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Objective: To evaluate whether the involvement of surgeons-in-training was associated with increased infection rates, including both prosthetic joint infection (PJI) and surgical site infection (SSI), following primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA)., Design: This was a retrospective review of outcomes following primary total knee arthroplasty. Surgeries were divided into two groups: (a) attending-only and (b) trainee-involved. Association with PJI and SSI were evaluated with univariate analysis and multivariate analysis to adjust for sex, age, body mass index (BMI), Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), year of surgery, operative time, and hospital/surgeon volume., Setting: A single, large North-American integrated healthcare system between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2017., Participants: A total of 12,664 primary TKAs with a minimum of one-year (mean of 2-years, range 1-4.5) follow-up were evaluated., Results: Residents and fellows were more likely to participate in cases with longer operative times (p<0.001) than the attending-only group. A significant difference existed on univariate analysis between the trainee-involved group and attending-only group for PJI incidence (p=0.015) but not for SSI (p=0.840). After adjusting for patient- and procedure-related features, however, neither PJI nor SSI were independently associated with trainee involvement (PJI: p=0.089; SSI: p=0.998)., Conclusions: Trainee participation did not directly correlate with increased infection risk, despite their association with longer-operative times and increased medical complexity. Further approaches to mitigating the risk of SSI and PJI for patients with increased comorbidities and in complex TKA cases, which demand longer operative times, are still required., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest No conflicts of interest to disclose, (Copyright © 2022 Association of Program Directors in Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

As health care reimbursement evolves, physicians will continue to be evaluated based on the quality of care that they provide. One measure of quality is based on patient satisfaction as reported through the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Survey (CAHPS). Although previous studies have explored expectations and their role in patient satisfaction, no studies have investigated the role of patient expectations for interventions in surgical specialty clinics. Patients (N=126) were given 2 surveys, a pre-visit and a post-visit questionnaire, with options based on the CAHPS survey. Patients were asked to select common orthopedic services that they expected to receive from their appointments, rate their physicians on Likert scales, and report the services that were actually provided. Patients who left with unmet expectations for interventions (45%) rated their physicians lower than patients who had all of their expectations met (9.0±1.4 vs 9.5± 0.8; P<.05). For most individual interventions, there was no difference in satisfaction between patients with met and unmet expectations. However, patients who expected surgery and did not have their expectations met rated their physician lower than patients whose expectations for surgery were met (9.0±1.3 vs 9.7±0.6; P<.05). No statistically significant difference was found in physician rating with increased numbers of unmet expectations, individual surgeon rating, perceptions of their providers, and wait time. This study reports that patient expectations for interventions, and particularly a recommendation for surgery, may alter a patient's reported satisfaction, particularly when surgical expectations are unmet. [Orthopedics. 2020;43(5):e378-e382.]., (Copyright 2020, SLACK Incorporated.)

Introduction: The optimal treatment of patients with a displaced intracapsular femoral neck fracture remains controversial. We utilised a national database of Medicare patients to determine if there was any difference in complications and reoperation rate of patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) or hemiarthroplasty (HA) for femoral neck fractures., Methods: This study utilised the PearlDiver Patient Records Database, a national for-fee database of Medicare patient procedure and diagnosis records from 2005 to 2012. Outcome procedures and diagnoses including revision, dislocation, infection, and cardiovascular events that occurred during the study time period were also identified over the entire study period as well as 90 days and 2 years., Results: We identified 275,439 patients with femoral neck fractures who underwent HA and 26,017 patients who underwent THA, respectively. Patients undergoing HA had significantly lower rates ( p < 0.0001) of revision 2.48% versus 3.85% (OR = 0.633; 95% CI, 0.592-0.678), dislocation 1.76% versus 3.39% (0.512; 0.476-0.551), infection 3.44% versus 4.87% (0.694; 0.657-0.737). There was no statistical significant difference in 2-year cardiac morbidity ( p = 0.252). However, when controlling for age, patients 65-69 years showed no significant difference in infection or revision over the study period or at 2 years., Conclusions: In this study, patients who underwent THA for femoral neck fractures had a higher rate of dislocations, infections and increased rates of repeat surgery than those who underwent HA but this difference was not significant in patients 65-69 years. Hemiarthroplasty may result in fewer complications in older Medicare patients although this difference may not be present in younger Medicare patients.

