Minas / 20 a 31.I.39 / Martins, Lopes / e Mangabeira [printed on rectangular white label] // Holotype [printed on rectangular red label] // HOLOTYPE / Nephochaetopteryx / coxalis / Det. H. R. Dodge 1964 DE [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label bordered with red] // MNRJ / 2197 [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label]. [Holotype in good condition.] PARATYPE. ♀ (MNRJ): Lassance-Minas / 20 a 31.I.39 / Martins, Lopes / e Mangabeira [printed and hand- written on rectangular white label] // Paratype [printed and handwritten on rectangular green label] // Nephochaeto / pteryx coxalis / PARATYPE / Det. H. R. Dodge [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label]. [Paratype missing its left antenna and left wing; abdomen cleared and dissected, preserved in glycerin in a microvial pinned beneath the specimen.] Redescription. Female. Length = 5.0–6.0 mm (n = 2). Head. Fronto-orbital and parafacial plates, postocular strip, gena and postgena with golden microtomentum. Frontal vitta black with basal half reddish. Six frontal setae. Palpus yellow. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 2+4 (first two small); intra-alars 2+3; supra-alars 2+3; anepisternals 6; merals 4. Fore-coxa light brown with yellowish microtomentum. Mid femur with three median setae and without a differentiated posteroventral seta. Wing hyaline, with a faint brown spot beginning in the terminal portion of vein R 1, filling the distal third of cell r 1 and the upper half of the distal half of cell r 2+3; vein R 4+5 setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. Abdomen. Tergites brown with a band of golden microtomentum on anterior 4/5 of dorsal and lateral surfaces. Sternites dark brown, silver-pollinose, covered with yellowish setulae and marginal setae. Terminalia. As described by Mello-Patiu & Santos (2001, figs 5–6, 31). Male. Unknown. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Brazil (Minas Gerais). Remarks. This species was described based on three females which, according to Dodge (1968a), were characterized by having yellow fore coxa. The holotype and a paratype were examined and their fore coxa is light brown with yellowish microtomentum (Fig. 37G). Some specimens of other species of Nephochaetopteryx also have a light brown fore coxa similar to that of N. coxalis. The type locality of Nephochaetopteryx coxalis is in Minas Gerais, and N. angustifrons and N. pallidifacies are the only other species recorded from this state. These species, as N. coxalis, also have a yellow palpus. However, the female terminalia of N. angustifrons are different from those of N. coxalis (Mello-Patiu & Santos 2001). The female terminalia of N. pallidifacies are unknown., Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on pages 22-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406, {"references":["Dodge, H. R. (1968 a) Nine new Nephochaetopteryx from Brazil (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 41, 277 - 287.","Pape, T. (1996) Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 8, 1 - 558.","Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Santos, J. M. (2001) Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934: descriptions and comparative morphological notes on the female terminalia (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Studia Dipterologica, 8, 303 - 315."]}

Nephochaetopteryx psittacocercus sp. nov. (Fig. 27) Type material. HOLOTYPE ♁ (MZUSP): W: Zamora / (Loja) 1200 m / Ecuador XI. 1970 / L.E. Peña col. [printed on rectangular white label]. [Holotype in good condition.] PARATYPES (2). ♁ (MZUSP): Barreirinhas, PA. / Rio Tapajós. Brasil / X–XI.1970 / Exp. Perm. Amaz. [print- ed on rectangular white label] [paratype in good condition]. ♁ (MZUSP): BRASIL, Acre Cru- / zeiro do Sul, Rio [= River] Moa / 073702S-724615W / 19-28.XI.1996 [printed on rectangular white label] // Arm. Suspensa / lâm. d’agua [= suspended trap above water] [printed on rectangular white label] // J.A. Rafael J. Vidal / & R. L. Menezes [printed on rectangular white label] // 0017639 [printed on rectangular white label] [paratype with terminal portion of thorax cleared and preserved in glycerin in a microvial pinned beneath the specimen]. Description. Male. Length = 4.5 mm (n = 3). Head. Fronto-orbital and parafacial plates and postocular strip with silvery yellow microtomentum. Frontal vitta black. Five frontal setae. Gena and postgena with silvery yellow microtomentum. Palpus brown. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 2+4 (first two weak); intra-alars 3+2; supra-alars 1+3, notopleurals 1 subprimary; anepisternals 5; merals 5. Mid femur with two median setae and without a differentiated posteroventral seta. Ctenidium consisting of three spines. Wing hyaline with dark spot beginning in the terminal portion of vein R 1, filling the distal third of cell r 1 and the upper half of the distal half of cell r 2+3; vein R 4+5 setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. Abdomen. Tergites brown with a band of golden microtomentum on anterior 4/5 of dorsal and lateral surfaces. Sternites 1 to 4 rectangular, yellow with a median brown strip, covered with yellowish setulae and with marginal setae. Terminalia. Sternite 5 brown; cleft deep, nearly reaching middle of sternite; lobe rounded, with a tuft of short setulae; arms divergent, short and narrow (Fig. 27E). Cercus shorter than epandrium, with dorsal margin bearing three rounded projections and pointed apex curved ventrally in lateral view (Fig. 27B). Cercal prongs with divergent tips and one pointed projection on inner lateral margins in dorsal view (Fig. 27A). Cercal prong with small spines (Figs 27 A–B). Setulae restricted to cercal base (Figs 27 A–B). Surstylus elongate and narrowed, with setulae restricted to anterior margin of basal half and with setae restricted to anterior margin of distal half (Fig. 27A). Pregonite shorter than postgonite, subrectangular, with a row of ondulations along anterior margin and with spines on posterior margin (Fig. 27C). Postgonite almost straight, tapering distally with a long seta on anterior margin, with pointed tip curved anteriorly (Fig. 27D). Basiphallus short, strongly angled in lateral view (Fig. 27F). Distiphallus with distal portion enlarged, with dorsal margin sinuous, with apical margin rounded (Fig. 27F). Ventral margin of distiphallus serrated (Fig. 27F). Vesica elongate and angled in lateral view (Fig. 27F). Inner process of vesica rectangular in lateral view (Fig. 27F). Lateral and median styli inserted medially in distiphallus (Fig. 27F). Female. Unknown. Etymology. The specific name, which should be treated as a noun in apposition, is derived from the Latin word “psittacus”, meaning parrot, and “cercus”, alluding to the shape of the cercus, which resembles the beak of a parrot in lateral view. