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1. Author Correction: Tree mode of death and mortality risk factors across Amazon forests (Nature Communications, (2020), 11, 1, (5515), 10.1038/s41467-020-18996-3)

Author

Esquivel-Muelbert, A, Phillips, OL, Brienen, RJW, Fauset, S, Sullivan, MJP, Baker, TR, Chao, KJ, Feldpausch, TR, Gloor, E, Higuchi, N, Houwing-Duistermaat, J, Lloyd, J, Liu, H, Malhi, Y, Marimon, B, Marimon Junior, BH, Monteagudo-Mendoza, A, Poorter, L, Silveira, M, Torre, EV, Dávila, EA, del Aguila Pasquel, J, Almeida, E, Loayza, PA, Andrade, A, Aragão, LEOC, Araujo-Murakami, A, Arets, E, Arroyo, L, Aymard C, GA, Baisie, M, Baraloto, C, Camargo, PB, Barroso, J, Blanc, L, Bonal, D, Bongers, F, Boot, R, Brown, F, Burban, B, Camargo, JL, Castro, W, Moscoso, VC, Chave, J, Comiskey, J, Valverde, FC, da Costa, AL, Cardozo, ND, Di Fiore, A, Dourdain, A, Erwin, T, Llampazo, GF, Vieira, ICG, Herrera, R, Honorio Coronado, E, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, I, Jimenez-Rojas, E, Killeen, T, Laurance, S, Laurance, W, Levesley, A, Lewis, SL, Ladvocat, KLLM, Lopez-Gonzalez, G, Lovejoy, T, Meir, P, Mendoza, C, Morandi, P, Neill, D, Nogueira Lima, AJ, Vargas, PN, de Oliveira, EA, Camacho, NP, Pardo, G, Peacock, J, Peña-Claros, M, Peñuela-Mora, MC, Pickavance, G, Pipoly, J, Pitman, N, Prieto, A, Pugh, TAM, Quesada, C, Ramirez-Angulo, H, de Almeida Reis, SM, Rejou-Machain, M, Correa, ZR, Bayona, LR, Rudas, A, Salomão, R, Serrano, J, Espejo, JS, Silva, N, Singh, J, Stahl, C, Stropp, J, Swamy, V, Talbot, J, ter Steege, H, and Terborgh, J

Abstract

The original version of this Article contained an error in Table 2, where the number of individuals in the “All Amazonia” row was reported as 11,6431 instead of 116,431. Also, the original version of this Article contained an error in the Methods, where the R2 for the proportion of broken/uprooted dead trees increase per year was reported as 0.12, the correct value being 0.06. The original version of this Article contained errors in the author affiliations. The affiliation of Gerardo A. Aymard C. with UNELLEZGuanare, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Portuguesa, Venezuela Compensation International Progress S.A. Ciprogress–Greenlife.