Cefazolin is commonly used for surgical site infection prophylaxis due to its low cost and effective coverage. However, it is controversial to use cefazolin in patients with a penicillin allergy despite the cross-reactivity between cefazolin and penicillin being only 1%. Ample literature shows that it is safe to use cefazolin in patients with non-anaphylactic penicillin allergies. However, there is often hesitation by anesthesiologists or orthopedists when prescribing this medication in this population. The current authors sent a 16-question survey to all the residency programs in the United States in anesthesiology and orthopedics asking physicians affiliated with these programs to answer a series of questions about their demographics, prescribing patterns, and knowledge of the cross-reactivity between penicillin and cefazolin. A total of 146 responses in each group, with 82.9% (n=121) of orthopedists and 78.8% (n=115) of anesthesiologists preferring cefazolin for patients with non-anaphylactic penicillin allergies. However, only 57.5% of anesthesiologists and 41.1% of orthopedists knew the correct cross-reactivity between cephalosporins and penicillin. If a provider knew the correct cross-reactivity between cefazolin and penicillin, he or she had an increased odds of prescribing cefazolin to patients with nonanaphylactic penicillin allergies (orthopedics odds ratio [OR], 4.77, P<.01; anesthesiologists OR, 3.59, P<.01). Therefore, this study supports that further education of orthopedic and anesthesia providers about the cross-reactivity between cefazolin and penicillin would lead to more evidence-based, cost-effective care. [Orthopedics. 2019; 42(5):e437-e442.]., (Copyright 2019, SLACK Incorporated.)

Background: Orthopaedic surgery is a male-dominated specialty associated with many stereotypes, despite the increased representation of females compared to 30 years ago. Numerous studies have examined medical student and resident perceptions regarding females in orthopaedic surgery to explain the disparity, but there are few studies that analyze whether patients have a gender preference in their orthopaedic surgeon. Our study sought to determine whether patients have a preference for the gender of their orthopaedic surgeon, and what traits in orthopaedic surgeons are important to their patients., Methods: A total of 191 new patients seen in the emergency department and orthopaedic urgent care clinic were administered a 22-question survey regarding preferences in their orthopaedic provider. Patients were asked questions regarding preferred gender of their provider, as well as preferences in characteristics exhibited., Results: The majority of patients did not have a preference for the gender of their orthopaedist (83.9%); however, 14.5% of patients preferred a female surgeon and 1.6% of patients preferred a male surgeon. Female patients had a preference for the same gender compared to male patients and preferred females (p=0.04). Of the patients that had a preference, 90% preferred a female provider. There were trends towards preference for gender that varied depending on subspecialty. There was a statistically insignificant trend towards preference for male providers in total joint replacements and spine surgery, and conversely a preference for female providers in hand surgery and pediatric orthopaedics. 48.6% of patients cited the single most important trait to be board certification, followed by years in practice (27.1%), then reputation or prestige (16.7%). Over one-third of patients found physical appearance, gender, racial background and age to be important traits., Conclusions: The majority of patients did not have a preference for the gender of their orthopaedic surgeon. 16.1% of patients had a preference, and the majority of these patients preferred female surgeons. Preferences for a specific gender were seen that varied based on the subspecialty. Efforts at increasing gender diversity in orthopaedics should continue to be a major goal. Level of Evidence: III., Competing Interests: Disclosures: The authors report no potential conflicts of interest related to this study.

