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Amaç: Clavicula üst ekstremite ve gövde arasındaki kemik bağlantıdır. Bu çalışma, clavicula’nın anatomik yapısı ve morfometrik ölçümlerini belirlemek amacı ile yapılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmada cinsiyeti belli olmayan yetişkin Anadolu insanına ait 66 adet clavicula (34 sol, 32 sağ) ölçülmüştür. Clavicula’nın; maksimum uzunluğu, orta noktasının çevresi, extremitas acromialis’in superior inferior ve anterior posterior kalınlığı, lateral sınırı ile linea trapezoidea orta noktası arası mesafe, impressio costoclavicularis maksimum uzunluğu, impressio costoclavicularis maksimum genişliği, fascies sternalis’in maksimum uzunluğu, fascies sternalis’in maksimum genişliği, fascies acromialis’in maksimum uzunluğu, fascies acromialis’in maksimum genişliği, konkav açı ölçülmüş ve ayrıca Robustness indeksi (dayanıklılık indeksi) hesaplanmıştır. Bulgular: Clavicula’nın; maksimum uzunluğu 136.19±13.41 mm; extremitas acromialis’in superior inferior kalınlığı 10.59±2.15 mm; extremitas acromialis’in anterior posterior kalınlığı 21.62±3.87 mm; lateral sınırı ile linea trapezoidea orta noktası arası mesafe 17.06±3.83 mm; impressio costoclavicularis maksimum uzunluğu 16.51±5.11 mm; impressio costoclavicularis maksimum genişliği 8.07±2.88 mm; fascies sternalis’in maksimum uzunluğu 16.58±3.22 mm; fascies sternalis’in maksimum genişliği 20.26±3.29 mm; fascies acromialis’in maksimum uzunluğu 9.10±2.55 mm; fascies acromialis’in maksimum genişliği 14.74±3.43 mm; konkav açı 139.43±8.25º; clavicula’nın orta noktasının çevresi 3.57±0.46 mm ölçülmüş ve ayrıca Robustness indeksi (dayanıklılık indeksi) 2.63±0.32 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Sonuç: Clavicula’nın anatomik yapısı ve morfometrik ölçümlerinin saptanması özellikle akut ayrışmış corpus clavicula kırıklarında ve claviculayı ilgilendiren diğer pek çok patolojilerde klinik açıdan önemlidir. Purpose: Clavicle is the bony link between upper extremity and the body. This study is undertaken to assess the anatomical structure of clavicle and to determine the morphometric measurements. Materials and Methods: Sixty-six clavicle of unknown gender of an Anatolian population (34 left- 32 right) are included. Maximum claviculer length, the perimeter of the midpoint, the superior inferior and anterior posterior thickness of extremitas acromialis, the distance between the lateral border of the clavicle and the midpoint of linea trapezoidea, maximum length and width of impressio costoclavicularis, maximum length and width of fascies sternalis, maximum lengt hand width of facies acromialis and concave angle are measured in addition the Robustness index (endurance index) is calculated. Results: Maximum claviculer length was 136.19±13.41 mm; superior inferior thickness of extremitas acromialis was 10.59±2.15 mm; and anterior posterior thickness of extremitas acromialis was 21.62±3.87 mm; the distance between the lateral border of the clavicle and the midpoint of linea trapezoidea was 17.06±3.83 mm; maximum length of impressio costoclavicularis was 16.51±5.11 mm; and maximum width of impressio costoclavicularis was 8.07±2.88 mm; maximum length of fascies sternalis was 16.58±3.22 mm; and maximum width of fascies sternalis was 20.26±3.29 mm maximum length of fascies acromialis was 9.10±2.55 mm; maximum width of fascies acromialis was 14.74±3.43 mm; concave angle was 139.43±8.25º; the perimeter of the midpoint of the clavicle was 3.57±0.46 mm and the Robustness index (endurance index) was calculated to be 2.63±0.32. Conclusion: Knowledge on the clavicular measurements may be essential for orthopaedic surgeons in acute displaced midshaft clavicle fractures and to choose a standart treatment modality in many other conditions.

