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Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (H&NSCC) is an anatomic, biological, and genetic complex disease. It involves more than 1000 genes implied in its oncogenesis; for this review, we limit our search and description to the genes implied in the onco-ontogeny of the derivates from the first pharyngeal arch during embryo development. They can be grouped as transcription factors and signaling molecules (that act as growth factors that bind to receptors). Finally, we propose the term embryo-oncogenesis to refer to the activation, reactivation, and use of the genes involved in the embryo's development during the oncogenesis or malignant tumor invasion and metastasis events as part of an onco-ontogenic inverse process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the most important aquaculture resources for our country, salmon and trout stand out. Their production has increased significantly in recent decades, making them two of the most valuable resources in economic terms. However, high aquaculture production has allowed many pathogens to proliferate, causing infectious diseases and significant production losses. Piscirickettsia salmonis is a gram‐negative, facultative intracellular bacterium that is responsible for causing severe disease in a variety of salmonid fish species. Despite the significant impact of P. salmonis on aquaculture, effective treatments for this disease remain limited. Current prevention and control strategies often include antibiotics and vaccines. However, these treatments have shown varying degrees of efficacy. A promising approach involves synthesizing bioactive analog compounds with antibacterial properties. Quinones, secondary metabolites that are abundant in nature, have become a focal point of interest due to their diverse physiological activities, including antibiotic, insecticidal, antifungal, and anticancer properties. In this study, it is shown the synthesis of series 6‐bromo‐7‐arylaminoisoquinoline‐5,8‐quinones, the characterization of these compounds using classical spectroscopic methods such as one‐dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), FT‐IR (infrared), mass spectrometry, and the biological activity against Piscirickettsia salmonis. The brominated derivative compounds showed no cytotoxicity at any concentration evaluated. Furthermore, the infectivity of P. salmonis after treatment with the analog compounds indicated that derivatives methyl 6‐bromo‐7‐((4‐methoxyphenyl)amino)‐1,3‐dimethy‐5,8‐dioxo‐5,8‐dihydroisoquinoline‐4‐carboxylate (4b) and methyl 7‐((4′‐amino‐[1,1′‐biphenyl]‐4‐yl)amino)‐6‐bromo‐1,3‐dimethy‐5,8‐dioxo‐5,8‐dihydroisoquinoline‐4‐carboxylate (4g) reduced the bacterial load at 25 μg/mL concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of a patent-pending ointment containing plant extracts from Eucalyptus globulus, Curcuma longa, Hamamelis virginiana, Echinacea purpurea, and Zingiber officinale were evaluated. Methods: Plant extracts were chemically characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. The antinociceptive activity of the ointment was assessed using the hot plate, tail flick, and formalin tests, whereas the anti-inflammatory activity was measured using the acute and chronic TPA-induced ear edema tests. Mechanisms of action were evaluated using inhibitors from signaling pathways related to pain response and by using histological analysis and assessing the expression and activity of pro-inflammatory mediators. Results: The ointment showed antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects like those observed with diclofenac gel (1.16% v/v) and ketoprofen gel (2.5% v/v). The antinociceptive actions of the ointment are mediated by the possible participation of the opiodergic system and the nitric oxide pathway. The anti-inflammatory response was characterized by a decrease in myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and by a reduction in ear swelling and monocyte infiltration in the acute inflammation model. In the chronic model, the mechanism of action relied on a decrease in pro-inflammatory mediators such as COX-2, IL-1β, TNF-α, and MPO. An in-silico study with myristic acid, one of the compounds identified in the ointment's plant mixture, corroborated the in vivo results. Conclusions: The ointment showed antinociceptive activities mediated by the decrease in COX-2 and NO levels, and anti-inflammatory activity due to the reduction in IL-1β and TNFα levels, a reduction in MPO activity, and a decrease in NF-κB and COX-2 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School-based sports and physical education play an important role in the development of youth (Jones, Edwards, et al., 2017), but participation in athletics is unequal for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) youth compared to their straight/cisgender peers [Greenspan, S. B., Griffith, C., & Murtagh, E. F. (2017). LGBTQ youths' school athletic experiences: A 40-year content analysis in nine flagship journals. "Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling," 11(3), 190-200]. Sport cultures, generally, recreate dynamics of exclusion for marginalized youth. However, there are opportunities to transform these spaces into more inclusive and positive environments to support positive growth for all young people [Newman, T., Alvarez, A., & Kim, M. (2017). An experiential approach to sport-based positive youth development. "Journal of Experiential Education," 40(3), 308-322]. Our study uses a data set of adolescents, collected as part of a community-based participatory action research project led by high school students in southeast Michigan, USA. Respondents reported their sexual and gender identities, as well as experiences in youth sport, as well as safety using sex-segregated facilities (i.e., bathrooms and locker-rooms). Using mediation models based on linear regression, we found evidence that LGBQ high school students play sports at a significantly lower rate compared to straight students, and among those who play sports, LGBTQ respondents felt significantly less safe compared to straight and cisgender students. Opposite to the LGBQ and trans youth in this study, straight/cisgender youth also reported feeling safer using all facilities. The mediation models suggest that these inequalities help to explain disparities in rates of sports participation and feelings of safety while participating. These findings have important implications for policy, practice, and future research.