Interleukin-1 (IL1) is a cytokine that plays a role in inflammation and is a potential contributor to the inflammation present in tendinopathy. Its inhibition may be of use in the treatment of tendinopathy and has been a target for treatment. To evaluate how an IL1-receptor antagonist (IL1-RA) reverses pathologic changes associated with established patellar tendinopathy, we randomized 48 Sprague-Dawley retired breeder rats into three groups having weekly bilateral patellar tendon injections for 6 weeks. The control group received 0.1 mL saline for 6 weeks. The intervention groups were treated with 0.1 mL 2% carrageenan for 4 weeks. Beginning at week three, the IL1-RA group received 0.94 mg of the IL1-RA (2.5 mg/kg) added to the 0.1 mL 2% carrageenan and 0.94 mg of the IL1-RA alone for the final 2 weeks, while the CAR received 0.1 mL saline for the final 2 weeks. Animals were euthanized 6 weeks after initial injection. The CAR group demonstrated significantly (P < 0.05) shorter tendon lengths (7.81 ± 0.44 mm) than the control (8.25 ± 0.58 mm) and IL1-RA (8.34 ± 0.52 mm) group (P < 0.05). Macroscopically, plaque-like formations were reduced and margins of the tendon were more evident in the IL1-RA group compared to the CAR group. CAR group demonstrated significantly greater histopathologic changes (inflammatory cell density, disorganization of collagen, nuclear rounding, and angiogenesis) than the control and IL1-RA group. No significant difference in mechanical properties of the tendon was noted. These findings demonstrate IL1-RA can reduce pathologic changes in the patellar tendon in an established tendonitis model although did not demonstrate a difference in mechanical properties., (© 2018 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Bundled payments are meant to reduce costs and improve quality of care. Without adequate risk adjustment, bundling may be inequitable to providers and restrict access for certain patients. This study examines patient factors that could improve risk stratification for the Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement (CJR) bundled-payment program., Methods: Ninety-five thousand twenty-four patients meeting the CJR criteria were retrospectively reviewed using administrative Medicare data. Multivariable regression was used to identify associations between patient factors and traditional (fee-for-service) Medicare reimbursement over the bundle period., Results: Average reimbursement was $18,786 ± $12,386. Older age, male gender, cases performed for hip fractures, and most comorbidities were associated with higher reimbursement (P < .05), except dementia (lower reimbursement; P < .01). Stratification incorporating these factors displayed greater accuracy than the current CJR risk adjustment methods (R 2  = 0.23 vs 0.17)., Conclusion: More robust risk stratification could provide more equitable reimbursement in the CJR program., Level of Evidence: Large database analysis; Level III., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Operating room traffic has been implicated in several studies to contribute to the risk of surgical site infections and periprosthetic joint infections. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a door alarm on operating room traffic during total joint arthroplasty. This prospective cohort study evaluated 100 consecutive primary total hip and knee arthroplasty surgeries performed by a single surgeon. An inconspicuous electronic door counter was placed on the substerile operating room door. Door openings and time left ajar were recorded. After 50 cases, an audible alarm was placed on the substerile operating room door that sounded continuously when the door was ajar. Door-opening data were then recorded for an additional 50 cases. There was a significant difference in the overall mean door openings per minute (P<.001) between the period with no alarm (0.53±0.1) and with an alarm (0.42±0.1). This effect slowly decreased over the time of the intervention, with door openings per minute increasing by a factor of 1.01. The percentage of time the door was left ajar per case also decreased significantly (P<.001) with the alarm (6.63%±1.6%) compared with no alarm (8.65%±1.5%). This study indicates that the use of a door alarm can decrease door openings and potentially the risk for surgical site infection. However, the effect is subject to tolerance and may not result in the elimination of unnecessary operating room traffic long term. [Orthopedics. 2017; 40(6):e1081-e1085.]., (Copyright 2017, SLACK Incorporated.)