WOS: 000454335600026 The current study was undertaken to assess the incidence of different types of suprascapular notch, acromion dimensions and the lower and upper scapular angles. The suprascapular notch and variations of the acromion are clinically important in suprascapular nerve compression and subacromial impingement. Measurements were taken from 73 Anatolian dry scapulae of unknown age or sex. The suprascapuar notch was classified according to that of Rengachary et al. (1979). Its width and depth, the distance between supraglenoid tubercle and the deepest point of notch, as well as the upper and lower scapular angles were also determine measured. The type of acromion was assessed according to shape (type I (cobra), type II (square), type III (intermediate)) and tilt (type I (flat), type II (curve). Acromion length and the distance between acromion and coracoid process were also measured. The frequency of different types of suprascapular notch were type I (28.8 %), type II (23.3 %), type III (13.7 %), type IV (20.5 %), type V (2.7 %), type VI (5.5 %)and absence (5.5 %). Acromion type were type I (45.5 %), type II (7.5 %) and type III (47.0 %), acromion tilt type I (15.2 %), and type II (84.8 %). An understanding of the association between the anatomical structures of the scapula and morphometric measurements is clinically important.

WOS: 000395669600033 Anatomical variations in terms of ligamentous attachments, articulations and bony morphology are common in the subtalar region. The shape of the articular facets of the talus and calcaneus and their relationship to each other are important for joint function and surgical procedures. In this study an assessment of the morphology of the articular facets of the talus and calcaneus, in an Anatolian population, was undertaken. 49 tali and 57 calcanei from Anatolian adults of unknown gender were examined. The types of articular facets on the talus and calcaneus were determined using the following classification: Type A1, the distance between the anterior and middle facets was less than 2 mm; Type A2, the distance between the anterior and middle facets was 2-5 mm; Type A3, the distance between the anterior and middle facets was more than 5 mm; Type A4, there was only one articular facet; Type B1, the separation between the anterior and middle facets was not complete; Type B2, separation of the anterior and middle facets was present; Type C, no separation between the anterior, middle and posterior facets was present, i.e. there was one articular facet. In addition, the anteroposterior length and width of the talus and calcaneus, together with the width, length and depth of sulcus tali and sulcus calcanei were determined. Left and right tali, respectively, displayed the folowing types of articular facet: A1, 0 %, 0 %; A2, 0 %, 3,4 %; A3, 0 %, 0 %; A4, 0 %, 0 %; B1, 60 %, 51,8 %; and B2, 40 %, 44.8 %. Articular facets on left and right calcanei, respectively, were: A1, 10 %, 7.4 %; A2, 10 %, 14.8 %; A3, 16.7 %, 11.1 %; A4, 3.3 %, 3.7 %; B1, 30 %, 22.2 %; B2, 30 %, 40.8 %. The length and width of left and right tali were 50.5 +/- 3.81 mm and 39.5 +/- 2.97 mm, and 53.1 +/- 4.38 mm and 39.3 +/- 3.66 mm, respectively. The width, length and depth of left and right sulcus tali were: 5.2 +/- 1.09 mm, 21.7 +/- 2.73 mm and 5.7 +/- 0.84 mm, and 6.1 +/- 2.05 mm, 21.1 +/- 3.66 mm and 5.7 +/- 1.52 mm, respectively. For left and right calcanei length and width were; 76.1 +/- 5.44 mm 44.0 +/- 3.97 mm, and 75.7 +/- 6.76 mm and 45.9 +/- 4.21 mm, respectively. The width, length and depth of left and right sulcus calcanei were: 6.4 +/- 1.19 mm, 31.9 +/- 2.76 mm and 4.0 +/- 0.81 mm, and 5.5 +/- 1.00 mm, 32.4 +/- 3.23 mm and 4.4 +/- 1.05 mm, respectively. The articular facets on both the talus and calcaneus in the Anatolian population studied was predominantly type B. This observations is similar to previous reports conducted in America, India and Africa, but differ from those undertaken in Europe. A knowledge of variations of the articular facets of the talus and calcaneus provides a valuable road map for orthopaedic surgeons, as well as others involved in foot rehabilitation.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of anatomical parameters and their measurement as seen on normal posteroanterior (PA) chest radiographs in a Turkish population. Materials and Methods: We evaluated fifty normal PA chest radiographs of Turkish population adults. The frequency of anatomical parameters and their measurement with respect to the diaphragm was evaluated. Results: The frequency of anatomical parameters and their measurement with respect to the diaphragm is as follows: level (right side higher in 98%, left and right sides same level 2%), lobulation (88% absent, 12% present), eventration (98% absent, 2% present) and contour (90% smooth, 10% not smooth); level of hilum (right and left sides same level 52%, left side higher 36%, right side higher 12%); number of pairs of ribs (twelve 96%, unable to determine 4%); number of ribs superposing the lung parenchyma (seven 2%, eight 4%, nine 24%, ten 70%); distance from the lateral margin of the vertebral body to the aorta (16.44 ± 4.35 mm); angle between the vertebral body and the aorticopulmonary line (16.04 ± 3.110); the carina angle (58.46 ± 11.130) and the cardiothoracic ratio (38.75 ± 4.27). Conclusion: The data presented in this study may be useful in understanding normal thoracic structures. A knowledge of the normal anatomy as well as variations are significant for physicians in the assessment of chest radiographs. Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı bir Türk populasyonunda normal posteroanterior (PA) göğüs radiyografisinde normal anatomik bulguların frekansı ve ölçülerinin tespit edilmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Elli sağlıklı Türk erişkinin normal PA radyografileri değerlendirilmiştir. Anatomik parametrelerin sıklıkları ve diyaframa göre ölçümleri de değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Anatomik parametrelerin ve ölçümlerinin diaframa göre frekansları şöyleydi: Seviye (sağ taraf daha yüksek %98, eşit %2), lobulasyon (%88 yok, %12 var), evantrasyon (%98 yok, %2 var), kontür (%90 düzenli, %10 düzensiz), hilum seviyesi (eşit %52, sol yüksek %36, sağ yüksek %12), Kosta çifti sayıları (12; %96, tespit edilemeyen %4), akciğer parankimine süperpoze olan Kosta sayısı (yedi %2, sekiz %4, dokuz %24, on %70), vertebral cismin lateral kenarının aortaya olan uzaklığı (16,44±4.35 mm) vertebra cismi ve ve aortikopulmoner hat arası açı (16.04±3.110), karina açısı(58.46±11.130) ve kardiyotorasik oran (38.75 ± 4.27). Sonuç: Bu çalışmada sunulan veriler normal torasik yapıların anlaşılmasında katkı sağlayacaktır. Normal anatominin yanı sıra varyasyonlarının da bilinmesi hekimlerin göğüs radyografilerini değerlendirmeleri açısından önemlidir..