Published
2021

2. Diversity and carbon storage across the tropical forest biome

Author

Sullivan, MJP, Talbot, J, Lewis, SL, Phillips, OL, Qie, L, Begne, SK, Chave, J, Cuni-Sanchez, A, Hubau, W, Lopez-Gonzalez, G, Miles, L, Monteagudo-Mendoza, A, Sonké, B, Sunderland, T, Ter Steege, H, White, LJT, Affum-Baffoe, K, Aiba, SI, De Almeida, EC, De Oliveira, EA, Alvarez-Loayza, P, Dávila, EÁ, Andrade, A, Aragão, LEOC, Ashton, P, Aymard, GA, Baker, TR, Balinga, M, Banin, LF, Baraloto, C, Bastin, JF, Berry, N, Bogaert, J, Bonal, D, Bongers, F, Brienen, R, Camargo, JLC, Cerón, C, Moscoso, VC, Chezeaux, E, Clark, CJ, Pacheco, ÁC, Comiskey, JA, Valverde, FC, Coronado, ENH, Dargie, G, Davies, SJ, De Canniere, C, Djuikouo, MN, Doucet, JL, Erwin, TL, Espejo, JS, Ewango, CEN, Fauset, S, Feldpausch, TR, Herrera, R, Gilpin, M, Gloor, E, Hall, JS, Harris, DJ, Hart, TB, Kartawinata, K, Kho, LK, Kitayama, K, Laurance, SGW, Laurance, WF, Leal, ME, Lovejoy, T, Lovett, JC, Lukasu, FM, Makana, JR, Malhi, Y, Maracahipes, L, Marimon, BS, Junior, BHM, Marshall, AR, Morandi, PS, Mukendi, JT, Mukinzi, J, Nilus, R, Vargas, PN, Camacho, NCP, Pardo, G, Peña-Claros, M, Pétronelli, P, Pickavance, GC, Poulsen, AD, Poulsen, JR, Primack, RB, Priyadi, H, Quesada, CA, Reitsma, J, Réjou-Méchain, M, Restrepo, Z, Rutishauser, E, Salim, KA, Salomão, RP, Samsoedin, I, Sheil, D, Sierra, R, Sullivan, MJP, Talbot, J, Lewis, SL, Phillips, OL, Qie, L, Begne, SK, Chave, J, Cuni-Sanchez, A, Hubau, W, Lopez-Gonzalez, G, Miles, L, Monteagudo-Mendoza, A, Sonké, B, Sunderland, T, Ter Steege, H, White, LJT, Affum-Baffoe, K, Aiba, SI, De Almeida, EC, De Oliveira, EA, Alvarez-Loayza, P, Dávila, EÁ, Andrade, A, Aragão, LEOC, Ashton, P, Aymard, GA, Baker, TR, Balinga, M, Banin, LF, Baraloto, C, Bastin, JF, Berry, N, Bogaert, J, Bonal, D, Bongers, F, Brienen, R, Camargo, JLC, Cerón, C, Moscoso, VC, Chezeaux, E, Clark, CJ, Pacheco, ÁC, Comiskey, JA, Valverde, FC, Coronado, ENH, Dargie, G, Davies, SJ, De Canniere, C, Djuikouo, MN, Doucet, JL, Erwin, TL, Espejo, JS, Ewango, CEN, Fauset, S, Feldpausch, TR, Herrera, R, Gilpin, M, Gloor, E, Hall, JS, Harris, DJ, Hart, TB, Kartawinata, K, Kho, LK, Kitayama, K, Laurance, SGW, Laurance, WF, Leal, ME, Lovejoy, T, Lovett, JC, Lukasu, FM, Makana, JR, Malhi, Y, Maracahipes, L, Marimon, BS, Junior, BHM, Marshall, AR, Morandi, PS, Mukendi, JT, Mukinzi, J, Nilus, R, Vargas, PN, Camacho, NCP, Pardo, G, Peña-Claros, M, Pétronelli, P, Pickavance, GC, Poulsen, AD, Poulsen, JR, Primack, RB, Priyadi, H, Quesada, CA, Reitsma, J, Réjou-Méchain, M, Restrepo, Z, Rutishauser, E, Salim, KA, Salomão, RP, Samsoedin, I, Sheil, D, and Sierra, R

Abstract

© The Author(s) 2017. Tropical forests are global centres of biodiversity and carbon storage. Many tropical countries aspire to protect forest to fulfil biodiversity and climate mitigation policy targets, but the conservation strategies needed to achieve these two functions depend critically on the tropical forest tree diversity-carbon storage relationship. Assessing this relationship is challenging due to the scarcity of inventories where carbon stocks in aboveground biomass and species identifications have been simultaneously and robustly quantified. Here, we compile a unique pan-Tropical dataset of 360 plots located in structurally intact old-growth closed-canopy forest, surveyed using standardised methods, allowing a multi-scale evaluation of diversity-carbon relationships in tropical forests. Diversity-carbon relationships among all plots at 1 ha scale across the tropics are absent, and within continents are either weak (Asia) or absent (Amazonia, Africa). A weak positive relationship is detectable within 1 ha plots, indicating that diversity effects in tropical forests may be scale dependent. The absence of clear diversity-carbon relationships at scales relevant to conservation planning means that carbon-centred conservation strategies will inevitably miss many high diversity ecosystems. As tropical forests can have any combination of tree diversity and carbon stocks both require explicit consideration when optimising policies to manage tropical carbon and biodiversity.