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Stanhopea tigrina Bateman ex Lindl. (Orchidaceae) is an orchid endemic to Mexico, known as "Calavera" or "calaverita", in the Huasteca Potosina (central region of Mexico). This plant species is used for the folk treatment of mental disorders and urological kidney disorders, according to the ethnomedicinal information obtained in this study. Ethanolic extracts of leaves (HE) and pseudobulb (PE) were obtained by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to carry out the chemical characterization of HE and PE. The pharmacological effects (antioxidant, diuretic, anxiolytic, locomotor, hypnotic, and sedative) of HE and PE were evaluated. The possible mechanism of action of the anxiolytic-like activity induced by HE was assessed using inhibitors of the GABAergic, adrenergic, and serotonergic systems. The possible mechanism of the diuretic action of HE was assessed using prostaglandin inhibitory antagonists and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) blockers. HE at 50 and 100 mg/kg exerted anxiolytic-like activity without inducing hypnosis or sedation. Flumazenil, prazosin, and ketanserin inhibited the anxiolytic-like activity shown by HE, which suggests the participation of GABA, α1-adrenergic receptors, and 5-HT2 receptors, respectively. The diuretic effect was reversed by the non-selective NOS inhibitor L-NAME, which caused the reduction in nitric oxide (NO). These results demonstrate that the ethanolic extract of S. tigrina leaves exhibited anxiolytic-like activity and diuretic effects without inducing hypnosis or sedation. This work validates the medicinal uses of this orchid species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Biogeographic boundaries and genetic structuring have important effects on the inferences and interpretation of effective population size (Ne) temporal variations, a key genetics parameter. We reconstructed the historical demography and divergence history of a vulnerable coastal high‐trophic shark using population genomics and assessed our ability to detect recent bottleneck events. Location: Western and Central Indo‐Pacific (IPA), Western Tropical Atlantic (WTA) and Eastern Tropical Pacific (EPA). Taxon: Carcharhinus leucas (Müller & Henle, 1839). Methods: A DArTcap™ approach was used to sequence 475 samples and assess global genetic structuring. Three demographic models were tested on each population, using an ABC‐RF framework coupled with coalescent simulations, to investigate within‐cluster structure. Divergence times between clusters were computed, testing multiple scenarios, with fastsimcoal. Ne temporal variations were reconstructed with STAIRWAYPLOT. Coalescent simulations were performed to determine the detectability of recent bottleneck under the estimated historical trend for datasets of this size. Results: Three genetic clusters corresponding to the IPA, WTA and EPA regions were identified, agreeing with previous studies. The IPA presented the highest genetic diversity and was consistently identified as the oldest. No significant within‐cluster structuring was detected. Ne increased globally, with an earlier onset in the IPA, during the last glacial period. Coalescent simulations showed that weak and recent bottlenecks could not be detected with our dataset, while old and/or strong bottlenecks would erase the observed ancestral expansion. Main Conclusions: This study further confirms the role of marine biogeographic breaks in shaping the genetic history of large mobile marine predators. Ne historical increases in Ne are potentially linked to extended coastal habitat availability. The limited within‐cluster population structuring suggests that Ne can be monitored over ocean basins. Due to insufficient amount of available genetic data, it cannot be concluded whether overfishing is impacting Bull Shark genetic diversity, calling for whole‐genome sequencing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]