Surface anatomic landmarks of the skull are important to ensure proper surgical planning and approaches. Localization of internal cranial anatomic features based on such landmarks is essential for identifying and avoiding important anatomic structures, minimizing complications and decreasing surgical morbidity. Twenty-five adult dry Anatolian skulls of unknown age and sex from the collection of the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University were examined to determine the relationships between specific landmarks. Mean distances and associated SDs for the right and left sides for each of the following were: asterion to the root of the zygoma 53.03±3.53 and 50.46±4.97 mm, asterion to the tip of the mastoid process 49.71±3.92 and 49.17±4.16 mm, asterion to the digastric point 29.32±7.09 and 28.78±4.89 mm, digastric point to the occipitomastoid suture 6.89±4.21 and 6.95±4.02 mm, digastric point to the jugular point 25.14±5.15 and 25.29±5.38 mm, jugular point to the stylomastoid foramen 8.08±1.95 and 6.81±1.47 mm, stylomastoid foramen to the jugular foramen 6.11±2.33 and 7.08±1.90 mm, and projection of the digastric point to the border of the sigmoid sinus 3.20±1.62 and 3.09±1.92 mm. In addition, the presence of a septum associated with the jugular foramen was noted as a no septum (62.5% and 70.8%), incomplete (29.2% and 16.7%), and complete (8.3% and 12.5%) on the right and left sides, respectively. These distances will aid neurosurgeons in safely placing burr holes for suboccipital craniotomy. Copyright © 2013 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

This study aims to investigate the effect of alendronate sodium on trabecular bone structure in an osteoporotic rat model. Materials and methods: Between May 2006 and July 2006, 60 female Wistar Albino rats aged three months were randomly allocated to three groups: sham operated receiving no treatment (Shm); ovariectomized-alendronate receiving 1 mg/kg/day alendronate sodium (Ovx-A), and ovariectomized-vehicle receiving 1 mL/kg/day physiological saline (Ovx-PS). Both Ovx groups received treatment through gastric gavage for 56 days. Results: Densitometric measurements showed that bone mineral density decreased in the Ovx-PS and increased in Ovx-A groups (p

