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PORTERIA AJIMAYO SP.NOV. FIGS 1E, 2C, F, 4A, 13D, F, 37–42, 73 75 Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: 96A1E419-5BF3-4880-8B9D-6398AC69652A. Types: Holotype male and paratype female collected together on the same web, from Chile, Region IX de la Araucanía, Monumento Natural Contulmo, S38.0130º, W73.1876º, collected 19–21 December 1998 by M. Ramírez, L. Compagnucci, C. Grismado, L. Lopardo. Deposited in MHNS (ex MACN-Ar 21073). Etymology: Named after the typical Chilean condiment mixture of mayonnaise and pepper ‘aji chileno’. A noun in apposition. Diagnosis: Males of this species can be distinguished from all other species by the extremely long, hair-like embolus (Figs 38A, D, 39 A-C, 40A, D), reduced embolus base (Figs 38A, C, 40B) and large spiralling conductor (Figs 38B, D, 39A, C, 40D). The epigyne has a wide, fleshy median septum and two prominent copulatory openings (Figs 41A, 42A, C); distinguished from P. misbianka by the minute anterior scape (Fig. 42A) and extremely long copulatory ducts (Figs 41B, D, 42B, D). Description: Male: based on CASENT9053784, from Concepción. Markings as in Figure 37 A-C, two yellow anterolateral lines and a pair of median spots on dorsum of abdomen. Total length 5.36. Carapace length 1.31 times width. Clypeus height 1.88 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.38 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 6.06 times clypeus height. Sternum 1.11 long as wide. Femur I 1.24 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cymbium length 2.25 times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with four teeth and one denticle. Plumose hairs present on legs and palp. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1-1(p)-1, patella d1-1, tarsus p0-0-1, r0-0-1; leg I: femur d1-1-1(p)-1(p)-2, patella 1-1, tibia d1(r)-0- 0, p0-0-1-0, v0-2-2, metatarsus r0-0-1, v2-2-2; leg II: femur d1-2-1-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-0-1- 0, v0-2-2, metatarsus p0-1-1, r0-1-1, v2-2-2; leg III: femur d1-2-1-1(p)-1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0- 1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-0-1-0, v1(p)-2-2, metatarsus d2-0-1, p0-1-1, r0-1-1, v2-2-2; leg IV: femur d1-1-1(r)-1(r)-2, patella d1-1, d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v1(p)-2- 2, metatarsus d2-2-2-1, r0-0-1, v2-2-2, tarsus r0-1. Palp as in Figures 38–40, with three tibial apophyses: long acuminate RTA; VTA darkly sclerotized and rounded like those of the bunnyana species group; LRTA straight, projecting out from tibia parallel to frontal plane, ending in a fine point. DTA absent. Embolus base highly reduced into a mound situated on retrobasal aspect of bulb. Conductor sinuous, extending far beyond bulb, deeply grooved and tapered to a point. Embolus thread like, tip fine and elongated. Tegulum darkened, with shallow if any, median concavity; obscured in retrolateral view by base of conductor. Paracymbium absent. Leg measurements (left): leg I 12.26 (3.15, 4.15, 3.02, 1.94); leg II 10.18 (2.81, 3.22, 2.55, 1.61); leg III 9.18 (2.55, 2.75, 2.61, 1.27); leg IV 12.46 (3.28, 3.82, 3.62, 1.74); palp 6.10 (2.14, 1.54, –, 2.41). Variation: (N = 4). Total length 4.68–6.00. Carapace length 1.28–1.51 times width. Clypeus height 1.88– 2.60 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.38–2.00 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5.15–6.08 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.03–1.10 times width. Femur I 1.24–1.35 times carapace length. Cymbium length 2.22–3.48 times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with four to six teeth and one denticle. Description: Female: based on CASENT9053784, from Concepción. Markings as in Figure 37 D-F. Total length 5.90. Carapace length 1.38 times width. Clypeus height 2.46 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.54 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 6.28 times clypeus height. Sternum 1.17 long as wide. Femur I 1.03 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one denticle. Plumose hairs present on legs and palp. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1-3, patella d1-1, tibia d1-1, p1-0, tarsus p2-1-2-1, r1-1-1-1, v0-0-1; leg I: femur d1-1-2(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1(p)-0, v1(r)-2-2, metatarsus p0-0-1, v2-2-2; leg II: femur d1-2-1-1(p)- 1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-0-1-0, r-0-1- 0-1-0, v1(p)-1(p)-2, metatarsus d2-2-2, p0-0-1, v2-2-2, tarsus r0-1; leg III: femur d1-2-1-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-1(p)-0-0, p0-0-1-0, v1(r)-2-1(p), metatarsus p0-1-0-1, r0-1-0-0, v2-2-2; leg IV: d1-1-1(p)-1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-0-1-0, r0-1-0-1-0, v2-1(p)-2, metatarsus d2-1-1, p0-1-1, r0-0-1-1, v2-2- 2, tarsus r0-1. Epigyne as in Figures 41A and 42A, C, simple with two copulatory openings and median septum. Scape reduced to tiny nub visible in lateral and posterior views; difficult to see in ventral view except with SEM (Figs 41A, 42A). Vulva with long, coiled copulatory ducts leading into stalk of spermatheca adjacent to differentiated head of spermatheca. Pores present on head and stalk of spermatheca, pores of stalk obscured by copulatory ducts in dorsal view but visible in lateral view, see Figure 42D; Bennett’s gland pore not present in strict dorsal view, can be seen laterally on Base 1 just posterior to Base 2 (Fig. 41C). Right and left Base 1 contiguous, no gap (Fig. 41B). Fertilization ducts situated posteriorly on the large Base 1. Base 2 dwarfed by the size of much larger Base 1. Leg measurements (left): leg I 10.18 (2.75, 3.42, 2.41, 1.61); leg II 8.91 (2.55, 2.95, 2.08, 1.34); leg III 8.24 (2.34, 2.55, 2.21, 1.14); leg IV 11.19 (3.02, 3.42, 3.29, 1.47); palp 3.48 (1.07, 1.14, –, 1.27). Variation: (N = 5). Total length 4.20–6.10. Carapace length 1.25–1.36 times width. Clypeus height 1.83– 2.83 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.54–2.00 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 4.94–6.31 times clypeus height. Sternum 1.03–1.11 times as long as wide. Femur I 1.03–1.27 times carapace length. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one denticle or four teeth and three denticles. Epigynal scape shows variation, sometimes scape broken off (Figs 41A, 42A, C); loops of copulatory ducts can vary slightly in position (Figs 41B, 42B). Distribution: Coastal region of Chile in Region VII (del Maule), VIII (del Bío Bío), IX (de La Araucanía). A single record from Region XIV (de Los Ríos) (Fig. 76D). Other material examined: Region VII del Maule: Reserva Nacional Los Ruiles, W Cauquenes, S35º49.998’, W72º31’, elev. 135 m, November 15, 1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramírez and T. Allen, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044701); Region VIII del Bío: Parque Pedro del Río Zañartu, 9.5 km W Concepción, S36º47.778’, W73º09.251’, elev. 53 m, general collecting in disturbed native forest and plantation, January 29–30, 2013, E. Morrill, D. Faber and C. Griswold, six males, 26 females, CAS (CASENT9053784, 9055535, 9053793); Concepción, Estero Nonquen, December 8, 1993, T. Cekalovic, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044712); Region IX de la Araucanía: Monumento Natural Contulmo: S38º00.78’, W73º11.257’, elev. 360 m. February 10–11, 2005, M. Ramírez and F. Labarque, two males MACN (CASENT9025766, SEM images by Fernando Alvarez Padilla), elev. 350 m, December 11, 1984 - February 13, 1985, S. and J. Peck, ‘mixed evergreen forest’, two males, AMNH (CASENT9044646), S38º01’, W73º10.998’, elev. 340 m, November 18, 1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramírez and T. Allen, one male, AMNH (CASENT9044684), December 19–21, 1998, M. Ramírez, L. Compagnucci, C. Grismado, L. Lopardo, two males, seven females, MACN [MACN-Ar 21070, MACN-Ar 21073, MACN-Ar 21074 (MJR-19-12-98/14 photo frames 11-15), MACN-Ar 21074, MACN-Ar 21075 (collected Sofanapis antillanca on its web), MACN-Ar 21076 (observed walking on top of web), MACN-Ar 21081]; Nahuelbuta National Park, 40 km Angol, elev. 1200-1500 m, December 9, 1984 - February 17, 1985, S. and J. Peck, ‘ Nothofagus - Araucaria forest,’ two males, AMNH (CASENT9044662); Nahuelbuta, December 21, 1996 - February 7, 1997, four males, FMHD (FMHD96-219); Cordillera Nahuelbuta, February 14–24, 1977, G. Moreno, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044705); Nahuelbuta National Park: 26.13 km W Angol, S37º49.989, W73º00.578, elev. 1328 m, January 27, 2013, E. Morrill, D. Faber, C. Griswold, ‘general collecting in native forest dominated by Nothofagus ’, two females, CAS (CASENT9053810), Piedra del Aguila, 28 km W Angol, S37º49.434’, W73º02.025’, elev. 1405 m, January 27, 2013, E. Morrill, D. Faber and C. Griswold, ‘general collecting in native forest dominated by Araucaria ’, three females, CAS (CASENT9055528, 9055614), 26.13 km W Angol, S37º48.989’, W73º00.578’, elev. 1328 m, January 27, 2013, E. Morrill, D. Faber and C. Griswold, ‘general night collecting in native forest dominated by Nothofagus’, three females, CAS (CASENT9055685); Region XIV de los Ríos, Reserva Costera Valdiviana, 15 km WSW of Corral, S39º58.173’, W73º34.225’, elev. 5 m, November 24, 2009, H. Wood, L. Almeida and C. Griswold, ‘general collecting in native forest’, one female, CAS (CASENT9036438). PN Alerce Costero, Sendero Los Melíes, Sector Chaihuín, S39.95181°, W73.55325° (GPS ± 200 m), elev. 40 m, January 7, 2020, ‘Valdivian forest’, M.J. Ramírez, E. Soto, J. Wilson, D. Poy (MJR-loc-340), one female with embolus broken inserted in copulatory duct (MACN-Ar 41016, vchMJR-2454, photos 170056-170329). Notes: Porteria ajimayo densely populates the area outside of Concepción and are abundant in Nahuelbuta, though sympatric with P. contulmo and P. bunnyana. Two specimens from Valdivia suggest that the species has a wider distribution; this includes one female with a characteristically elongated male embolus stuck in the epigyne. Males and females are associated with high confidence based on collecting males and females on the same web as well as the highly elongated embolus and the equally long copulatory ducts, much longer than in any other species. A few webs of this species in MN Contulmo contained from one to three individuals of Sofanapis antillanca Platnick & Forster, 1989, but those kleptoparasite spiders were much more abundant in webs of Austrochilus forsteri Grismado, Lopardo & Platnick, 2003 (see Ramírez & Platnick, 1999)., Published as part of Morrill, Elizabeth, Crews, Sarah, Esposito, Lauren, Ramírez, Martín J. & Griswold, Charles, 2023, A revision of the genus Porteria and the phylogeny and biogeography of Porteriinae (Araneae: Desidae), pp. 368-461 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198 (2) on pages 413-418, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac093, http://zenodo.org/record/8007404, {"references":["Ramirez MJ, Platnick NI. 1999. On Sofanapis antillanca (Araneae, Anapidae) as a kleptoparasite of austrochiline spiders (Araneae, Austrochilidae). The Journal of Arachnology 27: 547 - 549."]}