Background: In the setting of acetabular deficiency during total hip arthroplasty (THA), the medial protrusio technique (MPT) allows for increased component coverage while avoiding excessive component abduction or elevation of the hip center. The technique involves controlled reaming through the medial acetabular wall while maintaining the continuity of the anterior and posterior columns. The purpose of this study is to analyze the results of the largest reported series to date of primary and revision THAs using the MPT., Methods: A retrospective review of THAs performed by a single surgeon from July 2004 to July 2010 identified 102 patients who underwent THA necessitating the use of the MPT (primary 86 and revision 16), with at least 2 years follow-up., Results: This study reports the largest series to date of primary and revision THAs using the MPT for acetabular deficiency. Postoperatively, mean Harris hip score was 86 (range 31-96). There was no correlation with degree of medialization and change in Harris hip score (P = .12). At mean follow-up of 41.1 months (range 24-92 months), there were no intrapelvic structure injuries and no acetabular components required revision. The MPT provided a safe and effective method for addressing acetabular deficiency and avoiding component malposition., Conclusion: The MPT provided a safe and effective method for addressing acetabular deficiency in this large series of patients. The technique was successful at improving component coverage while maintaining an anatomic hip center and avoiding excessive component abduction. Fixation remained durable with no cases of loosening at final follow-up., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Clinic wait time is considered an important predictor of patient satisfaction. The goal of this study was to determine whether patient satisfaction among orthopedic patients is associated with clinic wait time and time with the provider. The authors prospectively enrolled 182 patients at their outpatient orthopedic clinic. Clinic wait time was defined as the time between patient check-in and being seen by the surgeon. Time spent with the provider was defined as the total time the patient spent in the examination room with the surgeon. The Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems survey was used to measure patient satisfaction. Factors associated with increased patient satisfaction included patient age and increased time with the surgeon (P=.024 and P=.037, respectively), but not clinic wait time (P=.625). Perceived wait time was subject to a high level of error, and most patients did not accurately report whether they had been waiting longer than 15 minutes to see a provider until they had waited at least 60 minutes (P=.007). If the results of the current study are generalizable, time with the surgeon is associated with patient satisfaction in orthopedic clinics, but wait time is not. Further, the study findings showed that patients in this setting did not have an accurate perception of actual wait time, with many patients underestimating the time they waited to see a provider. Thus, a potential strategy for improving patient satisfaction is to spend more time with each patient, even at the expense of increased wait time. [Orthopedics. 2017; 40(1):43-48.]., (Copyright 2016, SLACK Incorporated.)

To avoid inadvertent vertical positioning of the acetabular component during total hip arthroplasty (THA), the authors routinely "cheat" component abduction an additional 10° horizontal (goal=30°). This likely increases the incidence of components placed into abduction of less than 30°, the clinical consequences of which are not well studied. The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical and radiographic outcomes in patients undergoing THA with acetabular components positioned in less than 30° of abduction as compared with those with components positioned between 30° and 50°. A retrospective review was performed of consecutive patients undergoing primary THA with horizontally cheated acetabular component position performed by a single surgeon. Patients were grouped into cohorts with either component abduction less than 30° or between 30° and 50°. Demographic data, operative data, and complications were recorded. Harris Hip Scores (HHS) and radiographic analysis were obtained from preoperative and most recent clinic visits. Between September 2004 and September 2010, 320 consecutive THA procedures were performed. A total of 149 hips had component abduction less than 30° (mean, 25.8°; range, 15.7°-29.4°). No components had greater than 50° of abduction. At an average 37-month follow-up, no significant difference in HHS was found between the 2 cohorts (P=.137). The horizontal cohort had no dislocations, component loosening, or osteolysis. By cheating the acetabular component more horizontal, an excessively vertical position was avoided. Component abduction less than 30° yielded equivalent clinical outcomes to component abduction between 30° and 50°. [Orthopedics. 2016; 39(6):e1092-e1096.]., (Copyright 2016, SLACK Incorporated.)

