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[EN] This study addresses the in situ mobility of fluoride and aluminum in two different ashfall deposits accumulated during the 2021 eruption of the Tajogaite volcano (La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain), which were exposed to contrasting conditions of ambient humidity and precipitation. We selected one site to the east of the volcanic emission center, located near the top of Cumbre Vieja Ridge and exposed to continuous humidity and rain, and another site to the west of the volcano situated in a lowland and characterized by much drier conditions. The mobility of fluoride and aluminum is markedly different at both sites, with the first sequence suggesting a downwards migration of Al and F, and the second sequence showing no sign of mobility. The migration of aluminum and fluorine results from the dissolution of different fluoride salts (mostly AlF3 and CaF2, as suggested by scanning electron microscopy) followed by vertical transport as ionic complexes (AlF3, AlF2+, AlF4−) during the percolation of rainwater through the ashfall deposits. Geochemical calculations suggest that the mobility of fluorine at neutral to alkaline conditions (pH 7.0–9.0) is likely limited by the solubility of fluorite (CaF2), whereas at slightly acidic conditions (pH < 6.5), the aqueous concentration of aluminum seems to be controlled by the solubility of gibbsite (Al(OH)3). This study demonstrates that aluminum and fluoride can be transported from volcanic ash to the underlying soil or groundwater, which is an environmental concern that should be followed in the future.

[EN] Spain, due to its important mining past, there are many abandoned mine waste facilities. This study evaluates the potential of Spanish mine wastes for the recovery of critical and strategic raw materials and other elements of economic relevance. For this purpose, 20 mine waste facilities have been selected in different parts of Spain based on criteria such as tonnage, element content or metal market price. Surface samples were taken at the facilities, considered representative of these, for subsequent granulometric, mineralogical and chemical analysis. The grain size data were obtained by standard sieving (ASTM 5000), while the mineralogy was obtained by X-ray Diffraction (XRD). For chemical characterization, Wavelength Dispersion X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (WDXRF) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) were used to analyze 38 chemical elements (Be, Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, I, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Hf, Ta, W, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th and U), many of them included in the European Union's list of Critical Raw Materials (CRMs). In addition, leachate data from mine wastes in the Iberian Pyritic Belt were analyzed to assess their bioleaching potential. The calculated enrichment factors (EF) indicate that some critical elements, as well as others with strategic and economic interest, are highly enriched in the wastes, including Sb, Bi, As, Pb, Cu, Ag, Zn, Cd, Sn, Se and Th. The most promising facilities with the highest recovery potential are located in the historic Riotinto and Tharsis mines (both in Huelva, Iberian Pyrite Belt) and the Rubiais mine in Lugo, whose tailings could contribute up to 3.2 billion dollars gross, according to the current market metal prices. This paper aims to provide a first step to promote mine waste recycling and circular mining in Spain, an initiative that would also help to mitigate the environmental damage derived from abandoned mine wastes.

[EN] The MINING WASTE AND ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY RESEARCH GROUP (REMINGAM) focuses on the problems associated with abandoned mining waste and their characterization. The characterization of mining waste has been approached from a dual perspective: environmental (inventory and mineralogical, chemical, hydrological and geotechnical characterization, risk assessment, structural stability), and economic (estimation of restoration costs and environmental suitability, the potential for reuse and extraction of secondary raw materials). The Group also addresses research lines to evaluate the effectiveness of corrective measures for environmental impacts, for the reduction of environmental alterations derived from mining exploitation, and for the study, risk assessment, and recovery of valuable elements from abandoned mining wastes. We also apply several research techniques, both laboratory and in situ, to study many other types of environmental contamination in surface watercourses, soils, and sediments, including toxic metals, as well as other emerging contaminants of an organic nature, from various anthropogenic activities.

[EN] The study of the geological processes leading to the formation of ore deposits and the identification of priority areas for extraction of primary and critical raw materials is of paramount importance for the economic and industrial development of our society and helps diminish our dependence with respect to other countries with respect to the supply of these raw materials. Our main challenge is the search of mineral resources critical for the ecological transition, with the goal of ensuring fulfillment of the Green Deal promoted by the European Commission.

The intention is to identify some characteristics of civic life in peripheral areas of main urban centers, through the analysis of a series of focal interviews with the inhabitants of La Cala del Moral, belonging to the municipality of Rincón de la Victoria in the metropolitan area of Málaga, oriented to explore their place bonding. Content analysis and quantification of the answers has set the satisfaction of the population majority with their life in the town, and has allowed to relate its conceptual evolution with another study carried out in 2010. It is observed a variation in place attachment, from emotional and social feelings towards functional elements: comfort and tranquility. There is also a substantial reduction in knowledge of the city, associated with disinterest in the urban space. The importance of social cohesion for the successful working of an urban center recommends continuing to investigate the characteristics and evolution of citizen life, since the advance of climate change will require resilient cities., Se pretende identificar algunas características de la vida ciudadana en áreas periféricas de núcleos urbanos principales, mediante análisis de una serie de entrevistas focales a los habitantes de la localidad de La Cala del Moral, perteneciente al municipio de Rincón de la Victoria de la aglomeración urbana de Málaga, orientadas a explorar sus relaciones de vinculación con el espacio urbano. El análisis de contenido y la cuantificación de las respuestas, ha establecido la satisfacción de la mayoría de la población con su vida en la localidad, y permitido relacionar su evolución conceptual con otro estudio realizado en 2010. Se observa un cambio en el apego, desde relaciones emocionales y sociales hacia elementos funcionales: comodidad y tranquilidad; y una importante reducción del conocimiento de la ciudad, asociado a desinterés por el espacio urbano. La importancia de la cohesión social para el buen funcionamiento de un núcleo urbano, aconseja seguir investigando las características y evolución de la vida ciudadana, pues el avance del cambio climático hará necesarias ciudades resilientes.