PORTERIA TOROBAYO SP.NOV. FIGS 54–56 Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: 5187160A-D4AE-4BC2-A1A3-E15721B925F4. Types: Holotype male and paratype female from Chile, XIV Región de Los Ríos, Valdivia Province: Rincón de la Piedra, turn-off 14.8 km SE Valdivia, elev. 50 m, S39º55.32’, W73º06.27’, 11 January - 2 February 1997 ‘disturbed Valdivian rainforest with Nothofagus dombeyi, Podocarpus salignus, flight intercept trap’, A. Newton and M. Thayer, deposited in AMNH. Etymology: Named after the locality Torobayo in Valdivia, near where this species was collected. A noun in apposition. Diagnosis: Males can be distinguished from others in the bunnyana group by the finger-like DTA of uniform width projected retrolaterally in dorsal view (Figs 55C, D, 56D) and the slender embolus base (Figs 55B, C, 56B). Females can be distinguished from P. faberi (Figs 50F, G, 53A, C, D) by the rectangular shaped atrium (Fig. 55E), the ‘M’-shaped atrium ventral wall and the close proximity of spermatheca stalks (Fig. 55G). Description: Male: based on FMHD 97–18. Specimen faded but with white anterolateral lines on dorsum of abdomen along with three or four pairs of white medial spots (Fig. 54A). Total length 5.56. Carapace length 1.39 times width. Clypeus height 1.71 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.43 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 7.83 times clypeus height. Sternum as long as wide. Femur I 1.32 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cymbium length 3.93 times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one denticle. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1- 3, patella d1-1, tibia d0-1-0, p1-0-0, tarsus d0-1(p)-0, r0-0-1; leg I: femur d1-1(p)-1(r)-1-2-2, p0-0-1-0, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus p0-0-1, r0-0-1, v2-2-1; leg II: femur d3-2(p)-1(r)-1-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-2- 2, metatarsus d0-0-1, p0-0-1, r0-1-1, v2-2-2; leg III: femur d3-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d2-0-2, p0-1- 1, r0-1-1, v2-2-1, tarsus r0-1, v0-0-2; leg IV: femur d2-2-2-1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d2-2-1, p0-0-1, r0-1-1-1, v2-2-2, tarsus r0-1, v0-1-3. Palp as in Figure 55 A-D with four tibial apophyses: LRTA bent, projecting out of frontal plane, VTA darkly sclerotized mound, RTA long attenuate, unlike P. alopobre, which has a more differentiated tooth on anterior surface of base (see Fig. 58). DTA finger like with uniform width (Fig. 55C, D), stouter than in P. ariasbohartae, projected more retrolaterally than that of P. alopobre smaller and more slender. Paracymbium present (Fig. 56B), larger than that of ariasbohartae. Embolus base narrow and elongate, less than half the width of bulb (Fig. 56B); embolus tip of medium length tapering to narrow needle-like tip curving to meet apex of conductor (Fig. 56A). Conductor straight, dividing bulb in half and twisting tightly distally. Large tegular concavity (Fig. 56B, C). Leg measurements (right): leg I 14.45 (3.75, 4.8, 3.65, 2.25); leg II 12.45 (3.40, 3.95, 3.25, 1.85); leg III 11.30 (3.05, 3.35, 3.30, 1.60); leg IV 14.75 (3.75, 4.35, 4.55, 2.10); palp 7.40 (2.55, 2.10, –, 2.75). Description: Female: based on paratype. Specimen faded with mis-shapen abdomen and no distinct markings, dark brown; sternum with light median patch surrounded by dark brown (Fig. 54 B-D). Total length 5.83. Carapace length 1.37 times width. Clypeus height 2.33 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.67 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5.79 times clypeus height. Sternum as long as wide. Femur I 1.12 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one denticle. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1-3, patella d1-1, tibia d1-1, p1-0, tarsus d2-0, p1-1-1, r0-1-1, v1-2-2; leg I: femur d1-2-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-0- 1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus p0-1-1, r0-0-1, v2-2-1; leg II: femur d1-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-0-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus p0-1-1, r0-1-1, v2-2-3; leg III: femur d3-1(p)-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-1(p)-2, metatarsus d2-0-1, p0-1- 1, r0-1-1, v2-2-3, tarsus r0-1, v0-2; leg IV: femur d1-1- 2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-1(r)-2, metatarsus d2-1(r)-1, p0-1-1, r0-1-1, v1-1-2, tarsus r0-1, v0-1-2. Epigyne as in Figure 55 E-G, closely resembling P. faberi, copulatory openings sunken into atrium, atrium with anterior hood. Margins and hood straight, forming rectangular atrium, side margins and hood with more pronounced curves in P. faberi. Median septum receding into atrium in torobayo, in P. faberi fleshy septum recedes under hood, tapering

PORTERIA MISBIANKA SP.NOV. FIG. 43 Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: F81ABF78-1D6E-4D1C-87B6-9FCB0645118C. Types: Female holotype from modified forest under rocks in Chile, VIII Región del Bío-Bío, Concepción Province, Estero Nonguén, elev. 90 m [-36.8766 – 72.9913 º] collected Nov 16, 1981 by N. Platnick and R.T. Schuh, collected in ‘modified forest under rocks’, deposited in AMNH (CASENT9044700). Etymology: Derived from ‘Miss Bianca,’ the leading lady mouse in the Disney movie ‘The Rescuers.’ This species is so named due to the resemblance of the epigyne to the face of this mouse. A noun in apposition. Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished from other species by the simple topography of the epigyne, only two slit-like copulatory openings and small median scape (Fig. 43D, E); the ‘peak-forming’ copulatory ducts seen in ventral view through the cuticle (Fig. 43E) are also distinctive (and distinguish it from P. ajimayo). Internally, the ‘S’-shaped copulatory ducts are diagnostic (Fig. 43F). Porteria ajimayo has much longer copulatory ducts forming a complicated maze of loops (Figs 41B, 42B, D). Description: Female: based on holotype. Markings as in Figure 43 A-C, white anterolateral lines, two adjacent posterior bands and pair of median spots. Total length 6.36. Carapace length 1.40 times width. Clypeus height 2 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.78 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 6.67 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.12 times width. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one denticle. Leg formula not assessed, because many legs are missing from specimen, both leg IVs and either a right leg II or III, no palps present. Leg spination as follows: leg I: femur d1(r)-1-1(p)-1(r)-2-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r), p0-1-1-0, r0-1-0-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus p0-1-1, r0-1-2, v2-2-2; unknown right leg II or III: right leg IV: femur d1-1-1(p)-1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)- 0-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v1(p)-1-2, metatarsus d2-0-0, p0-1-1, r0-1-1-2, v1(p)-1(p)-2, tarsus r0-1. Epigyne as in Figure 43D, E, a lightly sclerotized plate, tapering posterior to epigastric furrow; two sclerotized slits just anterior of epigastric furrow are the copulatory openings; between these openings is the scape which tapers posteriorly and originates just anterior to the copulatory openings (Fig. 43D); much of the anterior internal structures can be seen through the cuticle, most obvious the copulatory ducts converging to a peak with each other and connecting to a large circular receptacle (Fig. 43E). Vulva as in Figure 43F, consisting of a pair of long, ‘S’-shaped copulatory ducts running adjacent and parallel to each other initially in the middle of the vulva curving upwards and laterally to meet the ventral surface of the spermatheca stalk, adjacent to the spermatheca head. The stalk runs down the lateral side of the spermathecal bases and the head is located on the anterolateral surface of the stalk. Bases of spermatheca similar to those of P. ajimayo, but copulatory ducts much longer on P. ajimayo. Right and left Base 1 are contiguous, no gap; the connection between Base 1 and Base 2 is obscured by ducts, but Base 2 appears attached to the anterior margin of Base 1, projecting out laterally behind (ventral) the stalk. Because this is the only specimen, there was no SEM preparation of the vulva, so the Bennett’s gland pore was not explicitly seen but is likely on the lateral surface of Base 1 at the transition between Base 1 and 2 based on the morphology of other species. Pores are visible on the head of the spermatheca and can likely be found on the stalk as well, but they are not visible with a stereomicroscope. Fertilization ducts transparent, leaf like, attached to posterolateral corner of Base 1. Leg measurements: leg I NA; leg II NA; leg III 7.98 (2.35, 2.61, 1.88, 1.14); leg IV 9.65 (2.68, 3.02, 2.68, 1.27); palp NA. Distribution: Known only from the type locality at Estero Nonguén, Concepción (Fig. 76C). Other material examined: None. Notes: The type and only known specimen of this species was searched for at Parque Pedro del Rio Zañarto and in the nearby Cerro Caracol, a tree-lined hill and popular urban park, but Porteria was not found there during the 2013 trip. For future expeditions, the Reserva Nacional Nonguén seems like a promising place to look for P. misbianka, which is close to the type locality, contains one of the last remnants of deciduous forest in the area and is home to various rare and endemic species (http://www.conaf.cl/parques/reservanacional-nonguen/). THE BUNNYANA SPECIES GROUP A monophyletic group (Figs 73, 74) defined by the genitalic synapomorphies of both males and females (discussed below), easily distinguished from the second species group, the Albopunctata Grade. Model figures for the Bunnyana species group with genitalic parts labelled are Figure 64 (female genitalia of P. correcaminos) and Figure 68 (male genitalia of P. contulmo). Females have a deep median atrium in which the copulatory openings are sunken, with a wrinkled, flexible ventral wall, and two posterior invaginations of the epigynal cuticle near the epigastric fold (Figs 53A, 64A, B, 69A). Females in this species group are much more difficult to differentiate from one another, and many are sympatric, making it even more difficult to separate species. In males, the palp has a paracymbium in the form of a small, round projection on the retrolateral side of the cymbium near the distal edge of the bulb (Figs 46C, 47C, 51C, 67C). The LRTA is bent at the middle, so the apex is projecting out of the frontal plane, almost appearing as a 90° angle in lateral view (Figs 46C, 56C, 62C). The embolus base is also more shield like in the bunnyana group (Figs 46A, 56B). Included neae species: Porteria alopobre, Porteria ariasbohartae, Porteria bunnyana, Porteria contulmo, Porteria correcaminos, Porteria faberi, Porteria torobayo., Published as part of Morrill, Elizabeth, Crews, Sarah, Esposito, Lauren, Ramírez, Martín J. & Griswold, Charles, 2023, A revision of the genus Porteria and the phylogeny and biogeography of Porteriinae (Araneae: Desidae), pp. 368-461 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198 (2) on pages 419-421, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac093, http://zenodo.org/record/8007404

PORTERIA FIURA SP.NOV. FIGS 27–30 Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: D7676422-0EB3-461E-B74D-9CB5A7C44B99. Types: Female holotype from Chile, X Región de los Lagos: Chiloé Province, Chiloé Island, Chiloé National Park, Sendero Tepual, 2.3 km NNE Cucao, S42º37.039’, W74º06.129’, elev. 1 m, January 16, 2013, C. Griswold, E. Morrill and D. Faber, ‘general collecting in bog forest dominated by Tepualia ’ deposited in MHNS (CASENT9055645). Male paratype from Chiloé Island, no specific locality, December 15–18, 1985, L.E. Peña, AMNH (CASENT9044672). Etymology: Named after La Fiura, an ugly, villainous woman who lives in the forest and clothes herself in moss; according to Chilote mythology, she seduces men and then drives them insane. Chiloé Island is the type locality, whose culture is rich in mythology. Sheet webs of P. fiura are often built on mossy substrates. Diagnosis: Males can be distinguished from others in the Albopunctata Grade by the round, stubby RTA (Figs 28B, 29B, C) and the small tooth-like DTA (Fig. 29D). The embolus base is wider (Fig. 29B) than that of P. albopunctata and the embolus tip more hook shaped (Fig. 29A); embolus tip much shorter than in P. eddardstarki. Females most closely resemble P. albopunctata but can be distinguished by the sclerotized median area being dilated anteriorly in P. fiura as well as the presence of a prominent scape (Figs 28E, 30A, B). Internally, the spermatheca stalks are situated much farther apart in P. fiura than P. albopunctata; Bennett’s gland pores large and conspicuous in dorsal view (Figs 28F, 30B). Description: Male: based on paratype CASENT9044672. Markings as in Figure 27 A-C, dorsum of abdomen with yellow anterolateral lines followed by two posterior spots and two pairs of median spots; sternum with pale centre surrounded by dark grey border. Total length 5.63. Carapace length 1.37 times width. Clypeus height 2.29 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.71 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 6.28 times clypeus height. Sternum as long as wide. Femur I 1.37 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cymbium length 3.25 times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with four teeth and one denticle. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1-3, patella d1-1, tarsus p0-0-1, v0-0-1(r); leg I: d1-1-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, v0-0-2, metatarsus v0-2-2; leg II: femur d1-1-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-0-1-0, v0-1(r)-2, metatarsus d0-0-1, p1-0-1, r0-0-1, v0-2-1; leg III: femur d1-1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)- 0-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-0-1-0, v0-1(r)-2, metatarsus d1(p)-0-1, p0-1-0-1, r0-1-0-1, v0-2-2, tarsus r0-1-1(v), v0-1; leg IV: femur d1-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1- 0, v0-0-2, metatarsus d2-0-1, p0-1-1, r0-1-1-1, v0-0-2, tarsus r0-1. Palp as in Figures 28 and 29, with four tibial apophyses: VTA triangular, flattened plate in ventral view, outline finger like in retrolateral view; RTA short and apex round, curved, directed ventrally; LRTA projected straight out of tibia, parallel to frontal plane. DTA small and tooth like; DTA and LRTA appear connected at fleshy base (Fig. 28D), like that of albopunctata. Tegulum without median concavity, outlined by dark sperm duct. Conductor originating on the midline of bulb, short and simple projection. Embolus base elongated, nearly the length of the bulb; embolus tip short, spiniform, curved like a hook to meet conductor. Paracymbium absent. Leg measurements (right): leg I 13.50 (3.75, 4.50, 3.25, 2.00); leg II 11.15 (3.15, 3.50, 2.85, 1.65); leg III 10.55 (2.85, 3.25, 3.00, 1.45); leg IV 13.80 (3.75, 4.30, 4.20, 1.55); palp 4.85 (1.80, 1.10, –, 1.95). Description: Female: based on CASENT9055645, from Chiloé National Park. Markings as in Figure 27 D-F. Total length 5.80. Carapace length 1.34 times width. Clypeus height 1.86 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.71 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 6.15 times clypeus height. Sternum as long as wide. Femur I 1.24 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one denticle. Leg spination as follows: palp: d1-1-3, patella d1-1, tibia d2-0-1(r), tarsus d2-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-1(r)-3; leg I: femur d1-2-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, v0-2- 2, metatarsus p0-0-1, r0-0-1, v2-2-1; leg II: femur d1-1- 1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1-0, v0-2-2, metatarsus p0-1-0-1, r0-1-0-1, v1(r)-2-2; leg III: femur d2-1-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-0- 1-0, v0-1(r)-2, metatarsus d1(p)-0-2, p0-1-0-1, r0-1-0- 1, v2-2-1, tarsus r0-1, v0-2; leg IV: femur d1-0-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v0-2-2, metatarsus d2-1(r)-2, p0-1-0-1, r0-1-0-1, v2-2-1, tarsus r0-2, v0-2. Epigyne as in Figures 28E, F and 30A, C, lightly sclerotized except for narrow median area which is dilated anteriorly where the scape originates; scape small and finger like, pointed posteriad; copulatory openings inconspicuous, located just anterior to scape, divided by fleshy septum; internal structures visible through cuticle, most prominently two large circular patches on either side of sclerotized area. Vulva (Figs 28F, 30B, D) with anterior, short copulatory ducts joining the spermathecal stalk just posterior to head of spermatheca. Head situated at the anterior apex of stalk, pores present. Stalks banana shaped, bowed out laterally, pores present. Base 1 large circular structure with large Bennett’s gland pore in its centre when viewed dorsally; fertilization duct attached to Base 1 on median posterior corner. Base 2 joining the anterior margin of Base 1, somewhat crescent shaped; copulatory duct resting on anterior surface of Base 2. In total, the two receptacles look like one large, ovoid receptacle; scanning electron micrograph shows the division of the two bases in more detail (Fig. 30B). Leg measurements: leg I 12.17 (3.32, 4.20, 2.85, 1.80); leg II 10.25 (2.95, 3.40, 2.45, 1.45); leg III 9.70 (2.80, 3.00, 2.55, 1.35); leg IV 12.65 (3.45, 4.00, 3.55, 1.65); palp 3.92 (1.32, 1.32, –, 1.28). Variation: (N = 3). Total length 3.9–5.76. Carapace length 1.27–1.37 times width. Clypeus height 1.67–2.2 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.67–2.2 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5–6.18 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1–1.04 times width. Femur I 1.08–1.26 times carapace length. Cheliceral promargin with four teeth and one denticle left, five teeth right. Distribution: Only known from Chiloé Island and on the mainland in Palena, 70 km south of Chaitén (Fig. 76C). Other material examined: X Región de los Lagos: Chiloé Province, same locality as holotype, nine females, CAS (CASENT9055645); Palena Province, 70 km S of Chaitén, elev. 500 m, January 16, 1986, N.I. Platnick, P.A. Goloboff, R.T. Schuh, ‘wet streambank’, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044706). Notes: Webs were found near ground level on fallen logs and low branches with retreats leading into the hollows of the trees, which were wet. Porteria was the predominant web along with austrochilids, orb weavers and linyphiids. Only females were collected on the 2013 expedition and were found in forest near the southern shore of Lago Huillinco; they were not found on the northern shore. In the southern sector of Chiloé National Park, they were found in high density along the Tepual Trail, and it is likely that males would have been found if we had been able to night collect. Male and female were tentatively matched by locality information. The only other species that has been found on Chiloé Island is P. bunnyana. Because this species has been collected with other males outside of the island, and never together with females of P. fiura, the unique male from Chiloé is hypothesized to be the same species as the female holotype. It is also noteworthy that one female specimen of P. fiura was found on the mainland, across the bay, south of El Chaitén; a lack of sampling in the area between Alerce Andino National Park and Torres del Paine could be obscuring the true range of this species, making it seem nearly endemic to Chiloé when this could merely be a sampling bias. This inadequate sampling applies to P. albopunctata as well, and possibly more undescribed species are awaiting discovery in southern Chile.