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Ecuador (Zamora), Brazil (Acre, Pará). Remarks. Nephochaetopteryx psittacocercus sp. nov. is similar to N. orbitalis in the shape of the cercus and distiphallus. It differs from this species in having cercus with three lobes in lateral view, tip of cercus sharply pointed, surstylus elongate and pregonite subrectangular. In N. orbitalis the cercus has two lobes and a rounded tip, surstylus triangular and pregonite claw-shaped., Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on pages 59-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406

Nephochaetopteryx subaurata (Engel) (Fig. 32) Bercaea subaurata Engel, 1931: 142 (description of male). Type locality: Bolivia, San José de Chiquitos. Nephochaetopteryx subaurata: Lopes (1969: 28; catalog); Pape (1996: 262; catalog). Material examined. Nephochaetopteryx subaurata was described based on the holotype ♁ deposited in Staatliches Museum f̹r Naturkunde Stuttgart (SMNS), Stuttgart, Germany. The holotype was not examined directly, therefore the redescription is based on photographs of the holotype and figures from the original description. The label of the holotype shows the following data: S. José n̂rdl. 80 Km Boliv. X. 26 [handwritten by Lindner] / Lindner, D Chaco Exped [printed]. Redescription. Male (holotype) (Fig. 32A). Length = 4.5 mm. Head. Parafacial plate and postocular strip with golden microtomentum; fronto-orbital plate with silvery microtomentum. Frontal vitta black with upper half reddish-brown. Five frontal setae. Gena and postgena with golden microtomentum. Palpus brown. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 2+4; intra-alars 2+3; supra-alars 1+3; notopleurals 1 subprimary; anepisternals 5; merals 6. Mid femur with two median setae and without a differentiated posteroventral seta. Ctenidium consisting of four spines. Wing hyaline. Abdomen. Tergites brown with a band of silvery microtomentum on anterior 4/5 of dorsal and lateral surfaces. Terminalia (Fig. 32B). Sternite 5 brown; with a deep cleft, nearly reaching middle region; lobe rounded and with a tuft of short setulae; arms divergent, short and narrow. Cercus shorter than epandrium, with a rounded projection covered with spines on inner lateral margin in distal half and with tip pointed and curved ventrally. Cercal base with long and thick setae; cercal prong with short setae. Pregonite longer than wide, with rounded apex. Postgonite longer than wide, with pointed apex. Distiphallus with apical margin rounded and ventral margin serrated. Vesica elongate and angled in lateral view. Female. Unknown. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Argentina (Chaco), Bolivia (San José de Chiquitos). Remarks. This species is similar to N. cyaneiventris, N. orbitalis and N. psittacocercus sp. nov. in having cercal prongs with spines. Nephochaetopteryx cyaneiventris differs from N. subaurata in having cercus with a prominent projection. Nephochaetopteryx subaurata differs from N. orbitalis and N. psittacocercus sp. nov. in having cercal prongs without a rounded lateral projection. In the catalogue of Sarcophagidae of the Americas south of the United States (Lopes 1969) and in the Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the World (Pape 1996), the type locality of N. subaurata is given as San José in Argentina, which is the same locality mentioned in the original description by Engel (1931). According to Dufek et al. (2020), San José is “Estancia San José”, a province of Formosa in Argentina. However, Dr. Erwin Lindner (collector of the holotype) was in San José, northeast Argentina, in October 1925, and he collected around San José de Chiquitos in Bolivia in September and October 1926. Therefore, as in the holotype label the word “Boliv,” and the date “X.26” are clearly stated, the locality “S. José” cannot be in Argentina, as Engel (1931) presumed (Dr. Hans-Peter Tschorsnig, pers. comm.). Until recently, N. subaurata was known only from the holotype male, but another specimen was recentely recorded from the Humid Chaco region, Argentina by Dufek et al. (2020)., Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on pages 68-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406, {"references":["Engel, O. (1931) Die Ausbeute der deutschen Chaco-Expedition 1925 / 26. Diptera. XXVI. Anthomyidae, XXVII. Muscidae und XXVIII. Sarcophagidae. Konowia, 10, 133 - 154.","Lopes, H. S. (1969) Family Sarcophagidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Vol. 103. Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, S \" o Paulo, pp. 1 - 88.","Pape, T. (1996) Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 8, 1 - 558.","Dufek, M. I, Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Mulieri, P. R. (2020) Inventory of Sarcophaginae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) for the Humid Chaco, a poorly surveyed ecoregion of South America, Journal of Natural History, 54, 367 - 403. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2020.1764646"]}