Published
2017

3. Basin-wide variation in tree hydraulic safety margins predicts the carbon balance of Amazon forests.

Author

Tavares JV, Oliveira RS, Mencuccini M, Signori-Müller C, Pereira L, Diniz FC, Gilpin M, Marca Zevallos MJ, Salas Yupayccana CA, Acosta M, Pérez Mullisaca FM, Barros FV, Bittencourt P, Jancoski H, Scalon MC, Marimon BS, Oliveras Menor I, Marimon BH Jr, Fancourt M, Chambers-Ostler A, Esquivel-Muelbert A, Rowland L, Meir P, Lola da Costa AC, Nina A, Sanchez JMB, Tintaya JS, Chino RSC, Baca J, Fernandes L, Cumapa ERM, Santos JAR, Teixeira R, Tello L, Ugarteche MTM, Cuellar GA, Martinez F, Araujo-Murakami A, Almeida E, da Cruz WJA, Del Aguila Pasquel J, Aragāo L, Baker TR, de Camargo PB, Brienen R, Castro W, Ribeiro SC, Coelho de Souza F, Cosio EG, Davila Cardozo N, da Costa Silva R, Disney M, Espejo JS, Feldpausch TR, Ferreira L, Giacomin L, Higuchi N, Hirota M, Honorio E, Huaraca Huasco W, Lewis S, Flores Llampazo G, Malhi Y, Monteagudo Mendoza A, Morandi P, Chama Moscoso V, Muscarella R, Penha D, Rocha MC, Rodrigues G, Ruschel AR, Salinas N, Schlickmann M, Silveira M, Talbot J, Vásquez R, Vedovato L, Vieira SA, Phillips OL, Gloor E, and Galbraith DR

Subjects
Biomass, Droughts, Xylem metabolism, Rain, Climate Change, Carbon Sequestration, Stress, Physiological, Dehydration, Carbon metabolism, Forests, Trees growth & development, Trees metabolism, Tropical Climate
Abstract

Tropical forests face increasing climate risk 1,2 , yet our ability to predict their response to climate change is limited by poor understanding of their resistance to water stress. Although xylem embolism resistance thresholds (for example, [Formula: see text] 50 ) and hydraulic safety margins (for example, HSM 50 ) are important predictors of drought-induced mortality risk 3-5 , little is known about how these vary across Earth's largest tropical forest. Here, we present a pan-Amazon, fully standardized hydraulic traits dataset and use it to assess regional variation in drought sensitivity and hydraulic trait ability to predict species distributions and long-term forest biomass accumulation. Parameters [Formula: see text] 50 and HSM 50 vary markedly across the Amazon and are related to average long-term rainfall characteristics. Both [Formula: see text] 50 and HSM 50 influence the biogeographical distribution of Amazon tree species. However, HSM 50 was the only significant predictor of observed decadal-scale changes in forest biomass. Old-growth forests with wide HSM 50 are gaining more biomass than are low HSM 50 forests. We propose that this may be associated with a growth-mortality trade-off whereby trees in forests consisting of fast-growing species take greater hydraulic risks and face greater mortality risk. Moreover, in regions of more pronounced climatic change, we find evidence that forests are losing biomass, suggesting that species in these regions may be operating beyond their hydraulic limits. Continued climate change is likely to further reduce HSM 50 in the Amazon 6,7 , with strong implications for the Amazon carbon sink., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Published
2023
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4. Author Correction: Tree mode of death and mortality risk factors across Amazon forests.

Author

Esquivel-Muelbert A, Phillips OL, Brienen RJW, Fauset S, Sullivan MJP, Baker TR, Chao KJ, Feldpausch TR, Gloor E, Higuchi N, Houwing-Duistermaat J, Lloyd J, Liu H, Malhi Y, Marimon B, Marimon Junior BH, Monteagudo-Mendoza A, Poorter L, Silveira M, Torre EV, Dávila EA, Del Aguila Pasquel J, Almeida E, Loayza PA, Andrade A, Aragão LEOC, Araujo-Murakami A, Arets E, Arroyo L, Aymard C GA, Baisie M, Baraloto C, Camargo PB, Barroso J, Blanc L, Bonal D, Bongers F, Boot R, Brown F, Burban B, Camargo JL, Castro W, Moscoso VC, Chave J, Comiskey J, Valverde FC, da Costa AL, Cardozo ND, Di Fiore A, Dourdain A, Erwin T, Llampazo GF, Vieira ICG, Herrera R, Honorio Coronado E, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Jimenez-Rojas E, Killeen T, Laurance S, Laurance W, Levesley A, Lewis SL, Ladvocat KLLM, Lopez-Gonzalez G, Lovejoy T, Meir P, Mendoza C, Morandi P, Neill D, Nogueira Lima AJ, Vargas PN, de Oliveira EA, Camacho NP, Pardo G, Peacock J, Peña-Claros M, Peñuela-Mora MC, Pickavance G, Pipoly J, Pitman N, Prieto A, Pugh TAM, Quesada C, Ramirez-Angulo H, de Almeida Reis SM, Rejou-Machain M, Correa ZR, Bayona LR, Rudas A, Salomão R, Serrano J, Espejo JS, Silva N, Singh J, Stahl C, Stropp J, Swamy V, Talbot J, Ter Steege H, Terborgh J, Thomas R, Toledo M, Torres-Lezama A, Gamarra LV, van der Heijden G, van der Meer P, van der Hout P, Martinez RV, Vieira SA, Cayo JV, Vos V, Zagt R, Zuidema P, and Galbraith D