De todos los desastres naturales relacionados con procesos geológicos activos, pocos han suscitado más controversia entre la comunidad científica, más terror entre la población local y, por qué no decirlo, más morbo a nivel periodístico, que las erupciones límnicas de los lagos Nyos y Monoum, en Camerún. con un balance de 1.800 muertos en el primer caso, en 1986, y de 37 en el segundo, en 1984, estos extraños sucesos, totalmente desconocidos hasta el momento, sorprendieron a cinetíficos de todo el mundo. A caballo entre la vulcanología y la mística, entre la limnología y la leyenda, estas erupciones siguen siendo hoy en día uno de los procesos geológicos más enigmáticos que existen. Por otra parte, las tragedias de estos lagos dieron lugar al nacimiento de nuevas disciplinas científicas y a una respuesta masiva por parte de numerosas instituciones humanitarias, lo que constituye un ejemplo mundial de colaboración internacional e investigación científica destinada a la prevención y protección de vidas humanas. En este libro analizamos el fenómeno que la prensa denominó "lagos asesinos": cuál es su origen, cómo se forman, qué es una erupción límnica y cómo se produce, o qué mecanismos se han desarrollado para controlar y mitigar sus efectos.

The Civil War had an intense impact on the whole of Spanish society and affected aspects in the daily life of the general population. This article describes the socio-demographic changes that occurred during the Civil War in the municipality of Benagalbón (Málaga), through triangulation and comparison of data from the municipal registers of the years 1935 and 1940 by means of content analysis of local oral sources. The resulting data indicates that in a municipality of 5555 inhabitants there was a growth of 2.9 % of the population with an increase in illiteracy and precarious employment, and changes in the property structure, which are accompanied by the loss of 32,7 % of the population in 1935, which oral sources relate to the massive escape to Almeria as rebel troops advance., La Guerra Civil tuvo un intenso impacto sobre el conjunto de la sociedad española y afectó a aspectos profundos de la vida cotidiana de la población general. En el presente artículo se describen los cambios socio demográficos que se produjeron durante el transcurso de la Guerra Civil en el municipio de Benagalbón (Málaga), mediante triangulación y comparación de los datos de los padrones municipales de los años 1935 y 1940 con análisis de contenido de fuentes orales locales. Los resultados muestran que en un municipio de 5.555 habitantes en 1935 se había producido en 1940 un incremento demográfico del 2,9 % con aumento del analfabetismo y del empleo precario y cambios en la estructura de propiedad, acompañado de pérdida del 32,7 % de la población que las fuentes orales relacionan con la huida masiva hacia Almería en 1937, ante el avance de las tropas rebeldes.

Introduction:On February 7, 1937 a population displacement occurred from Malaga to Almeria traversing the coastal roads, whose difficulties and hardship left a profound memory in those who lived it and their descendants.Methods:This study aims to identify the elements that acted as triggers for the dis-placement, massive and concurrent in time, through qualitative content analysis of press, radio and rumors recorded in 1937.Results:The continuous bombardments over a city subjected to an intense war propa-ganda campaign, with lack of reliable information regarding the situation at the front and the State itself; combined with the rampant spread of rumors, propitiated a collec-tive episode of collective herd-like panic.Discussion and Conclusion:When militiamen retreated and announced the arrival of the enemy, the shared fear triggers the defensive reaction of mass exodus., Introducción: El día 7 de febrero de 1937 se produjo un desplazamiento de población desde Málaga hacia Almería por la carretera de la costa, cuyas dificultades y penurias dejaron un profundo recuerdo en quienes lo vivieron y en sus descendientes.Método: Este estudio pretende identificar los elementos que actuaron como detonantes de esa huida, masiva y coincidente en el tiempo, mediante análisis cualitativo de contenidos de prensa, radio local y rumores en 1937.Resultados: Los continuos bombardeos sobre una ciudad sometida a una intensa campaña de propaganda de guerra, sin información fiable sobre la situación del frente y del propio Estado y con intensa comunicación informal de rumores, propiciaron un episodio de pánico colectivo.Discusión y Conclusión: Cuando los milicianos se repliegan y anuncian la llegada del enemigo, el miedo compartido desencadena la reacción defensiva de huida masiva.