Nephochaetopteryx distincta Dodge (Figs 10, 37 A–B) Nephochaetopteryx distincta Dodge, 1968b: 423 (key), 436 (descriptions of male and female). Type locality: Panama, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island. Other references: Pape (1996: 260; catalog); Lopes (1975b: 513–514; redescription of holotype male). Nephochaetopteryx hyalina Dodge, 1968b: 423 (key), 436 (description of male). Type locality: Panama, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island. Other references: Lopes (1975b: 513; proposal of synonymy, examination of holotype male). Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♁ (SEMC): Barro Colo. Is., C. Z. / 12.II.1955 No. 1955 / Carl W. Retten- meyer [printed on rectangular white label] // From over swarm / raid of Eciton / burchelli [printed on rectangular white label] // HOLOTYPE / Nephochaetopteryx / distincta / Dodge [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label bordered with red]. [Holotype in good condition, lacking left mid leg, with abdomen cleared and glued to thorax; terminalia (including sternite 5) glued to a card triangle pinned beneath the specimen.] PARATYPE. ♀ (SEMC): PANAMA-Canal Zone / Barro Colorado Is. / 28.III.63 No. / CW & ME Rettenmeyer [printed on rectangular white label] // Take in/ Malaise trap [printed on rectangular white label] // Nephochaetopteryx / distincta / Det. 1964 / Dodge ALLOTYPE [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label bordered with red]. [Paratype in good condition.] HOLOTYPE ♁ of N. hyalina (SEMC): Barro Colorado I / Canal Zone, Panama / 16.II.1956 No. 1171 / C.W. & M.E. Rettenmeyer [printed on rectangular white label] // From over swarm / raid of Eciton / burchelli [printed on rectangular white label] // HOLOTYPE / Nephochaetopteryx / hyaline / Dodge [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label bordered with red] // Nephochaetopteryx / distincta (Dodge) / (= hyalina Dodge) / VII.74 / Det. H.S. Lopes [printed on rectangular white label]. [Holotype in good condition, lacking right fore leg, with cleared abdomen glued to thorax and terminalia glued to a card triangle pinned beneath the specimen.] Additional material examined. Panama. Panama: Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, 02.III.1967, leg. R. G. Akre (2 ♁♁, WSU). Redescription. Male. Length = 6.2–6.3 mm (n = 4). Head. Fronto-orbital and parafacial plates with golden microtomentum. Postocular strip with silvery microtomentum. Frontal vitta black, with basal half reddish. Six frontal setae. Gena and postgena with golden microtomentum. Palpus brown. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 3+4 (first two weak); intra-alars 2+2; supra-alars 2+3; notopleurals 1, subprimary; anepisternals 6; merals 5. Mid femur with two differentiated median setae and without a differentiated posteroventral seta. Ctenidium consisting of four spines. Wing hyaline; vein R 2+3 with setulae ventrally; vein R 4+5 setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. Abdomen. Tergites brown with a band of gray microtomentum on anterior 4/5 of dorsal and lateral surfaces. Sternites 1 to 4 yellowish-brown with a median brown spot, covered with yellowish setulae and with marginal setae (Fig. 37A). Sternite 4 with a median patch of thick setae near posterior margin (Fig. 37A). Terminalia. Sternite 5 brown, with a deep cleft, nearly reaching middle of sternite; lobe rounded and with a tuft of short setulae and several long and short setae; arm wide, with rounded apex, covered with setae. Syntergosternite 7+8, epandrium and cercus brown. Cercus shorter than epandrium, tapering distally in lateral view, with an apical pointed projection ventrally (Fig. 10A). Cercal prongs parallel in dorsal view, with a preapical tuft of long setulae on inner lateral margins (Fig. 10B). Surstylus almost triangular, without setulae on basal margin and with some scattered fine setae (Fig. 10A). Pregonite wide and short (shorter than postgonite), with apex perpendicular to base; ventral and posterior margins with short and pointed setae (Fig. 10C). Postgonite elongate with apex slightly curved anteriorly and posterior margin with a long seta (longer than postgonite) and some small, pointed setae (Fig. 10D). Basiphallus short, about half as long as distiphallus, with proximal region narrowed and curved dorsally (Fig. 10E). Distiphallus elongate, with dorsal margin sinuous and apical margin rounded (Fig. 10E). Ventral margin of distiphallus with two prominent projections, a proximal projection that is glossiform, serrated apically and strongly curved toward the base of the distiphallus and a distal projection that is rounded and placed below vesica base (Fig. 10E). Vesica dome-shaped (Fig. 10E). Median and lateral styli small, of about one-third of width of widest portion of lateral wall of distiphallus, and both inserted close to apical surface of distiphallus (Fig. 10E). Female. Terminalia not described. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Panama (Panama). Remarks. This species is similar to N. travassosi and N. sofiae sp. nov. in having vein R 2+3 with setulae ventrally and vesica dome-shaped. However, it differs from the other two in having glossiform projection of ventral margin of distiphallus strongly curved toward the base of the distiphallus. Nephochaetopteryx distincta differs from N. travassosi in having sternites 1 to 4 yellow with a brown strip and cercal prongs parallel. In N. travassosi the sternites are brown and the cercal prongs are strongly divergent. The differences between N. distincta and N. sofiae sp. nov. are discussed in the remarks on the latter species. The nominal species N. hyalina and N. distincta were described by Dodge (1968b), both based only on male specimens from Panama. Dodge (1968b) pointed out that both are very similar, differing only in the presence of a median patch of setae on sternite 3 and the wing lacking a brown spot in N. hyalina. Lopes (1975b) analyzed the holotypes of these species and considered N. hyalina a junior synonym of N. distincta, since he did not find differences in the male terminalia. The wing spot is a variable feature that may change during the lifetime of specimens, since newly emerged specimens of Nephochaetopteryx show wings without or with a faint brown spot (FSCF, personal observation). The median patch of setae on sternite 3 of N. hyalina is different to the patch on sternite 4, since the setae are only weakly differentiated from the others on the same sternite (Figs 37 A–B). We examined the holotypes of N. hyalina and N. distincta and did not find differences in the male terminalia. Therefore, the synonymy proposed by Lopes (1975b) is maintained., Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on pages 27-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406, {"references":["Dodge, H. R. (1968 b) The Sarcophagidae of Barro Colorado Island, Panama (Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 61, 421 - 450. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 61.2.421","Pape, T. (1996) Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 8, 1 - 558.","Lopes, H. S. (1975 b) On the types of some Sarcophagidae from Panama, described by H. R. Dodge (Diptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 34, 511 - 522."]}