Published
2021
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5. Tree mode of death and mortality risk factors across Amazon forests.

Author

Esquivel-Muelbert A, Phillips OL, Brienen RJW, Fauset S, Sullivan MJP, Baker TR, Chao KJ, Feldpausch TR, Gloor E, Higuchi N, Houwing-Duistermaat J, Lloyd J, Liu H, Malhi Y, Marimon B, Marimon Junior BH, Monteagudo-Mendoza A, Poorter L, Silveira M, Torre EV, Dávila EA, Del Aguila Pasquel J, Almeida E, Loayza PA, Andrade A, Aragão LEOC, Araujo-Murakami A, Arets E, Arroyo L, Aymard C GA, Baisie M, Baraloto C, Camargo PB, Barroso J, Blanc L, Bonal D, Bongers F, Boot R, Brown F, Burban B, Camargo JL, Castro W, Moscoso VC, Chave J, Comiskey J, Valverde FC, da Costa AL, Cardozo ND, Di Fiore A, Dourdain A, Erwin T, Llampazo GF, Vieira ICG, Herrera R, Honorio Coronado E, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Jimenez-Rojas E, Killeen T, Laurance S, Laurance W, Levesley A, Lewis SL, Ladvocat KLLM, Lopez-Gonzalez G, Lovejoy T, Meir P, Mendoza C, Morandi P, Neill D, Nogueira Lima AJ, Vargas PN, de Oliveira EA, Camacho NP, Pardo G, Peacock J, Peña-Claros M, Peñuela-Mora MC, Pickavance G, Pipoly J, Pitman N, Prieto A, Pugh TAM, Quesada C, Ramirez-Angulo H, de Almeida Reis SM, Rejou-Machain M, Correa ZR, Bayona LR, Rudas A, Salomão R, Serrano J, Espejo JS, Silva N, Singh J, Stahl C, Stropp J, Swamy V, Talbot J, Ter Steege H, Terborgh J, Thomas R, Toledo M, Torres-Lezama A, Gamarra LV, van der Heijden G, van der Meer P, van der Hout P, Martinez RV, Vieira SA, Cayo JV, Vos V, Zagt R, Zuidema P, and Galbraith D

Subjects
Biomass, Brazil, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Sequestration, Ecosystem, Environmental Monitoring, Models, Biological, Proportional Hazards Models, Risk Factors, Tropical Climate, Ecology, Forests, Trees growth & development
Abstract

The carbon sink capacity of tropical forests is substantially affected by tree mortality. However, the main drivers of tropical tree death remain largely unknown. Here we present a pan-Amazonian assessment of how and why trees die, analysing over 120,000 trees representing > 3800 species from 189 long-term RAINFOR forest plots. While tree mortality rates vary greatly Amazon-wide, on average trees are as likely to die standing as they are broken or uprooted-modes of death with different ecological consequences. Species-level growth rate is the single most important predictor of tree death in Amazonia, with faster-growing species being at higher risk. Within species, however, the slowest-growing trees are at greatest risk while the effect of tree size varies across the basin. In the driest Amazonian region species-level bioclimatic distributional patterns also predict the risk of death, suggesting that these forests are experiencing climatic conditions beyond their adaptative limits. These results provide not only a holistic pan-Amazonian picture of tree death but large-scale evidence for the overarching importance of the growth-survival trade-off in driving tropical tree mortality.