PORTERIA EDDARDSTARKI SP.NOV. FIGS 1 A-D, 2E, 4B-D, 18–22, 31–36 Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: 9FF1E8A2-602F-437A-9311-A57214E92821. Types: Holotype male and paratype female from Chile, V Región de Valparaíso, Zapallar, S32° 32.872’, W71° 27.171’, elev. 108 m, February 2, 2013, E. Morrill and C. Griswold, ‘general collecting in mixed native trees and plantation along arroyo’, CASENT9055699, deposited in MHNS. Paratype female from Quebrada el Tigre, 2.5 km E of Zapallar, S32° 33.086’, W71° 25.967’, elev. 357 m, February 12, 2011, M. Ramírez, E. Soto, J. Pizzaro, ‘bosque de boldo, belloto en quebrada’, one female (ex MACN-Ar27062), deposited in MHNS, and two females (MACN-Ar27062) deposited in MACN. Etymology: A patronym honouring the character Eddard Stark of the Game of Thrones series by George R.R. Martin. Eddard Stark was Lord Paramount of the North and, as this species is found only in the northern end of the geographical range of Porteria, we found it an appropriate way to recognize one of the few truly decent and respectable characters in the series. Diagnosis: Males can be distinguished from all species in the Albopunctata Grade except P. ajimayo by the lack of a DTA (Figs 32E, 34B); it can be distinguished from P. ajimayo by the much shorter embolus tip (Fig. 32D), and the shape and orientation of the embolus base and conductor (Figs 32D, 33A, B, 34A, D). Females can be distinguished by their heavily sclerotized and darkened epigyne with two conspicuous posterior lobes (Fig. 35 A-C) and relatively large median scape (Fig. 36A, D). Internally the copulatory ducts are much longer than other species of the Albopunctata Grade, each duct forming one anterior loop (Figs 35D, 36B). Only known from Region V and the north. Description: Male: based on CASENT9055699, from Zapallar. Markings as in Figure 31 A-C, anterolateral lines on dorsum of abdomen reduced or absent; median markings in pairs and series of chevrons posteriorly; sternum uniform in colour. Total length 5.28. Carapace length 1.43 times width. Clypeus height 1.80 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.40 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 11 times clypeus height. Chelicera nearly porrect in males, more so than any other species. Sternum length 1.21 times width. Femur I 1.57 times carapace length. Leg formula 1432. Cymbium length five times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one denticle. Leg spination as follows (right legs): palp: femur d1-1-2, patella d1-1, tarsus r0-0-1, v0-0-1; leg I: femur d1-1-1(p)-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, v0-2-2, metatarsus v2-2-3; leg II: femur d1-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, v0-0-2, metatarsus p0-1-0-1, r0-0-1, v1(r)-2-2; leg III: femur d1-3-1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-0-1-0, v0-0-2, metatarsus d1(r)-2-2, p1-0-0, v2-2-3; leg IV: femur d1-1-1(r)-1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)- 1-1, p1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v0-1(r)-2, metatarsus d1(r)-1-1, p1-1-1, r0-1-0-1, v2-2-2, tarsus r0-1. Palp as in Figures 32–34, with three tibial apophyses (DTA absent, Figs 32E, 34B): VTA small and triangular, flattened; RTA stout, ending in a thick point; LRTA projecting straight distally out of tibia, parallel to frontal plane. Tegulum smooth, lacking median concavity and outlined by dark sperm duct. Conductor originating in middle of bulb, straight and folded in on itself distally. Embolus base narrow and short; embolus tip medium length, gradually tapering to rest within conductor; embolus parallels the conductor on its prolateral side. Leg measurements (right): leg I 16.35 (4.15, 5.70, 4.22, 2.28); leg II 12.5 (3.50, 4.05, 3.20, 1.75); leg III 10.90 (3.00, 3.30, 3.15, 1.45); leg IV 14.41 (3.82, 4.49, 4.29, 1.81); palp 8.00 (2.92, 2.48, –, 2.60). Variation: (N = 3). Total length 4.82–9.10. Carapace length 1.38–1.51 times width. Clypeus height 1.80– 2.14 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.40–1.80 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 8.06–16.50 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.15–1.46 times width. Femur I 1.42–3.79 times carapace length. Cymbium length 3.17–5.94 times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one to two denticles. Chelicerae vary from slightly porrect to clearly porrect, especially in larger males. Description: Female: based on CASENT9055699, from Zapallar. Markings as in Figure 31 C-F, dorsum of abdomen with anterolateral lines reduced or absent, lateral margins mottled with yellow; sternum with subtle spots and median stripe. Total length 7.22. Carapace length 1.41 times width. Clypeus height 2 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.29 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 7.14 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.21 times width. Femur I 1.32 times carapace length. Leg formula 1432. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one denticle. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1-3, patella d1-1, tibia 1(p)-1 (r)-0-1(r), tarsus d2-1(p)-1(p)-0, p1-0-1-1, r0-1-0-0, v1-1-2; leg I: femur d1-2-1-1(r)-1(p)-2, p0-1- 0, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r), p0-1-0, v0-2-2, metatarsus v2-2-3; leg II: femur d2-1-1(p)-2-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r), v2-2-2, metatarsus p0-1-1, r0-0-1, v2-2-2; leg III: femur d3-1(p)-1-1(r)-1(p)-1(r)-2, patella 1-1, tibia d1(r)-1-0, p0-1-0, r0-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d2-0-0, p0-1-2, r0-1-1, v2-2-2, tarsus r0-1; leg IV: femur d1-2-1(p)-1(r)-2, patella 1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1- 0, r0-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d2-2-2-0, p0-0-2, r0-0-1, v0-2-2-2, tarsus r0-1. Epigyne as in Figures 35 and 36, darkly sclerotized with two posterior lobes and large median scape with blunted apex directed posteriorly; copulatory openings on either side of anterior portion of scape, conspicuous (Fig. 36A). Vulva with copulatory ducts of medium length, originating anteromedially to spermatheca, curving in a ‘U’ shape to meet the ventral side of the spermathecal stalk just posterior to head. Head well differentiated with pores. Stalks running down middle of Base 1; pores present on stalk. Right and left Base 1s touching, fertilization ducts attached to posterior edge of Base 1; Bennett’s gland pores not visible in dorsal view. Base 2 connected to anterior of Base 1, copulatory ducts resting on Base 2 (see SEM scans, Fig. 36B, C). Leg measurements (left): leg I 19.20 (5.30, 6.80, 4.60, 2.50); leg II 15.20 (4.50, 5.00, 3.70, 2.00); leg III 14.20 (4.10, 4.30, 4.00, 1.80); leg IV 19.10 (5.50, 5.90, 5.60, 2.10); palp 6.10 (2.10, 2.10, –, 1.90). Variation: (N = 2). Total length 5.36–7.22. Carapace length 1.37–1.47 times width. Clypeus height 2.00– 2.60 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.29–1.80 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5.46–7.14 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.15–1.17 times width. Femur I 1.26–1.34 times carapace length. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one denticle or six teeth and zero denticles. Epigynal scape varies in shape between specimens from wide and blunt to long and thin (Fig. 35 A-C). Distribution: This species has only been found in the far north of the known range of Porteria, along the coast between Valparaíso and Zapallar, and farther inland in and around La Campana National Park. A few specimens have been collected as far north as Fray Jorge National Park near Ovalle (Fig. 76B). Other material examined: IV Región de Coquimbo: Limarí Province, Fray Jorge National Park, elev. 579 m, November 3, 1981, N. Platnick and R.T. Schuh, ‘ Valdivian forest relic’, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044699); Fray Jorge National Park, elev. 560 m, October 3, 1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, K. Catley, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044711); Choapa Province, 10 km N Los Vilos Rt. 5, 236 km marker, elev. 40 m, November 13, 1993, Platnick, Catley, Ramírez, Allen, one male, MACN (MACN-AR21063); V Región de Valparaíso: Petorca Province, Los Molles, Rt 5, 188 km marker, elev. 10 m, November 9, 1993, Platnick, Catley, Ramírez, Allen, two females, AMNH (CASENT9044704), Cuesta El Melón, elev. 520 m, January 10, 1985, N.I. Platnick, O.F. Francke, two females, AMNH (CASENT9044715), Cuesta El Melón, S32°37.002’, W71°13.98’, elev. 430 m. November 8, 1993, Platnick, Catley, Ramírez, Allen, one male, AMNH (CASENT9044661), Zapallar, S32°32.872’, W71°27.171’, elev. 108 m, February 2, 2013, E. Morrill and C. Griswold, ‘general collecting in mixed native trees and plantation along arroyo’, 22 females, one male, CAS (CASENT9055699, 9048543, 9055516); between Cachagua and La Laguna, January 1984, Goloboff, one female, MACN (MACN-AR21058); Petorca Province, Caleta Pichicuy, Quebrada Huaquén, January 1984, four females, MACN-AR (MACN-AR21060), Reserva Parque El Boldo, Zapallar, 300 m NNE de ruta costera, S32°32.756’ W71°27.107’, elev. 114 m, February 12, 2011, M. Ramírez, E. Soto, J. Pizzaro, ‘bosque en quebrada’, one female, MACN-AR (MACN-AR27063); Valparaíso Province, Quintero, August 12, 1968, R. Calderón, ‘ pitfalls in forest relict’, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044703); Quintero, November 7, 1967, one male, MACN-AR (MACN-AR21059); Quintero, March 19, one female, MACN-AR (MACN-AR21061); Bosque de Relicto de Quintero, about S33°, W71°24’, December 21, 1988, V. and B. Roth, ‘funnel web maker on base of vegetation’, one male, one female, CAS (CASENT 9021039); Valparaíso Province, Cuesta Pucalán (east side), S32°45’, W71°22’, September 19, 1966, E.I. Schlinger, one male, CAS (CASENT9032846), Cuesta Pucalán, S32°44’, W71°16’, August 1, 1966, M.E. Irwin, E.I. Schlinger, two females, CAS (CASENT9021035), Viña del Mar, January 1979, A. Fobar (?), one female, AMNH (CASENT9044709); Valparaíso, Oda verde, entre oda con arroyo y banco del estado, October 25, 1972, R. Calderón, one male, AMNH (CASENT9044690); Quillota Province: La Campana National Park, sector Casino, 20 km (air) SSE La Calera, S32.94279° W71.08370° (GPS ±50m), elev. 495 m, January 6, 2018, ‘forest with palms, night collecting’, M.J. Ramírez, A. Ojanguren, A. Pérez González, G. Azevedo, W. Porto (MJR-loc-297), one male (MACN-Ar 39122, vchMJR-2180, photos 8794–8805), one female (MACN-Ar 39069, vchMJR-2183, photos 8806–8812); PN La Campana, S32.93049° W71.08581° (GPS ±100m), elev. 410 m, November 3, 2011, ‘forest and scrubs, general collecting’, M.J. Ramírez, A. Ojanguren, J. Pizarro et al. (MJR-loc-64), one male, one female (MACN-Ar 30031); Marga Province, Palmas de Ocoa, La Campana