PubMedID: 17319614 Nutrient arteries, the main blood supply to long bones, are particularly important during the active growth period, as well as during the early phases of ossification. In the present study, 569 adult human long bones of the upper (101 humeri, 93 radii, 102 ulnae) and lower (100 femora, 100 tibiae, 73 fibulae) limbs were investigated to determine the number and location of their nutrient foramina. For each bone, a foraminal index was calculated giving the location of the nutrient foramen in relation to its proximal end. In the upper limb, foramina were located on the diaphysis 15-69% of the overall length of the humerus, 22-46% for the radius and 27-54% for the ulna. In the lower limb, foramina were located on the diaphysis 29-69% of the overall length of the femur, 27-63% for the tibia and 26-83% for the fibula. In addition, the number and the distribution of the foramina in relation to specific regions/surfaces of the diaphysis were identified. This study provides additional and important information on the location and number of nutrient foramina in the long bones of the upper and lower limbs in the Turkish Caucasian population. © 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Asymmetry in human craniofacial bones is a common feature in all individuals. These right-side and left-side differences may give rise to misleading clinical and radiologic evaluation in cases of potential trauma. In addition, a knowledge of asymmetry is important for some surgical procedures and approaches. The purpose of this study was to determine some aspects of craniofacial asymmetry in human skulls. Measurements using a digital calliper were taken between specific bony features from the right and left sides of 45 dry Anatolian skulls of unknown age and sex. From these measurements an asymmetry index was calculated. The right and left mean values and associated standard deviations of the following distances were found: the infraorbital foramen to the anterior nasal spine 34.87±2.65 and 33.96±2.59 mm; the greater palatine foramen to the posterior nasal spine 17.72±1.69 and 17.37±1.75 mm; the foramen spinosum to the basion 36.22±2.80 and 36.29±2.76 mm; and the foramen spinosum to the zygomatic arch at the zygomatic-temporal suture 37.60±3.58 and 37.88±3.12 mm. For each of these linear distances an asymmetry index [(right side-left side)/right side)×100 was calculated. The mean and standard deviation of the asymmetry indices were: infraorbital foramen to the anterior nasal spine 4.69±3.67 mm; greater palatine foramen to the posterior nasal spine 4.51±4.63 mm; foramen spinosum to the basion 3.25±3.34 mm; and foramen spinosum to the zygomatic arch at the zygomatic-temporal suture 3.71±3.49 mm. An awareness of craniofacial asymmetry is important when planning surgical intervention in all patients, in particular in those with recognizable craniofacial asymmetry. © 2011 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

This study was undertaken to determine the morphometry of the anterior clinoid process (ACP), optic strut (OS), caroticoclinoid foramen, and interclinoid osseous bridge in skulls of Turkish adults. Measurements were taken from 34 dry skulls of unknown age and sex. The overall means, and associated standard deviations, of the distances measured are: basal width of the ACP at the medial margin of the optic canal (OC) 12.4±2.1 mm; from the anterior clinoid tip (ACT) to the base of the ACP 11.5±1.9 mm; from the ACT to the posterior margin of the OS 6.9±1.6 mm; thickness of the ACP 4.3±1.2 mm; from the ACT to the junction of the medial edge of the ACP and the posterolateral edge of the OC roof 8.9±1.6 mm; from the ACT to the center point of the posterior edge of the OC roof 11.4±1.7 mm; from the ACT to the lateral end of the superior orbital fissure 23.7±3.9 mm; from the ACT to the anterior edge of the OS base 8.6±1.7 mm; from the ACT to the posterior edge of the OS base 6.5±1.5 mm; from the ACT to the posterior clinoid process 10.6±2.4 mm; between the ACTs 25.8±2.7 mm. In addition, the presence of a caroticoclinoid process and interclinoid bridge was identified and the types were classified. Knowledge of the morphometry of the parasellar and suprasellar regions is extremely important for neurosurgeons. Copyright © 2011 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

PubMedID: 16187319 This study was carried out to estimate the relationship between hand length, foot length and stature using multiple linear regression analyses based on a sample of male and female adult Turks residing in Adana. Measurements of hand length, foot length and stature were taken from 155 adult Turks (80 male, 75 female) aged 17-23 years. The participants were students of the Medical Faculty of Cukurova University. A multiple linear regression model was fitted to the observed data. Stature was taken as the response or dependent variable, hand length and foot length were taken as explanatory variables or regressors. All possible (simple and multiple) linear regression models for each of males, females and both genders together were tested for the best model. The multiple linear regression model for both genders together was found to be the best model with the highest values for the coefficients of determination R2 = 0.861 and Radjusted2 = 0.859, and multiple correlation coefficient R = 0.928. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.