This study evaluated if inhibiting IL1-β activity with an IL1-receptor antagonist (IL1-RA) will prevent pathologic changes commonly seen in tendinopathy. Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley retired-breeder rats were divided into three groups having weekly bilateral patellar tendon injections: CON (0.1 ml Saline), CAR (0.1 ml 2% carrageenan), IL1-RA (0.1 ml 2% CAR plus 0.94 mg of the IL1-RA, 2.5 mg/kg). Carrageenan was used to establish tendinopathy in two groups due to its ability to develop tendinopathy in prior studies. Animals were euthanized 3 weeks after initial injection. The CAR group demonstrated significantly (p < 0.05) shorter tendon lengths (8.61 ± 0.38 mm) relative to CON (8.94 ± 0.38 mm) that was prevented in the IL1-RA (9.02 ± 0.30 mm) as well as significantly increased collagenase activity in the CAR (0.061 ± 0.043) compared to CON (0.027 ± 0.015) (p<  0.05). By histological evaluation, the CAR group demonstrated significantly greater inflammation than IL1-RA, and CON (p < 0.05). CAR showed a trend for increased cross-sectional area relative to CON that was absent in the IL1-RA. IL1-RA can effectively inhibit the development of mechanical, chemical, and histologic changes seen with carrageenan-induced tendonitis., (© 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Venous thromboembolic embolism (VTE) is a potentially serious and life-threatening complication in spine surgery. However, VTE incidence and prophylaxis in spine surgery remains controversial. Current recommendations for VTE prophylaxis address "spine surgery" as a single broad category and mainly consider patient factors when determining risk. We performed a literature review to determine the varying VTE and bleeding risks within spine surgery to develop an individualized prophylactic algorithm. Our review suggests that the current guidelines on VTE prophylaxis for spine surgery from NASS and ACCP are suboptimal. Consideration of (1) patient-related VTE risks, (2) procedure-related VTE risks, and (3) the risk of neurological compromise from bleeding complications will more appropriately balance safety and effectiveness when choosing a VTE prophylaxis method. To better individualize VTE prophylaxis, we have developed the VTE Prophylaxis Risk/Benefit Score that considers this currently available best evidence to arrive at a recommendation for the most appropriate form of VTE prophylaxis. This algorithm informs the surgeon to help make a more nuanced and individualized determination of prophylaxis.

Background: Burns and pressure sores are common injuries during cast application. Various factors such as water temperature, padding, and cast material layers may play a role in these injuries; however, the effect of cast molding on temperatures and pressures has not been investigated. This raises the following questions, does the application of molding during cast application: (1) alter skin level temperatures in a variety of cast materials? and (2) risk inducing either thermal injury or pressure necrosis?, Methods: An upper extremity model was created to measure pressure and temperature underneath casting materials. Cast padding, water bath temperature, and cast thickness were standardized. A 3-point mold was simulated using 3 casting materials-Fiberglass only, Plaster Only splint, and Plaster splint overwrapped with Fiberglass-while pressure and temperature were recorded., Results: : Pressure application led to a statistically significant (P<0.0001) increase in temperature at the sites where the mold was applied although absolute temperature did not reach the theoretical burn threshold of 49 to 50°C for the casting materials studied. With pressure applied, the Plaster/Fiberglass combination reached an average peak temperature of 47.9°C, which was maintained for up to 6 minutes. Neither Fiberglass nor Plaster Only reached peak temperatures of this magnitude (average of 42.7 and 43.6°C, respectively). Peak (369 mm Hg) and highest residual (21 mm Hg) pressures were below harmful levels., Conclusions: Pressure application during casting is a risk factor for burn injuries. Care should be taken when molding a plaster splint overwrapped in fiberglass by waiting until the plaster has fully cooled., Clinical Relevance: Combined with other known risk factors, the pressure from molding a cast could increase the likelihood of causing cutaneous burns.