National Park, December 21, 1984, R. Calderón, ‘unburned site, pitfall’, three males, AMNH (CASENT9044687, 9044689), January 29, 1985, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044714), March 14, 1985, two females, AMNH (CASENT9044693), March 17, 1985, two females, AMNH (CASENT9044698, 9044706); La Campana National Park, S32°55.944’, W71°04.686’, elev. 215 m, November 20 - December 6, 1997, M.E. Irwin and E.I. Schlinger, one male, CAS (CASENT9051493), Cuesta la Dormida (east side), S33°04’, W71°02’, elev. 750–1000 m, September 20, 1966, E.I. Schlinger, one male, one female, CAS (CASENT9021038, 9021037), Cuesta la Dormida, N of Tiltil, elev. 800–1300 m, November 13–18, 1982, L.E. Peña, one male, AMNH (CASENT9044688), Cuesta La Dormida, 24.11 km E Limache, S33°02.663’, W71°00.393’, elev. 1308 m, January 31, 2013, E. Morrill, D. Faber and C. Griswold, ‘matorral, general collecting’, five females, CAS (CASENT9055510, 9055512), Cabañas La Aguada on Ave. Cay-Cay, 3.09 km NNW Olmué, S32°58.998’, W71°12.973’, elev. 225 m, February 1, 2013, E. Morrill, D. Faber and C. Griswold, ‘matorral and dense bush along dry arroyo, gen. coll.’, six females, CAS (CASENT9053725, 9055690, 9055692). Notes: Two different habitat types are occupied by the inland and coastal populations. The inland spiders live in desert hills and construct expansive sheet webs in low lying shrubs and on sandy banks where the funnelled retreat runs into the sand. The coastal populations were found in forested gulches with much higher moisture levels and also build large sheets in leaf litter, and in some cases, on the sides of rock outcrops with funnels disappearing into crevices. Due to the allopatric distribution and distinctive large size of this species, as well as collections of male and females together, male and female association is with high confidence and is supported in the molecular analysis. These data also indicate that inland and coastal populations form two distinct clades, but no morphological characters have discovered to differentiate the two populations., Published as part of Morrill, Elizabeth, Crews, Sarah, Esposito, Lauren, Ramírez, Martín J. & Griswold, Charles, 2023, A revision of the genus Porteria and the phylogeny and biogeography of Porteriinae (Araneae: Desidae), pp. 368-461 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198 (2) on pages 406-413, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac093, http://zenodo.org/record/8007404

PORTERIA BUNNYANA SP.NOV. FIGS 17C, F, 44–48 Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: 1B86C5FA-4F0D-4A06-A187-1E50BCCAAB15. Types: Holotype male from Chile, Region IX de la Araucanía, Cautín Province, Pucón, November 6– December 1, 1989, S.A. Marshall, ‘ dung traps near lake’ (CASENT9044659), deposited in AMNH. Two paratype females from Pucón (CASENT9055695), same data. Etymology: Named after a street dog from Pucón, the type locality for this species, who Liz met on her first trip to Chile. We named her ‘Bunny’ because of her stumpy tail and hoppy nature. We watched the sunset together on the beach of Lago Villarrica. This species is dedicated to all the wonderful street ‘perros’ and ‘gatos’ of Chile. Diagnosis: Males with thick, hook-shaped DTA (as seen in lateral views, Fig. 45B, D, E) curving apicad; RTA extending from tibia at a roughly 45° angle, almost tooth like and directed toward the palp’s apex (Fig. 46B), LRTA bent, projecting ventrally perpendicular to frontal plane (Figs 45E, 46C, D, 47C); embolus base large, tip gradually tapered along prolateral margin of bulb (Figs 45B, D, 46A, B). Epigyne (Figs 45E, F, 48) with large median scape on margin of hood (Fig. 48A), lacks fleshy bulge at the back of the atrium; vulva with right and left Base 1’s almost touching, atrium ventral wall smooth, anterior margin forming two symmetrical humps outlining the spermatheca; copulatory duct straight (Figs 45G, 48B). Description: Male: based on CASENT9044659, from Pucón. Markings as in Figure 44 A-C, two yellow anterolateral lines and two pairs of median spots on dorsum of abdomen. Total length 6.16. Carapace length 1.27 times width. Clypeus height 2.25 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.63 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 6.25 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.03 width. Femur I 1.36 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cymbium length 3.18 times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with six teeth. Feathery hairs present on legs and palps. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1-2, patella d1-1, tibia d0-0-1, tarsus r0-0-1; leg I: femur d1-0-2-3, patella d1-1, tibia p0-0-1-0, v2-0-2, metatarsus p0-0-1, v2-2-2; leg II: femur d2-3-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-1(p)-1(p)-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d0-2-2, v2-2-2; leg III: femur d2-3- 2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-0-1-0, v2-1(p)-2, metatarsus d2-2-2, v2-2-2, tarsus r0-1; leg IV: femur d1-1-2-2, patella 1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1- 1-0, r0-1-1-0, v1-1-0, metatarsus d1-1-2, p1-0-1-0, r1-0- 1-1, v1-1-2, tarsus 0-1. Male palp as in Figures 45 to 47, with four tibial apophyses: RTA extending from tibia at a 45° angle, terminating in an acute hook (Fig. 45E); LRTA bent, projecting ventrally, perpendicular to frontal plane (Figs 45E, 47C); DTA dark brown, hook like in lateral view (Fig. 45A); VTA a dark, flattened mound (Fig. 45D). Paracymbium present on the retroapical side of bulb, knob like (Fig. 46C). Tegulum dark, with large median concavity visible in retrolateral view (Fig. 46B, C). Conductor twisted tightly, bisecting the bulb, terminus blunter than in P. ajimayo. Embolus base dark brown and shield like; anterior margin of embolus base adjacent to narrowing embolus notched (Fig. 47A). Embolus tapered from embolus base, following prolateral margin of bulb, curved into the conductor distally (Fig. 6A, B). Leg measurements: leg I 14.71 (4.15, 5.1, 3.18, 2.28); leg II 13.20 (3.69, 4.22, 3.35, 1.94); leg III 12.26 (3.42, 3.69, 3.55, 1.61); leg IV 16.28 (4.29, 4.82, 5.03, 2.14); palp 7 (3.35, 2.55, –, 1.1). Variation: (N = 2). Total length 4.69–6.16. Carapace length 1.30–1.34 times width. Clypeus height 2.14–2.16 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.57–1.67 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5–7.08 times clypeus height. Sternum 1–1.04 times as long as wide. Femur I 1.30–1.32 times carapace length. Cymbium length 2.41–2.87 times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with four to five teeth and one to two denticles. Description: Female: based on paratype CASENT9055695, from Pucón. Markings as in Figure 44 D-F, dorsum of abdomen with bright yellow anterolateral lines with consecutive yellow patches posterior to those; two pairs of median spots, with faded chevrons posteriorly. Total length 6.8. Carapace length 1.33 times width. Clypeus height 2.29 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.43 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5.75 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.07 times width. Femur I 1.07 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and two denticles. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1-3, patella d1-1, tibia d1-1, p1-0, tarsus d1-0, p1-1, r0-1-1, v2-3-2; leg I: femur d1-1(r)-1(r)-1-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-0- 1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus p0-0-1, r0-0-1, v2-2-1; leg II: femur d3-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d0-0-1, p0-1-2, r0-1-1, v2-2-1, leg III: femur d1(p)-1-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0- 1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-1(r)-2, metatarsus d2-0-2, p0-1-1, r0-1-1, v2-2-1, tarsus r0-1, v0-0-1; leg IV: femur d1-1(p)-1-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-1(p)-2, metatarsus d2-0-2, p0-1-1, r0-1-1- 1, v2-1-1, tarsus r0-1, v0-3. Epigyne as in Figures 45F, G and 48, large, sclerotized plate with a deep, arched cavity (Fig. 48A). Scape on middle of anterior margin of hood (arch) directed posteriad, tapered and tooth like, often obscured by thick setae. Two swollen fleshy lobes posterior to cavity divided by a dark, sclerotized line (Fig. 45C). Lateral margins surrounding cavity scalloped. Copulatory openings indistinguishable within large atrium (Figs 45E, 48A). Vulva (Figs 45G, 48B) with short to medium length copulatory ducts extended posterior to anterior in a relatively straight path to spermatheca stalk, just posterior to head. Stalks relatively straight up and down, located mesad to Base 2. Head of spermatheca with pores and long glands, not well differentiated from stalk, appearing as small bulge. Pores present on lateral sides of stalk and Bennett’s gland pore present on Base 1 between Base 1 and 2 (fertilization ducts may obscure this partially). Fertilization ducts attached to Base 1 posterior margin. Base 2 surrounded by copulatory duct on lateral side, by stalk mesad, large bulging protuberance; Base 1 more amorphous in shape but identified by Bennett’s gland pore and fertilization duct attachments. Atrium ventral wall almost heart shaped with symmetrical rounded margins converging to a point and folding on the median line. Leg measurements: leg I 11.75 (3.20, 4.00, 2.75, 1.80); leg II 10.65 (3.05, 3.45, 2.60, 1.55); leg III 10.05 (2.85, 3.10, 2.70, 1.40); leg IV 13.05 (3.55, 4.10, 3.65, 1.75); palp 4.50 (1.40, 1.60, –, 1.50). Variation: (N = 2). Total length 4.89–6.83. Carapace length 1.38–1.39 times width. Clypeus height 2.40– 2.43 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.43–1.50 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5.33 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.15–1.23 times width. Femur I 1.00–1.07 times carapace length. Cheliceral promargin with four to five teeth and denticles. Distribution: South and Central Chile from coast to Andes; collected frequently near Pucón and Villarrica but also found farther north near Temuco and as far south as Puerto Montt. One specimen collected from Isla Chiloé (Fig. 76E). Other material examined: Region IX de la Araucania: N a h u e l b u t a N at i o n a l Pa r k, n e a r Pe h u e n c o campground, 25.8 km W Angol, S37º 49.867’, W73º00.441’, elev. 1097 m, January 25, 2013, E. Morrill and D. Faber, ‘general collecting along stream in native forest dominated by Nothofagus ’, one male, one female, CAS (CASENT9055625); Nahuelbuta National Park, Pehuenco campground, 27 km W Angol, S37º49.720’, W73º00.452’, elev. 1100 m, January 25–27, 2013, H. Wood, L. Macaulay, E. Morrill, D. Faber and C. Griswold, ‘general collecting in Araucaria / Nothofagus forest’, six females, CAS (CASENT9053808, 9055706); 