Nephochaetopteryx boruca sp. nov. (Fig. 5) Type material. HOLOTYPE ♁ (MNRJ): Costa Rica: Cartago / Turiaba 2000 / 17 July 1965 / H.G. Real [printed on rectangular white label]. [Holotype in good condition, with abdomen and terminalia cleared and preserved in glycerin in a microvial pinned beneath the specimen.] Description. Male (holotype). Length = 5.0 mm. Head. Fronto-orbital and parafacial plates, gena and postgena and postocular strip with grayish-yellow microtomentum. Frontal vitta black, with basal half reddish-brown. Six frontal setae. Palpus brown. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 2+4 (first two weak); intra-alars 2+2; supra-alars 1+3, notopleurals 1, subprimary; anepisternals 6; merals 6. Ctenidium consisting of three or four spines. Mid femur with two median setae and without a differentiated posteroventral seta. Wing hyaline, with a dark spot beginning in the terminal portion of vein R 1 and filling the distal third of cell r 1 and the upper half of the distal half of cell r 2+3; vein R 4+5 setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. Abdomen. Tergites brown with a band of golden microtomentum on anterior 4/5 of dorsal and lateral surfaces. Sternite 2 yellow with a brown median strip; sternites 3 to 4 brown with lateral margin yellow. Sternites 2 to 4 with yellowish setulae and some black marginal setae and sternite 4 with a median patch of thick setae near posterior margin. Terminalia. Sternite 5 brown, longer than wide, with small setae restricted to posterior half; cleft shallow, extending slightly beyond base of lobe; lobe rounded, with a tuft of short setulae; arm very small, as long as lobe (Fig. 5E). Syntergosternite 7+8, epandrium and cercus brown. Cercus, tapering distally in lateral view, with pointed apex, bent anteriorly, and a very small, rounded preapical protuberance dorsally (Fig. 5A). Cercal prongs separated and parallel in dorsal view (Fig. 5B). Cercus without setulae on lateral margins and prongs, and with long and thick setae restricted to cercal base (Figs 5 A–B). Surstylus triangular, with a small protuberance basally on anterior margin, with setulae restricted to posterobasal corner and a long seta apically (Fig. 5A). Pregonite elongate, with distal portion perpendicular to base, with rounded apex and with small, pointed setae on posterior margin (Fig. 5C). Postgonite narrowed distally, with apex curved anteriorly and a long seta on anterior margin (Fig. 5D). Basiphallus T-shaped in lateral view, about one-third of length of distiphallus (Fig. 5F). Distiphallus club-shaped in lateral view, with apical margins sinuous; ventral margin with grooves (Fig. 5F). Vesica L-shaped in lateral view, with distal half covered with minute cuticular spines and basal half with a prominent projection (Fig. 5F). Lateral and median styli elongate, of about half of width of widest portion of lateral wall of distiphallus, and both inserted close to apical surface of distiphallus (Fig. 5F). Female. Unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet derives from the word “Boruca”, which is the designation of an indigenous people from Costa Rica, and should be treated as a noun in apposition. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Costa Rica (Cartago). Remarks. This species shares with N. pallidiventris and N. spinosa the short, T-shaped distiphallus and Lshaped vesica, but it can be distinguished from these species by having cercus elongate and tapering distally and surstylus triangular. In N. pallidiventris and N. spinosa the cercus is short and truncate apically and the surstylus is rounded., Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on pages 17-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406

Nephochaetopteryx marianae Dodge (Fig. 18) Nephochaetopteryx marianae Dodge, 1968b: 423 (key), 436 (description of male). Type locality: Panama, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island. Other references: Pape (1996: 261; catalog). Type material examined. PARATYPE. ♁ (SEMC): Barro Colo. Is., C.Z. / 12.II.1955 No. 834 / Carl W. Rettenmey- er [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label] // From over swarm / raid of Eciton / burchelli // Paratype [printed on rectangular green label] // PARATYPE / Nephochaetopteryx / marianae / Dodge [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label bordered with red]. [Paratype stored in a pinned plastic microvial.] Additional material examined. Panama. Panama: Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, 28.III.1967, leg. R. G. Akre (1 ♁, WSU). Redescription. Male. Length = 4.0– 5.6 mm (n = 2). Head. Fronto-orbital and parafacial plates, gena and postgena with golden microtomentum. Postocular strip with silvery microtomentum. Frontal vitta reddish-brown. Six frontal setae. Palpus brown. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 3+4 (first two weak); intra-alars 2+4; supra-alars 2+3, notopleurals 1 subprimary; anepisternals 5; merals 5. Mid femur with two median setae and without a posteroventral differentiated seta. Ctenidium consisting of three spines. Wing hyaline, with dark brown spot beginning in the terminal portion of vein R 1, filling the distal third of cell r 1 and the upper half of the distal half of cell r 2+3; vein R 4+5 setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. Abdomen. Tergites brown with a band of golden microtomentum on anterior 4/5 of dorsal and lateral surfaces. Sternites 1 to 2 light brown and sternites 3 to 4 dark brown; sternites with yellowish setulae and with marginal setae. Sternite 4 with a median patch of thick setae on posterior margin. Terminalia. Sternite 5 brown with long and short slender setae; shallow cleft not surpassing the anterior margin of lobe; lobe rounded and with a tuft of short setulae; arm wider than long with rounded apex (Fig. 18E). Cercus elongate, slightly bent posteriorly and with a preapical rounded protuberance dorsally (Fig. 18A). Cercal prongs convergent (Fig. 18B). Surstylus triangular, slightly curved anteriorly, with rounded apex; setulae restricted to a band basally and setae concentrated on distal half (Fig. 18A). Pregonite with widened base and distal half perpendicular to base, with anterior margin bearing granulations and with grooves, posterior margin with a row of setae (Fig. 18C). Postgonite almost straight, short (shorter than pregonite) with pointed apex curved anteriorly and a long seta and some small pointed setae on anterior margin (Fig. 18D). Basiphallus shorter than distiphallus, gently curved dorsally (Fig. 18F). Distiphallus club-shaped, with a sinuous ventral margin bearing a small claw-like projection (Fig. 18F). Vesica angled with a triangular projection basally and a rounded protuberance distally in lateral view (Fig. 18F). Apex of vesica with a rounded projection covered with microtrichia (Fig. 18F). Inner process of vesica longer than wide (Fig. 18F). Lateral and median styli short, of about one-fourth width as the widest portion lateral wall of distiphallus, and both inserted medially in distiphallus (Fig. 18F). Median stylus with a basal projection (Fig. 18F). Female. Unknown. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Panama (Panama). Remarks. This species is similar to N. utinguensis since it has pregonite with grooves and with granulations on anterior margin, apex of vesica rounded, covered with microtrichia, and arm of sternite 5 widened. However, it differs from N. utinguensis in having a brown palpus and distal half of vesica with a large, rounded projection. In N. utinguensis the palpus is brown and the projection of the vesica is small and triangular., Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on page 42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406, {"references":["Dodge, H. R. (1968 b) The Sarcophagidae of Barro Colorado Island, Panama (Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 61, 421 - 450. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 61.2.421","Pape, T. (1996) Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 8, 1 - 558."]}

Nephochaetopteryx orbitalis (Curran & Walley) (Fig. 22) Sarcophagula orbitalis Curran & Walley, 1934: 478 (description of male). Type locality: Guyana, Kartabo. Nephochaetopteryx orbitalis: Lopes (1936: 85; redescription of male, description of female, description of puparium, and key); Dodge (1968a: 279; key); Lopes (1969: 28, catalog); Pape (1996: 261; catalog); Mello-Patiu & Santos (2001: 309; redescription of female). Material examined. Brazil. Pará: Bragança, Mata do Lob „o, 14–15.VIII.2008, butterfly trap baited with banana, leg. R. C.O. Santos (2 ♀♀, MPEG). Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, 23.XI.1971, H.S. Lopes leg. (1 ♁, MNRJ); same data but 1935 (1 ♁, MNRJ). Redescription. Male. Length = 4.5–5.0 mm (n = 6). Head. Fronto-orbital and parafacial plates and postocular strip with silvery yellow microtomentum. Frontal vitta black. Five frontal setae. Gena and postgena with silvery-yellow microtomentum. Palpus brown. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 2+4 (first two shorter); intra-alars 3+2; supra-alars 1+3, notopleurals 1 subprimary, anepisternals 5; merals 5. Mid femur with two median setae and without differentiated posteroventral seta. Ctenidium consisting of three spines. Wing hyaline with dark spot beginning in the terminal portion of vein R 1, filling the distal third of r 1 and the upper half of the distal half of cell r; vein R 4+5 setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. 2+3 Abdomen. Tergites brown with a band of golden microtomentum on anterior 4/5 of dorsal and lateral surfaces. Sternites 1 to 4 rectangular, yellow with a median brown strip, covered with yellowish setulae and with marginal setae. Terminalia. Sternite 5 brown; with a deep cleft, nearly reaching middle of sternite; lobe rounded and with a tuft of short setulae; arms divergent, short and narrow (Fig. 22E). Cercus shorter than epandrium with dorsal margin with two rounded projections and pointed apex curved ventrally in lateral view (Fig. 22A). Cercal prongs widely separated in dorsal view, with a rounded projection on the inner lateral margins (Fig. 22B). Cercal prong with small spines, with setulae restricted to cercal base (Figs 22 A–B). Pregonite shorter than postgonite, with pointed apex perpendicular to base; posterior margin with small pointed setae (Fig. 22C). Postgonite almost straight, tapering distally, with a long seta on anterior margin (Fig. 22D). Basiphallus short, about half as long as distiphallus length; with narrowed distal half (Fig. 22F). Distiphallus with enlarged distal portion, with dorsal margin sinuous, apical surface rounded and ventral margin serrated (Fig. 22F). Vesica elongate, angled in lateral view (Fig. 22F). Inner process of vesica rectangular in lateral view (Fig. 22F). Median and lateral styli inserted medially in distiphallus (Fig. 22F). Female. Terminalia as described by Mello-Patiu & Santos (2001, figs 17–18, 37). Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Brazil (Minas Gerais, Pará, Rio de Janeiro), Guyana (Bartica). Remarks. Nephochaetopteryx orbitalis is very similar to N. psittacocercus sp. nov., from which differs by the shape of the cercus and pregonite (see remarks under N. psittacocercus sp. nov.). Nephochaetopteryx orbitalis, N. affinis, N. cyaneiventris, N. psittacocercus sp. nov., N. coendu sp. nov. and N. subaurata are the only species that have cercal prongs with spines. Nephochaetopteryx orbitalis differs from these species in having two rounded projections in the distal portion of the cercus and by the overall shape of the cercus. The holotype of N. orbitalis was not studied. Even though the illustration of the terminalia in the original description by Curran & Walley (1934) is not detailed, the two characteristic lobes of the cercus are evident in the analyzed specimens from the Brazilian Amazon (Pará), relatively close to the type locality in Guyana. The redescription provided by Lopes (1936) was also not based on the holotype. We analyzed the specimens studied by Lopes (1936), and they are similar to those from the Brazilian Amazon., Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on page 49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406, {"references":["Curran, C. H. & Walley, G. S. (1934) Sarcophagidae. In: Curran, C. H. (Ed.), The Diptera of Kartabo, Bartica District, British Guiana, with descriptions of new species from other British Guiana localities. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 66, 474 - 491.","Lopes, H. S. (1936) Sarcophagideos neotropicas novos ou pouco conhecidos (Dipt.). Archivos do Instituo de Biologia Vegetal, 3, 71 - 90.","Dodge, H. R. (1968 a) Nine new Nephochaetopteryx from Brazil (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 41, 277 - 287.","Lopes, H. S. (1969) Family Sarcophagidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Vol. 103. Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, S \" o Paulo, pp. 1 - 88.","Pape, T. (1996) Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 8, 1 - 558.","Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Santos, J. M. (2001) Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934: descriptions and comparative morphological notes on the female terminalia (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Studia Dipterologica, 8, 303 - 315."]}

Nephochaetopteryx pallidiventris Townsend (Figs 25, 38A, C–E) Nephochaetopteryx pallidiventris Townsend, 1934: 203 (description of female). Type locality: Brazil, Pará, Rio Tapajós, Boa Vista. Other references: Lopes (1936: 83–85; description of male and key); Lopes (1968: 53; redescription of paratype female); Dodge (1968a: 279; key); Lopes (1969: 28; catalog); Lopes (1975a: 277; redescriptions of male and female); Lopes (1979: 155; redescription of female and description of first instar larva); Tibana & Hime (1985: 339–342; redescriptions of male and female); Pape (1996: 261; catalog); Mello-Patiu & Santos (2001: 309; redescription of female). Nephochaetopteryx angrensis Dodge, 1968a: 281 (description of male). Type locality: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Angra dos Reis, Japuhyba [= Japuíba]. Other references: Dodge (1968a: 279; key); Lopes (1975a: 277; proposal of synonymy). Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♁ (MNRJ): Holotype [printed on rectangular red label bordered with black] // HOLOTYPE / Nephochaetopteryx / angrensis / Dodge [printed on rectangular white label bordered with red] // MNRJ / 2191 [handwritten and printed on rectangular white label]. [Holotype missing head, wings, fore legs, mid legs and left hind leg; terminalia cleared and preserved in glycerin in a microvial pinned beneath the specimen.] PARATYPE. ♁ (MNRJ): JAPUHYBA / ANGRA 23–3 – 940 / J. LANE E LOPES [printed on rectangular white label bordered with black] // Paratype [printed on green label bordered with black] // PARATYPE / Nephochaetopteryx / angrensis / Det. 1964 / Dodge [printed and handwritten on rectangular white label bordered with red]. [Paratype in good condition, with sternite 5 glued to a card triangle; left hind leg and rest of terminalia missing.] Additional material examined. Brazil. Amazonas: Manaus, C. Univers. [= University Campus], 24. VI.1982, Malaise trap, leg. J.A. Rafael (1 ♁, INPA). Ceará: Pacatuba, 350m, 23.VII.1973, leg. H.S. Lopes (1 ♁, 2 ♀♀, MNRJ). Pará: Belém, Parque Estadual do [= State Park] Utinga, VIII.69, leg. H.S. Lopes (1 ♁, MNRJ); Bragança, Mata do Lobão, 14–15.VIII.2008, butterfly trap baited with banana, leg. R. C.O. Santos (6 ♁♁, MPEG). Rio de Janeiro: Jardim Botânico, leg. H.S. Lopes (1 ♁, MNRJ). Redescription. Male. Length = 4.8–5.3 mm (n = 10). Head. Fronto-orbital plate, parafacial plates and postocular strip with golden microtomentum. Frontal vitta black. Five frontal setae. Gena and postgena with golden microtomentum. Palpus brown. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 2+4; intra-alars 2+3; supra-alars 2+3; anepisternals 4; merals 5. Mid femur with two median setae and with a differentiated posteroventral seta (Fig. 38A). Ctenidium consisting of three spines. Wing hyaline with dark spot beginning in the terminal portion of vein R 1, filling the distal third of cell r 1 and the upper half of the distal half of cell r 2+3; vein R 4+5 setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. Abdomen. Syntergite 1+2 orange, tergite 3 with anterior half orange and posterior half dark brown; tergites 4 and 5 dark brown; tergites with a band of golden microtomentum on lateral margin of anterior half. Sternites 1 to 4 rectangular, yellow, covered with yellowish setulae and with marginal setae. Sternite 4 with a median patch of spine-like setae on posterior margin (Fig. 38E) and a black spot beneath the patch. Terminalia. Sternite 5 brown; longer than wide with setae restricted to anterior half, concentrated mainly on arm and the region below the lobe; cleft shallow, extending slightly beyond base of lobe; lobe rounded and with a tuft of short setulae (Figs 38 C–D); arm short and clubbed, parallel to lobe (Fig. 25E).Cercus straight and short (shorter than epandrium), with cercal base enlarged and cercal prong narrowed; tip of cercus rectangular and with a small apical knob in the ventral margin in lateral view (Fig. 25B). Cerci divergent in dorsal view, with rounded tips (Fig. 25A). Setulae absent on tip and outer lateral margin of cercus, with long setae on proximal half (Figs 25 A–B). Surstylus clubbed, with setae restricted to apical