Published
2020
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6. Long-term thermal sensitivity of Earth's tropical forests.

Author

Sullivan MJP, Lewis SL, Affum-Baffoe K, Castilho C, Costa F, Sanchez AC, Ewango CEN, Hubau W, Marimon B, Monteagudo-Mendoza A, Qie L, Sonké B, Martinez RV, Baker TR, Brienen RJW, Feldpausch TR, Galbraith D, Gloor M, Malhi Y, Aiba SI, Alexiades MN, Almeida EC, de Oliveira EA, Dávila EÁ, Loayza PA, Andrade A, Vieira SA, Aragão LEOC, Araujo-Murakami A, Arets EJMM, Arroyo L, Ashton P, Aymard C G, Baccaro FB, Banin LF, Baraloto C, Camargo PB, Barlow J, Barroso J, Bastin JF, Batterman SA, Beeckman H, Begne SK, Bennett AC, Berenguer E, Berry N, Blanc L, Boeckx P, Bogaert J, Bonal D, Bongers F, Bradford M, Brearley FQ, Brncic T, Brown F, Burban B, Camargo JL, Castro W, Céron C, Ribeiro SC, Moscoso VC, Chave J, Chezeaux E, Clark CJ, de Souza FC, Collins M, Comiskey JA, Valverde FC, Medina MC, da Costa L, Dančák M, Dargie GC, Davies S, Cardozo ND, de Haulleville T, de Medeiros MB, Del Aguila Pasquel J, Derroire G, Di Fiore A, Doucet JL, Dourdain A, Droissart V, Duque LF, Ekoungoulou R, Elias F, Erwin T, Esquivel-Muelbert A, Fauset S, Ferreira J, Llampazo GF, Foli E, Ford A, Gilpin M, Hall JS, Hamer KC, Hamilton AC, Harris DJ, Hart TB, Hédl R, Herault B, Herrera R, Higuchi N, Hladik A, Coronado EH, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Huasco WH, Jeffery KJ, Jimenez-Rojas E, Kalamandeen M, Djuikouo MNK, Kearsley E, Umetsu RK, Kho LK, Killeen T, Kitayama K, Klitgaard B, Koch A, Labrière N, Laurance W, Laurance S, Leal ME, Levesley A, Lima AJN, Lisingo J, Lopes AP, Lopez-Gonzalez G, Lovejoy T, Lovett JC, Lowe R, Magnusson WE, Malumbres-Olarte J, Manzatto ÂG, Marimon BH Jr, Marshall AR, Marthews T, de Almeida Reis SM, Maycock C, Melgaço K, Mendoza C, Metali F, Mihindou V, Milliken W, Mitchard ETA, Morandi PS, Mossman HL, Nagy L, Nascimento H, Neill D, Nilus R, Vargas PN, Palacios W, Camacho NP, Peacock J, Pendry C, Peñuela Mora MC, Pickavance GC, Pipoly J, Pitman N, Playfair M, Poorter L, Poulsen JR, Poulsen AD, Preziosi R, Prieto A, Primack RB, Ramírez-Angulo H, Reitsma J, Réjou-Méchain M, Correa ZR, de Sousa TR, Bayona LR, Roopsind A, Rudas A, Rutishauser E, Abu Salim K, Salomão RP, Schietti J, Sheil D, Silva RC, Espejo JS, Valeria CS, Silveira M, Simo-Droissart M, Simon MF, Singh J, Soto Shareva YC, Stahl C, Stropp J, Sukri R, Sunderland T, Svátek M, Swaine MD, Swamy V, Taedoumg H, Talbot J, Taplin J, Taylor D, Ter Steege H, Terborgh J, Thomas R, Thomas SC, Torres-Lezama A, Umunay P, Gamarra LV, van der Heijden G, van der Hout P, van der Meer P, van Nieuwstadt M, Verbeeck H, Vernimmen R, Vicentini A, Vieira ICG, Torre EV, Vleminckx J, Vos V, Wang O, White LJT, Willcock S, Woods JT, Wortel V, Young K, Zagt R, Zemagho L, Zuidema PA, Zwerts JA, and Phillips OL

Subjects
Acclimatization, Biomass, Carbon metabolism, Earth, Planet, Wood, Carbon Cycle, Climate Change, Forests, Hot Temperature, Trees metabolism, Tropical Climate
Abstract