15 km NE Villarrica, Flor de Lago, elev. 300 m. December 14, 1984 - February 10, 1985, S. and J. Peck, ‘ Nothofagus forest,’, FIT, 11 males, one female AMNH (CASENT9044645, 9044674, 9044676, 9044716); Princesa, 20 km west of Curacautín, elev. 1000 m, December 12, 1984 - February 10, 1985, S. and J. Peck, ‘ Nothofagus forest,’ four males, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044650); Cautin, Río Huachitivo, January 10, 1993, T. Cekalovic, one male, AMNH (CASENT9044658); Estero Chaulco near Río Huachitivo, October 3–31, 1992, T. Cekalovic, pitfalls, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044696); Ñielol National Park, near Temuco, elev. 250 m, December 14–20, 1982, A. Newton and M. Thayer, ‘site 652 carrion traps (squid); native forest remnant with Nothofagus ’, one male, AMNH (CASENT9044660); Lago Caburga, 21 km NE Pucón, elev. 600 m, December 15, 1984 - February 10, 1985, S. and J. Peck, ‘mixed forest remnant’, six males, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044683); Molco, Villarrica, January 24, 1988, T. Cekalovic, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044694); Pucón, December 14, 1988, V. and B. Roth, three females, CAS (CASENT9020914); Pucón, November 6 - December 1, 1989, S.A. Marshall, ‘pan traps in lakeside debris’, one male, AMNH (CASENT9044655), ‘peninsula, hilltop beech’, two males, AMNH (CASENT9044667), ‘near lake in drift’, two males, AMNH (CASENT9044671), ‘near lake’, four males, AMNH (CASENT9044677), ‘mature forest’, three males, AMNH (CASENT9044681); Pucón Peninsula, 0.5 km W Pucón, S39º16.554’, W71º59.228’. elev. 245 m, January 24, 2013, E. Morrill, D. Faber and C. Griswold, ‘general collecting in disturbed native forest’, one male, seven females, CAS (CASENT9055665, 9055695,); XIV Región De Los Ríos: Reserva Costera Valdiviana, 15 km WSW Corral, S39º58.173’, W73º34.225’, elev. 15 m, January 23, 2013, E. Morrill and D. Faber, ‘general collecting at night in native forest’, one male, CAS (CASENT9055709); X Región De Los Lagos: Isla Chiloé, 5 km SW of Chonchi, February 19, 1997, T. Cekalovic, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044713). Notes: Females of this species are difficult if not impossible to differentiate from those of P. contulmo, and there could be more cryptic species within this group. Males and females in Pucón have been collected together and have been more frequently collected together than P. bunnyana females and males of other species. When P. bunnyana females have been collected with P. correcaminos, a sympatric species, it has often been by flight intercepts or other long term, broadscale collecting methods, which may blur differences in temporal occurrence., Published as part of Morrill, Elizabeth, Crews, Sarah, Esposito, Lauren, Ramírez, Martín J. & Griswold, Charles, 2023, A revision of the genus Porteria and the phylogeny and biogeography of Porteriinae (Araneae: Desidae), pp. 368-461 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198 (2) on pages 421-426, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac093, http://zenodo.org/record/8007404

PORTERIA CORRECAMINOS SP.NOV. FIGS 7, 16A, B, D, F, 17 A-C, 60–64 Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: 2F980E92-45F0-4E0E-8BB8-6FBC9B55F24E. Types: Holotype male, 13 paratype males and 12 paratype females from Chile, X Región de los Lagos, Llanquihue Province, Vicente Pérez Rosales National Park, January 2–28, 1997, (FMHD97-8), deposited in FMHD. Etymology: Correcaminos is Spanish for road runner, this species is so named because it is lightning fast on their webs and can be frustrating to collect. A noun in apposition. Diagnosis: Males of this species can be identified by the anvil-shaped DTA (in lateral view, Figs 61A, D, 62C, 63C) and swollen RTA with a large tooth-like projection (Figs 61E, 62C, D, 63D). This species can be distinguished from P. contulmo by the length of the DTA’s pointed apex (Figs 62D, 63D), longer and more attenuate in P. contulmo (Figs 67D, 68F); RTA appears closer to 90° from tibia in P. correcaminos (Figs 61B, E, 62C). Female with large epigyne (Figs 61F, 64A, C), atrium with an ‘M’-shaped margin like P. bunnyana (Fig. 48A) but with large, fleshy bulge protruded from atrium just posterior to scape (Fig. 64C); scape much smaller than in P. bunnyana and finger like (Fig. 64C). Large, fleshy posterior shelf extended into the atrium and out laterally, forming two elongated lobes that curve to meet the lateral margins of the atrium, forming a deep groove (Figs 61F, 64D, F); this deep fold is absent in P. bunnyana (Fig. 48B) and P. ariasbohartae (Fig. 71G, H). Description: Male: based on FMHD 97-8, from Vicente Pérez Rosales National Park. Markings as in Figure 57 A-C, faded, anterolateral lines and two pairs of median spots present though less distinct. Total length 5.83. Carapace length 1.37 times width. Clypeus height 2.43 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.71 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5.29 times clypeus height. Sternum as long as wide. Femur I 1.34 times carapace length. Leg formula 1423. Cymbium length 2.64 times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one denticle. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1-1, p0-0-1-0, patella d1-1, tibia d0-1-0, tarsus r0-0-1; leg I: femur d1-1-2, p0-1-0-1-0, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-0-1-0, v1(r)-2-2, metatarsus p0-0-1, r0-0-1, v2-2-1; leg II: femur d1-3-1-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-0-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d0-0-1, p0-1-0-1, r0-1-0-1, v2-2-1; leg III: femur d1-2- 2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-0-1-0, r0-1- 0-1-0, v2-1-2, metatarsus d2-0-1, p0-1-0-1, r0-1-0-2, v2-2-1, tarsus r0-1; leg IV: femur d1-1-1-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-1(p)-0-1-0, p0-0-0-1-0, r0-1-0-1-0, v2-1- 2, metatarsus d1(r)-0-1(r)-1, p0-1-2, r0-1-0-1, v2-2-1, tarsus r0-1. Male palp as in Figure 61 A-E with four tibial apophyses: flattened, mound-like VTA (Fig. 62B); large, swollen RTA with tooth-like projection appearing differentiated from base on anterior surface of RTA, directed apicad (Figs 61E, 62d, 63D); DTA appearing anvil shaped in lateral views (Fig. 61A), dorsal view shows the short, pointed apex directed toward retrolateral side, rounded knob-like base, overall looking like an arrowhead (Figs 62D, 63D); LRTA bent, projected out of frontal plane in ventral view(Figs 62C, 63B); conductor twisted, curved more towards middle of bulb than the straighter conductors of P. faberi and P. alopobre. Embolus base large, rectangular in ventral view (Fig. 62), shield like, shallow notch present on anterior margin, wider than embolic base of P. bunnyana, transverse ridge on middle of base where embolus tip starts to differentiate; embolus tip like that in P. faberi and P. alopobre. Paracymbium present on retroapical aspect of bulb, knob like (Figs 62C, 63B). Leg measurements (left): leg I 14.44 (3.82, 4.69, 3.66, 2.28); leg II 12.06 (3.35, 3.89, 3.08, 1.74); leg III 11.19 (3.15, 3.28, 3.15, 1.61); leg IV 14.2 (3.69, 4.22, 4.36, 1.94); palp 6.83 (2.48, 1.88, –, 2.48). Variation: (N = 4). Total length 5.36–6.03. Carapace length 1.22–1.29 times width. Clypeus height 2.14–2.71 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.42–1.67 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 3.95–6 times clypeus height. Sternum length 0.96–1.08 times width. Femur I 1.37–1.51 times carapace length. Cymbium length 2.58–3.08 times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and zero to two denticles. Extent of the dorsolateral white markings on the abdomen varies (Fig. 60A, C-E). Description: Female: based on CASENT9053925, from Lago Chapo. Markings as in Figure 60 F-H; dorsum of abdomen with bright white anterolateral lines and one pair of faint median spots. Total length 6.57. Carapace length 2.9 times width. Clypeus height 2.5 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.83 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5.2 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.45, width 1.35. Femur I 1.03 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cheliceral promargin with four teeth. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1-3, patella d1-1, tibia d1-1, p1-0, tarsus d2-0, p0-1, r1-1, v2-2-1; leg I: femur d1-1(r)- 2-1(r)-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-0-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus p0-0-1, r0-0-1, v2-2-1; leg II: femur d1-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1-0, v2-2- 2, metatarsus p0-0-2, r0-1-1, v2-2-1; leg III: femur d1-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-0-1-0, r0-0-1-0, v2-1(r)-2, tarsus v0-2; leg IV: femur d1-1- 1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1- 1-0, v2-1(p)-2, metatarsus d2-0-2, p0-1-0, r0-1-1-1, v2-2-1, tarsus r0-1, v0-1-2. Epigyne as in Figures 61F and 64 A-C, hairy, with large ‘M’-shaped cavity with small mound on anterior margin to which attaches the small finger-like scape, posterior to this is a large fleshy bulge protruding out from rear of cavity (Fig. 64C). Lateral margins of opening with ridges and folds. Posterior margin formed by shelf-like structure consisting of two fleshy lobes that curve outward to meet the lateral margins, forming a deep grove at the intersection; two lobes form shelf medially and recede into cavity. Vulva with atrium ventral wall (AVW) with series of ‘M’-shaped ridges (Fig. 64D, F); these ridges divided on median line as they recede ventrally to form the fleshy bulge seen ventrally. Copulatory ducts (Fig. 64E) of medium length, forming an ‘S’ shape following the outside margin of the spermatheca bases anteriorly to meet with the stalk just posterior to head of spermatheca. Spermatheca in total oval in shape. Head (Fig. 64G) well differentiated from stalk with numerous pores; stalk also with numerous pores. Bennett’s gland pores large and obvious in dorsal view (Fig. 64E, I); fertilization duct may partially obscure this in SEM. Spermatheca and component parts similar to P. contulmo, aside from more obvious Bennett’s gland pore, but right and left spermathecae are much farther apart in P. correcaminos. Base 1s do not converge. Leg measurements (right): leg I 11.05 (3.00, 3.80, 2.50, 1.75); leg II 9.25 (2.60, 3.05, 2.25, 1.35); leg III 8.90 (2.50, 2.70, 2.45, 1.25); leg IV 11.95 (3.25, 3.70, 3.40, 1.60); palp 4.15 (1.30, 1.45, –, 1.40). Variation: (N = 4). Total length 5.16–7.1. Carapace length 1.34–1.48 times width. Clypeus height 2.17–2.5 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.67-1.83 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5.2–5.83 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.25–1.5 times width. Femur I 