half and with a narrow strip of setulae on basal half (Fig. 25B). Pregonite tapering toward the apex with distal half perpendicular to base, bearing some minute pointed setae (Fig. 25C). Postgonite claw-shaped, gently curved anteriorly, about the same length of pregonite, with a long seta on posterior margin and with small pointed setulae on distal half (Fig. 25D). Basiphallus short, about one third length of distiphallus, T-shaped in lateral view (Fig. 25F). Distiphallus with proximal half narrowed and distal half enlarged, with dorsal margin sinuous and rounded apical margin. Ventral margin serrated, with grooves laterally (Fig. 25F). Vesica angled in lateral view, with distal portion parallel to the ventral margin of distiphallus; elongate and narrow, with a rounded middle projection (Fig. 25F). Inner process of vesica hammer-shaped, with curved apex in lateral view (Fig. 25F). Lateral and median styli short, of about one-fifth of width of widest portion of lateral wall of distiphallus, and both inserted apically in distiphallus (Fig. 25F). Female. Terminalia as described by Mello-Patiu & Santos (2001, figs 19–21, 38). Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Brazil (Ceará, Minas Gerais, Pará, Rio de Janeiro). Remarks. Nephochaetopteryx pallidiventris shares with N. spinosa and N. boruca sp. nov. the narrow and angled vesica, the T-shaped basiphallus, and sternite 5 longer than wide. The cerci of N. pallidiventris and N. spinosa are similar, but these species are easily separated by the shape of the vesica (see remarks under N. spinosa). Nephochaetopteryx pallidiventris was described by Townsend (1934) based on three female specimens from the state of Pará in Brazil. The description is short and does not contain information or illustrations about the terminalia. Lopes (1936) obtained some male specimens from rearing larvae extracted from a gravid female from Rio de Janeiro with coloration similar to that in the description of Townsend (1934). Therefore, these specimens were identified as N. pallidiventris by Lopes (1936), who described the male of this species for the first time. Subsequently, Lopes (1968) analyzed the two paratypes of N. pallidiventris and only one of them was similar to the female described by Lopes (1936). Finally, Lopes (1979) redescribed the female holotype of N. pallidiventris and observed that its terminalia are similar to those of the female described as N. palidiventris by him in a previous work (Lopes 1936). Lopes (1975a) considered the species N. angrensis Dodge (1968) to be a junior synonym of N. pallidiventris. The terminalia of the holotype of N. angrensis are similar to those of N. pallidiventris, and thus the synonymy proposed by Lopes (1975a) is maintained., Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on pages 54-57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406, {"references":["Townsend, C. H. T. (1934) New Neotropical oestromuscoid flies. Revista de Entomologia, 4, 201 - 212.","Lopes, H. S. (1936) Sarcophagideos neotropicas novos ou pouco conhecidos (Dipt.). Archivos do Instituo de Biologia Vegetal, 3, 71 - 90.","Lopes, H. S. (1968) Notes on the paratypes of some sarcophagid flies described by C. H. Townsend (Diptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 28, 51 - 60.","Dodge, H. R. (1968 a) Nine new Nephochaetopteryx from Brazil (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 41, 277 - 287.","Lopes, H. S. (1969) Family Sarcophagidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Vol. 103. Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, S \" o Paulo, pp. 1 - 88.","Lopes, H. S. (1975 a) Sarcophagid flies (Diptera) from Pacatuba, State of Ceara. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 34, 271 - 294.","Lopes, H. S. (1979) On the holotypes of some Neotropical Sarcophagidae (Diptera) described by C. H. T. Townsend. Canadian Entomologist, 111, 149 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 111149 - 2","Tibana, R. & Hime, N. C. (1985) Redescric \" o de Nephochaetopteryx pallidiventris Townsend, 1934 e descric \" o de N. utinguensis, sp. n. (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 44, 339 - 345.","Pape, T. (1996) Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 8, 1 - 558.","Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Santos, J. M. (2001) Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934: descriptions and comparative morphological notes on the female terminalia (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Studia Dipterologica, 8, 303 - 315."]}

Nephochaetopteryx paraensis Dodge (Fig. 26) Nephochaetopteryx paraensis Dodge, 1968a: 279 (key), 285 (description of male). Type locality: Brazil, Pará, Rio Alcobaca [= Alcobaça] (= Tucuruí). Other references: Pape (1996: 261; catalog). Material examined. Brazil. Acre: Cruzeiro do Sul, Rio Moa [=Moa River], 07°37’02”S 72°46’15”W, 19–28.XI.1996, suspended trap above water surface, leg. J.A. Rafael, J. Vidal & R. L. Menezes (1 ♁, INPA). Mato Grosso: Cáceres, Polonoroeste, 21.XI.1984, leg. C. Elias (1 ♁, DZUP). Pará: Bragança, Mata do Lob „o, 14–15.VIII.2008, butterfly trap baited with banana, leg. R.C.O. Santos (7 ♁♁, MPEG). Roraima: Ilha de Maracá [= Maracá Island], Rio Uraricoera [= Uraricoera River] (1 ♁, DZUP). Redescripton. Male. Length = 4.0– 4.3 mm (n = 10). Head. Fronto-orbital and parafacial plates with golden microtomentum, postocular strip with silvery microtomentum. Frontal vitta black. Six frontal setae. Gena and postgena with silvery microtomentum. Palpus brown. Thorax. Chaetotaxy: dorsocentrals 2+4 (first two weak); intra-alars 2+3; supra-alars 2+3; anepisternals 5; merals 5. Mid femur with three median setae and without a differentiated posteroventral seta. Ctenidium consisting of four spines. Wing hyaline, with dark brown spot beginning in the terminal portion of vein R 1, filling the distal third of cell r 1 and the upper half of the distal half of cell r 2+3; vein R 4+5 setulose dorsally to crossvein r-m. Abdomen. Tergites brown with a band of golden microtomentum on anterior 4/5 of dorsal and lateral surfaces. Sternites 1 to 3 