The sensitivity of tropical forest carbon to climate is a key uncertainty in predicting global climate change. Although short-term drying and warming are known to affect forests, it is unknown if such effects translate into long-term responses. Here, we analyze 590 permanent plots measured across the tropics to derive the equilibrium climate controls on forest carbon. Maximum temperature is the most important predictor of aboveground biomass (-9.1 megagrams of carbon per hectare per degree Celsius), primarily by reducing woody productivity, and has a greater impact per °C in the hottest forests (>32.2°C). Our results nevertheless reveal greater thermal resilience than observations of short-term variation imply. To realize the long-term climate adaptation potential of tropical forests requires both protecting them and stabilizing Earth's climate., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.)

Published
2020
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7. Diversity and carbon storage across the tropical forest biome.

Author

Sullivan MJ, Talbot J, Lewis SL, Phillips OL, Qie L, Begne SK, Chave J, Cuni-Sanchez A, Hubau W, Lopez-Gonzalez G, Miles L, Monteagudo-Mendoza A, Sonké B, Sunderland T, Ter Steege H, White LJ, Affum-Baffoe K, Aiba SI, de Almeida EC, de Oliveira EA, Alvarez-Loayza P, Dávila EÁ, Andrade A, Aragão LE, Ashton P, Aymard C GA, Baker TR, Balinga M, Banin LF, Baraloto C, Bastin JF, Berry N, Bogaert J, Bonal D, Bongers F, Brienen R, Camargo JL, Cerón C, Moscoso VC, Chezeaux E, Clark CJ, Pacheco ÁC, Comiskey JA, Valverde FC, Coronado EN, Dargie G, Davies SJ, De Canniere C, Djuikouo K MN, Doucet JL, Erwin TL, Espejo JS, Ewango CE, Fauset S, Feldpausch TR, Herrera R, Gilpin M, Gloor E, Hall JS, Harris DJ, Hart TB, Kartawinata K, Kho LK, Kitayama K, Laurance SG, Laurance WF, Leal ME, Lovejoy T, Lovett JC, Lukasu FM, Makana JR, Malhi Y, Maracahipes L, Marimon BS, Junior BH, Marshall AR, Morandi PS, Mukendi JT, Mukinzi J, Nilus R, Vargas PN, Camacho NC, Pardo G, Peña-Claros M, Pétronelli P, Pickavance GC, Poulsen AD, Poulsen JR, Primack RB, Priyadi H, Quesada CA, Reitsma J, Réjou-Méchain M, Restrepo Z, Rutishauser E, Salim KA, Salomão RP, Samsoedin I, Sheil D, Sierra R, Silveira M, Slik JW, Steel L, Taedoumg H, Tan S, Terborgh JW, Thomas SC, Toledo M, Umunay PM, Gamarra LV, Vieira IC, Vos VA, Wang O, Willcock S, and Zemagho L

Subjects
Africa, Americas, Asia, Tropical Climate, Biodiversity, Carbon analysis, Forests, Plants chemistry, Plants classification
Abstract

Tropical forests are global centres of biodiversity and carbon storage. Many tropical countries aspire to protect forest to fulfil biodiversity and climate mitigation policy targets, but the conservation strategies needed to achieve these two functions depend critically on the tropical forest tree diversity-carbon storage relationship. Assessing this relationship is challenging due to the scarcity of inventories where carbon stocks in aboveground biomass and species identifications have been simultaneously and robustly quantified. Here, we compile a unique pan-tropical dataset of 360 plots located in structurally intact old-growth closed-canopy forest, surveyed using standardised methods, allowing a multi-scale evaluation of diversity-carbon relationships in tropical forests. Diversity-carbon relationships among all plots at 1 ha scale across the tropics are absent, and within continents are either weak (Asia) or absent (Amazonia, Africa). A weak positive relationship is detectable within 1 ha plots, indicating that diversity effects in tropical forests may be scale dependent. The absence of clear diversity-carbon relationships at scales relevant to conservation planning means that carbon-centred conservation strategies will inevitably miss many high diversity ecosystems. As tropical forests can have any combination of tree diversity and carbon stocks both require explicit consideration when optimising policies to manage tropical carbon and biodiversity.

Published
2017
Full Text
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