1.03–1.11 times carapace length. Cheliceral promargin with four to five teeth and zero to two denticles. Scape varies in width and length between specimens:this can be short and blunted or long and slender (Figs 61F, 64A,C). Distribution: Llanquihue and Osorno Provinces including Vicente Pérez Rosales National Park and Puyehue National Park, extending north to Volcán Villarrica National Park. Found as far east as Frutillar (Fig. 76F). Other material examined: IX Región de la Araucanía: Cautin Province, Bellavista, N shore Lago Villarrica, S39º12’, W72º08’, 240 m elev., November 20, 1993, Platnick, Catley, Ramírez, Allen, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044695), 12.3 km N of Loncoche, November 10, 1966, E.I. Schlinger, three females, CAS (CASENT9020916), 10 km S of Pucón, Volcán Villarrica National Park, elev. 900 m, December 15, 1984 - February 10, 1985, S. and J. Peck, ‘ Nothofagus grove on ash’, 23 males, AMNH (CASENT9044663, 9044664), Volcán Villarrica, December 26, 1996 - February 3, 1997, nine males, FMHD (FMHD96-237), 15 km NE Villarrica, Flor del Lago, elev. 300 m, December 15, 1984 - February 10, 1985, S. and J. Peck, ‘ Nothofagus forest’, four males, AMNH (CASENT9044668, 9044674); Malleco Province, Contulmo Natural Monument (NM), S38 º78’, W73º11.257’, elev. 360 m, February 10–11, 2005, M. Ramírez and F. Labarque, one female, MACN (CASENT9025766); X Región de los Lagos: Osorno Province, Puyehue National Park, Aguas Calientes, elev. 440 m, December 5–7, 1988, V. and B. Roth, one female, CAS (CASENT9021036), Aguas Calientes, December 13–17, 1998, M. Ramírez, L. Compagnucci, C. Grismado, L. Lopardo, one female, MACN (MACN-Ar 21082), near Termas Aguas Calientes, 26.2 km E Entre Lagos, S40º44.130’, W72º18.42’, elev. 460 m, November 29–30, 2009, H. Wood, L. Almeida, C. Griswold, ‘general collecting day and night in native forest’, one male, CAS (CASENT9035455), Aguas Calientes, Derrumbes Forest Trail, December 20, 1984 - February 8, 1985, and J. Peck, three males, AMNH (CASENT9044673), Aguas Calientes, elev. 600 m, December 18, 1984 - February 8, 1985, S. and J. Peck, ‘malaise, Nothofagus forest’, one male, AMNH (CASENT9044670), Anticura near Puyehue, January 1–11, 1986, L.E. Peña, two males, AMNH (CASENT9044665), 4.1 km W Anticura, elev. 270 m, December 19–25, 1982, A. Newton and M. Thayer, ‘ Valdivian rainforest, window trap’, one male, AMNH (CASENT9044686); Llanquihue Province, Salto Petrohue, Vicente Pérez Rosales N.P, elev. 150 m, December 23, 1984 - February 4, 1985, S. and J. Peck, ‘ Mixed moist forest, FIT’, eight males, four females, AMNH (CASENT9044666, 9044678), Saltos de Petrohué, 47.7 km ENE Puerto Varas, S41º10.443’, W72º26.907’, elev. 133 m, January 19, 2013, E. Morrill and D. Faber, ‘general collecting in native forest’, one female, CAS (CASENT9055694), Vicente Pérez Rosales National Park, January 2–28, 1997, 14 males, 12 females FMHD (FMHD97-8), Lago Chapo, 34 km E Puerto Montt, elev. 300 m, December 24, 1984 - February 2, 1985, S. and J. Peck, 2nd growth Nothofagus, flight intercept trap (FIT),, six males, AMNH (CASENT9044644, 9044680), SE end of Lago Chapo, January 4–26, 1997, one male, FMHD (FMHD97-14); Lago Chapo, 43 km E Puerto Montt, S41º30.818’, W72º25.249’, elev. 260 m, January 18, 2013, E. Morrill, D. Faber and C. Griswold, ‘general collecting in native forest on steep slope’, 12 females, CAS (CASENT9053812, 9053857), Fruitillar, Bajo Univ. Chile Forest Res., elev. 100 m, December 22, 1984 - February 2, 1985, S. and J. Peck, ‘ravine mixed forest, FIT’, 14 males, AMNH (CASENT9044669, 9044682), road to Volcán Osorno at km 10 marker, December 12, 1988, V. and B. Roth, one female, CAS (CASENT9020917), Volcán Osorno, 42.5 km ENE Puerto Varas, S41º10.083’, W72º30.897’, elev. 349 m, January 17, 2013, E. Morrill, ‘native forest, general collecting’, six females, CAS (CASENT9053250, 9053857, 9055684), Volcán Osorno, 42.5 km ENE Puerto Varas, S41º10.083’, W72º30.897’, elev. 349 m, January 19, 2013, E. Morrill and D. Faber, ‘native forest, general collecting at night’, nine females, CAS (CASENT9055582), Calbuco, December 27, 1962, McMillin and Archer, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044697); Llanquihue, one female, FMNH, (FMNH987). XIV Región de los Ríos: Valdivia Province, Panguipulli, 18–20 km NE Neltume, road to Villarrica, November 25, 1988, V. and B. Roth, one male, six females, CAS (CASENT9021297, 9021323; imaged by Fernando Alvarez Padilla and Christopher Vo); Panguipulli, E side of Volcán Coshuenco from Neltume, November 23, 1988, V. and B. Roth, one male, one female, CAS (CASENT9021324, imaged by Fernando Alvarez Padilla, Christopher Vo and Charles Griswold); Salto Huilo near Neltume, November 26, 1988, V. and B. Roth, ‘dense Nothofagus forest’, one female, CAS (CASENT9020915); Reserva Costera Valdiviana, 15 km WSW Corral, S39º58.173’, W73º34.225’, elev. 15 m, January 23, 2013, E. Morrill and D. Faber, ‘general collecting at night in native forest’, five females, CAS (CASENT9055709). Notes: Males of this species were not collected with females on the 2013 trip, likely due to a lack of night collecting at the targeted localities. Females have been collected with males though other species occur in sympatry. However, DNA analysis supports this male-female association (‘ correcaminos ’ in Fig. 73).

PORTERIA SIMON, 1904 Porteria Simon, 1904: 109 (type species Porteria albopunctata Simon, 1904, by monotypy). Diagnosis: Porteria species resemble their relative porteriines Nanocambridgea, Cambridgea and Corasoides in the remarkable narrowing of the ALS piriform gland spigot field (Fig. 5), the cymbium highly elongated beyond the bulb and the lack of a median apophysis, but it differs from all of these by the presence of a thin tibial apophysis (LRTA) arising near the base of the RTA on the male palpal tibia (Fig. 68), and a line of five to six stout setae just posterior to the ALS spinning field of both sexes (Fig. 5B). Among the Chilean fauna, Porteria species are the only marronoids with the narrow tip of the cymbium extending 1.5 to 5 times the length of the copulatory bulb. The epigyne has a minute to large anterior median scape (Figs 30C, 53A), and the spermatheca is bilobed, here referred to as base 1 and base 2 of the spermatheca. All species except P. eddardstarki have distinctive dorsal abdominal markings consisting of white to yellow anterolateral lines and median spots (Fig. 13). Porteria are like Corasoides but differ from Nanocambridgea and Cambridgea by walking on the upper surface of the sheet web instead of hanging from it. Description: Small to medium sized spiders with total length 3.9–9.1. Characteristic markings as follows (Figs 13, 14): carapace pale yellow to orange-brown with darkened lateral margins with three distinct, sometimes diffuse grey lines radiating outward from thoracic furrow; grey lines outline cephalic region along cervical groove. Black pigment surrounding each eye, connecting the lateral eyes and AMEs. Sternum with dark grey margins enclosing a pale yellow median region. Paler region varies in size and shape from large oval to small sliver: this contrast is faded in older specimens. Endites, labium and chelicerae orange-brown in colour; endites and labium lighter in colour toward tips. Coxae pale yellow with grey distal margins. Legs with alternating yellow and grey rings that vary from distinct to subtle, more obvious in fresh specimens. Dorsum of abdomen dark grey with white to golden yellow, longitudinal anterolateral lines converging anteriorly; lines half the length of abdomen, becoming indistinct spots posteriorly. Fainter paired median spots sometimes present. Porteria eddardstarki with anterolateral lines reduced and dark grey dorsum mottled with golden yellow (see species descriptions). Venter yellow to grey, with median grey rectangle and two dark grey semi-circles anterior to spinnerets. Epigyne outlined with grey trapezoid with two yellow spots; trapezoid also present in males between book lungs. Spinnerets orange-brown to grey. Carapace length 1.20–1.51 times carapace width, height 0.23–0.61 times width. Thoracic fovea 0.07–0.31 times carapace length, slit like and moderately deep. Posterior eye row (PER) straight when viewed from above; anterior eye row (AER) slightly procurved from anterior view (Fig. 15B). Anterior lateral eyes (ALE) diameter 1.29– 2.00 times anterior median eyes (AME). Clypeus height 1.67–2.83 times diameter of AME. Posterior median eyes (PME) about equal to posterior lateral eyes (PLE) diameter. Secondary eyes with canoeshaped tapetum (Fig. 15B). Sternum length 0.94–1.46 times width; labium as long as wide. Chelicera length 5.20–16.5 times clypeus height. Chelicera vertical in most species, porrect in P. eddardstarki males (Fig. 31). Cheliceral fang margin with escort setae, rake setae and whisker setae (see Ramírez, 2014). Retromargin of chelicera with two teeth separated far apart; promargin typically with five teeth and one to three small denticles (Fig. 16C); see variations in species descriptions. Fangs constricted or not; constriction highly exaggerated in P. albopunctata males (Fig. 23D). Male femur I 1.23–1.63 times carapace length; female femur I 1.03–1.34 times carapace le ngth. L eg formulaty pically 4123, sometimes 1423; leg I and IV about equal in total length. General spination as follows (based on P. eddardstarki, Figs 18–21; see spine map Fig. 22): Male: palp: femur d1-1-2, patella d1-1, tarsus r0-0-1, v0-0-1; leg I: femur d1-1-1(p)-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, v0-2-2, metatarsus v2-2-3; leg II: femur d1-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, v0-0-2, metatarsus p0-1-0-1, r0-0-1, v1(r)-2-2; leg III: femur d1-3-1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-0-1-0, v0-0-2, metatarsus d1(r)-2-2, p1-0-0, v2-2-3; leg IV: femur d1-1-1(r)-1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)- 1-1, p1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v0-1(r)-2, metatarsus d1(r)-1-1, p1-1-1, r0-1-0-1, v2-2-2, tarsus r0-1. Female: palp: femur d1-1-3, patella d1-1, tibia 1(p)-1(r)-0-1(r), tarsus d2-1(p)-1(p)-0, p1-0-1-1, r0-1-0-0, v1-1-2; leg I: femur d1-2-1-1(r)-1(p)-2, p0-1-0, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r), p0-1-0, v0-2-2, metatarsus v2-2-3; leg II: femur d2-1-1(p)-2-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r), v2-2-2, metatarsus p0-1-1, r0-0-1, v2-2-2; leg III: femur d3-1(p)-1-1(r)-1(p)-1(r)-2, patella 1-1, tibia d1(r)-1-0, p0-1-0, r0-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d2-0-0, p0-1-2, r0-1- 1, v2-2-2, tarsus r0-1; leg IV: femur d1-2-1(p)-1(r)-2, patella 1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-0, r0-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d2-2-2-0, p0-0-2, r0-0-1, v0-2-2-2, tarsus