orange and 4 and 5 brown, covered with yellowish setulae and with marginal setae. Terminalia. Sternite 5 brown, with a shallow cleft, not passing the base of lobe; lobe pointed, without setulae; posterior arm clubbed, projected posteriorly (Fig. 26E). Cercus elongate, sinuous and tapering distally in lateral view (Fig. 26A). Cercal prongs parallel, with divergent tips (Fig. 26B). Cercus with apical margin and inner lateral margin without setulae, with thick and long setae on cercal base (Figs 26 A–B). Surstylus conical, with pointed apex strongly curved posteriorly, without setulae and with some small setae sparsely distributed (Fig. 26A). Pregonite conical, curved anteriorly, with a conspicuous elongate clubbed projection basally (Fig. 26C). Postgonite conical, about the same length of pregonite, with a long seta and with some small pointed setae on anterior margin (Fig. 26D). Basiphallus longer than wide, with narrowed basal half strongly curved dorsally (Fig. 26F). Distiphallus club-shaped, ventral margin sinuous with a small finger-like projection (Fig. 26F). Vesica strongly angled, with a triangular projection in proximal half (Fig. 26F). Inner process of vesica longer than wide in lateral view (Fig. 26F). Lateral and median styli short, of about one-fourth of width of widest portion of lateral wall of distiphallus, and both inserted medially in distiphallus (Fig. 26F). Median stylus with a projection basally (Fig. 26F). Female. Unknown. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL—Brazil (Acre, Mato Grosso, Pará, Roraima). Remarks. This species is similar to N. lopesi, N. tinguensis and N. similis sp. nov. in having ventral margin of distiphallus with a small finger-like projection and vesica strongly angled. However, N. paraensis differs from other Nephochaetopteryx species in having postgonite with a conspicuous clubbed projection and lobe of sternite 5 pointed. The holotype of N. paraensis, deposited in USNM, was not examined. However, the highly characteristic shape of the male sternite 5 and postgonite allowed us to reliably identify additional specimens from the type locality and from other localities in the Brazilian Amazon. This species is widely distributed in the Brazilian Amazon, and it is here newly recorded from the states of Acre, Mato Grosso and Roraima., Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Fernando Da Silva, Esposito, Maria Cristina & Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes De, 2021, Revision of Nephochaetopteryx Townsend, 1934 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4928 (1) on pages 57-59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4928.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4544406, {"references":["Dodge, H. R. (1968 a) Nine new Nephochaetopteryx from Brazil (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 41, 277 - 287.","Pape, T. (1996) Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 8, 1 - 558."]}

Liriomyza valladaresae Carvalho-Filho, Almeida & Esposito, 2016 Liriomyza flagellae Valladares, 1986; Spencer, 1990: 67 (nomen nudum); Martinez & Etienne, 2002: 37 (nomen nudum). Liriomyza valladaresae, Carvalho-Filho et al., 2016: 446. Diagnosis. Wing length 2.6���3.2 mm. Head, face and antenna pale orange; mesonotum predominantly black, with dark marking almost reaching the scutellum; scutellum yellowish, sometimes with small black spot laterally; calypter light brown, fringe brown. Aedeagus (Fig. 4���6 in Carvalho-Filho et al. 2016): basiphallus slightly sclerotized with two extensions distally; mesophallus fused to distiphallus, forming two long sinuous tubules. Host-plants. Amaranthaceae��� Alternanthera tenella Colla, Amaranthus viridis L. Distribution. Argentina, Brazil. Material examined. Brazil, Par��, Bel��m: Jardim Bot��nico Bosque Rodrigues Alves, 1��25���48.2���S, 48��27���23.5���W, 18-XII-1992, M.C. Esposito [collector], ex leaf of Alternanthera tenella (♂); Campus de Pesquisa do Museu Paraense Em��lio Goeldi, 1��26���56.3���S, 48��26���43.2���W, 01-III-1993, M.C. Esposito [collector], ex leaf of Alternanthera tenella (♀); Universidade Federal do Par�� (UFPA), 1��28���17.2���S, 48��26���44.7���W, 20-VIII-2015, N. Monteiro [collector], ex leaf of Alternanthera tenella (♂); same location, 08-II-2017, N. Monteiro [collector], ex leaf of Alternanthera tenella (♂); same location, 22-XII-2016, N. Monteiro [collector], ex leaf of Alternanthera tenella (♂); Passagem J��der Barba II, 1��25���06.9���S, 48��26���34.2���W, 20-VII-2016, N. Monteiro [collector], ex leaf of Alternanthera tenella (♀). Comments. Liriomyza valladaresae is similar to Liriomyza equiseti de Meijere in that the aedeagus forms a pair of sinuous tubules on the distiphallus, and it is differentiated mostly by the shape of the surstylus (with an apical spine in L. equiseti and no spines in L. valladaresae)., Published as part of Monteiro, Nilton Juvencio Santiago, Barbosa, Rodrigo Rendeiro & Esposito, Maria Cristina, 2019, Agromyzidae (Diptera: Schizophora) in the state of Par��: new species and new records in Brazil, pp. 151-182 in Zootaxa 4624 (2) on page 175, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4624.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3259200, {"references":["Carvalho-Filho, F. da. S., Almeida, F. R. de. A. & Esposito, M. C. (2016) Description of a nomen nudum species of Liriomyza Mik and first record of Liriomyza blechi Spencer from Brazil (Insecta: Diptera: Agromyzidae). Zootaxa, 4088 (3), 445 - 450. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4088.3.10","Valladares, G. (1986) Agromyzidae (Diptera) Neotropicales. Especiesde N. O. Argentina. Unpublished Annual Report for Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, 34 pp.","Spencer, K. A. (1990) Host specialization in the Worl Agromyzidae (Diptera). Series Entomologica, 45, i-xii + 1 - 444. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 009 - 1874 - 0","Martinez, M. & Etienne, J. (2002) Liste systematique et biogeographiques des Agromyzidae (Diptera) de la region neotropicale. Bollettino di Zoologia Agrarian e di Brachicoltura, Series 2, 34, 25 - 52."]}