r0-1. Spination can vary slightly between and within species, even between left and right legs of the same individual. Tibia I with one to three pairs of ventral spines; spination listed in species descriptions when possible. Single row of trichobothria on tarsus and metatarsus, increasing in length distally; few scattered trichobothria on tibia, present on the male and female palps; trichobothrial base as in Figure 17E, simple, hood smooth. Tarsi three clawed, with many teeth on the superior claws and two teeth on the smaller, inferior claw (Fig. 17A, C), female palp with single claw with several teeth (Fig. 17D). Tarsal organ flat, aperture tear shaped, located on dorsal surface, less than 0.2 mm from claw (Fig. 17F). Trochanters shallowly notched; notch more obvious on leg IV (Fig. 15C). Spinnerets as follows (Figs 5–7): anterior spinnerets broad, much wider than long; bases almost touching. Apical segment small relative to basal segment. Posterior spinnerets much narrower, with medians small and short and laterals more elongate. Apical segments smaller, 1/4 to 1/5 the length of basal segment. Anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS) with spinning field of males and females with distinctive ‘tail’ formed by the narrowed piriform gland spigot field curving inward and posteriorly towards base from circular main field (Fig. 5B). A line of five to six stout setae just posterior to spinning field. Female spinnerets as follows: ALS piriform gland spigots (PI) larger in the main field and decreasing in size towards the piriform field tail’s apex; numerous piriform tartipores (Tp). Two major ampullate gland spigots (MAP) and major ampullate tartipore clustered, sunken down and mesad to the main piriform gland spigot field (Fig. 5C). PMS with aciniform gland spigots (AC) and two cylindrical gland spigots (CY) nested within the aciniforms, one on anterior margin, another on posterior margin. Posterior lateral spinnerets (PLS) with aciniform gland spigots, with more elongate shafts than those on the posterior median spinnerets and a single anterior cylindrical gland spigot. Spinnerets of males as follows: ALS with spinning field similarly shaped to that of females, with piriform gland spigots, numerous piriform tartipores, and a single MAP gland spigot with adjacent MAP nubbin (Nu) and tartipore. PMS with aciniform gland spigots. PLS with aciniform gland spigots. Colulus (Cl) of both sexes linguiform with setae on anterior half (Fig. 5F). Tracheal system (Fig. 16D): spiracle just anteriad of colulus, less than colulus’ length away; lateral tracheae unbranched, medians branched, all tracheae limited to opisthosoma. Male palp with cymbium greatly elongated distal to bulb (Figs 25E, 28E, 32E, 38E, 45E, 50E, 55D, 58D, 61E, 66D, 71E); cymbium 2.21–5.94 times length of bulb. Prominent bulb structures include tegulum with median concavity present or absent, fleshy conductor, and a slender embolus of varying lengths; embolus base varies in shape and is diagnostic in species identification. Tibia of male palp with three to four apophyses: stout, acuminate RTA; needle-like LRTA positioned mesad to RTA; dark, flattened ventral apophysis (VTA); dorsal tibial apophysis (DTA) present or absent, shape diagnostic for some species. Knob-like paracymbium (PC) on retroapical side of alveolus present or absent. Palpal bulb (Fig. 68B, D) without median apophysis; embolus (E) with slender tip converging onto large, fleshy conductor (C). Epigyne and vulva highly variable; heavily sclerotized or fleshy, with little to no sclerotization; median scape (Sc) present in all species but varies in form and size. Epigyne usually partially obscured by a covering of long setae. Vulva with short to long copulatory ducts (CD), spermathecal head (HS) differentiated or not from rest of spermathecae; pores present on head and spermathecal stalk (SS); stalk leads to base 1 and base 2 of the spermatheca. Base 1 of spermatheca can be distinguished from base 2 by the presence of the Bennett’s gland (BG) and the attachment of the fertilization duct (FD). Females of the bunnyana species group with a central atrium, with ventral wall flexible, wrinkled (Fig. 64D, F), and a pair of invaginations on the posterior margin of the epigyne (Fig. 64A, B; uncertain where they lead). Biology: The biology that follows is mostly known from observations made in the field during a January 2013 excursion by the authors Charles Griswold, Elizabeth Morrill and colleagues Hannah Wood, David Faber and Luke Macaulay, complemented with data from several excursions by Martín Ramírez. Porteria are sheet web builders that construct webs in low lying vegetation, fallen logs and leaf litter (Fig. 2). They are abundant with many individuals residing in a small area. The spiders walk or run on top of the sheet. The web itself is made of a strong, finely woven sheet; above this is a loosely woven system of knock-down threads that probably help prevent prey from escaping, and a mess of supporting lines to secure the sheet to the substrate. At one edge of the sheet lies the funnelled retreat that leads into leaf litter, hollow logs or other crevices. Porteria were often found near austrochilids and seem to prefer a similar habitat, though austrochilid webs are generally much higher off the ground than those of Porteria. The web of Porteria can be distinguished from often sympatric linyphiid spiders by the sheen and glittering appearance of the silk in the sunlight; linyphiid webs often appear softer and duller; Porteria ’s sheet is stronger to the touch than those of linyphiids. Porteria sheets are not found on artificial or man-made substrates. The spiders often hide in the funnel retreats during the day or when their web has been disturbed. At night, the spiders stand just outside of the funnel and are much more active pursuing prey. Many spiders were successfully collected by mimicking small prey vibrations on the sheet (either by aspirating small insects or using small twigs) to draw the spider out of the retreat and then a spoon was used to cut off access back into the retreat; the spiders were fast, and if they were able to retreat into the funnel, they were often lost in the great expanse of leaf litter and other debris. It is expected that once males reach maturity, they discontinue web building and search for females. Adult males were often found in penultimate and adult female webs at night. When males did make small movements towards the female, she would often move underneath the web nearby and hang upside down. We know nothing of the eggs or maternal care of Porteria. Composition: Twelve species, including the type species P. albopunctata Simon 1904, and 11 species newly described here: P. ajimayo, P. alopobre, P. ariasbohartae, P. bunnyana, P. contulmo, P. correcaminos, P. eddardstarki, P. faberi, P. fiura, P. misbianka and P. torobayo. Distribution: Chile, ranging from IV Región de Coquimbo at the northern end of their range to Punta Arenas in Magallanes Province at the southern end of their range (Fig. 76 A-F). Phylogenetics: Like the other porteriines Nanocambridgea, Cambridgea and Corasoides, Porteria have the remarkable narrowing of the ALS piriform gland spigot field (Fig. 5), the cymbium highly elongated beyond the bulb and lack a median apophysis, but Porteria differ from all of these by the synapomorphies of the presence of a thin tibial apophysis (LRTA) arising near the base of the RTA on the male palpal tibia (Fig. 68) and a line of five to six stout setae just posterior to the ALS spinning field of both sexes (Fig. 5B)., Published as part of Morrill, Elizabeth, Crews, Sarah, Esposito, Lauren, Ramírez, Martín J. & Griswold, Charles, 2023, A revision of the genus Porteria and the phylogeny and biogeography of Porteriinae (Araneae: Desidae), pp. 368-461 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198 (2) on pages 377-395, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac093, http://zenodo.org/record/8007404, {"references":["Simon E. 1904. Etude sur les arachnides du Chili recueillis en 1900, 1901 et 1902, par MM. C. Porter, Dr Delfin, Barcey Wilson et Edwards. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique 48: 83 - 114.","Ramirez MJ. 2014. The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorpohae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 390: 1 - 374.","Humphrey M. 2017. A revision and cladistic analysis of the genus Corasoides Butler (Araneae: Desidae) with descriptions of nine new species. Records of the Australian Museum 69: 15 - 64.","Gray MR. 1981. A revision of the spider genus Baiami Lehtinen (Araneae, Amaurobioidea). Records of the Australian Museum 33: 779 - 802."]}

Morrill, Elizabeth, Crews, Sarah, Esposito, Lauren, Ramírez, Martín J., Griswold, Charles (2023): A revision of the genus Porteria and the phylogeny and biogeography of Porteriinae (Araneae: Desidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198 (2): 368-461, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac093, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac093

PORTERIA ALBOPUNCTATA SIMON, 1904 FIGS 23–26 Porteria albopunctata Simon, 1904: 109, figs 7, 8. Lehtinen, 1967: 440, figs 119, 120. Roth, 1967: 324, pl. 52, figs 6–10. Types: Lectotype male and paralectotype female designated by Roth (1967), both from Punta Arenas, Chile, in MNHN 22323, jar 1933, examined (CASENT9055543). Diagnosis: The males of this species can be distinguished from others in this species grade by the slender, hook-shaped RTA (Fig. 26C) and the long spiniform DTA curving retrolaterally (Figs 25E, 26D). Embolus base less bulbous than in P. fiura (Fig. 29A, B), embolus tip less hooked (Fig. 26A, B). Embolus tip significantly shorter than in P. eddardstarki (Fig. 33A). Fangs constricted at midpoint (Fig. 23D). The dark sclerotized middle of, Published as part of Morrill, Elizabeth, Crews, Sarah, Esposito, Lauren, Ramírez, Martín J. & Griswold, Charles, 2023, A revision of the genus Porteria and the phylogeny and biogeography of Porteriinae (Araneae: Desidae), pp. 368-461 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198 (2) on page 396, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac093, http://zenodo.org/record/8007404, {"references":["Simon E. 1904. Etude sur les arachnides du Chili recueillis en 1900, 1901 et 1902, par MM. C. Porter, Dr Delfin, Barcey Wilson et Edwards. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique 48: 83 - 114.","Lehtinen PT. 1967. Classification of the cribellate spiders and some allied families. Annales Zoologici Fennici 4: 199 - 468.","Roth VD. 1967. A review of the South American spiders of the family Agelenidae (Arachnida, Araneae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 134: 297 - 346."]}