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Gender discrimination is a controversial issue that is being debated around the world, independently the level of development of countries. This discrimination is tried to be prevented by legal regulations. However, it is a practice problem rather than law in business life. the maritime sector is one of the sectors considered to be more prevalent in stereotypes of gender roles. It is thought that this discrimination is applied more in occupational groups that require physical force. It was aimed to determine the perceptions of associate degree students in maritime programmes about gender discrimination related to maritime profession at public universities across Turkey. the result of the study reveals that the perception of gender discrimination is higher among female students than male. Especially Underwater Technology students' perception of gender discrimination is higher than Maritime Transport and Management, and Yacht Master students. It proves that women can not find any job in the industrial diving sector due to restrictions of Turkish Labor Law although they have education in Underwater Technology programmes.

The aim of this study is to determine the mechanical properties differences in between the air and tin surfaces of thin soda-lime silicate float glasses that subjected to ion exchange using KNO3 salt bath. The ion exchange process was carried out at different times and temperatures. Chemically tempered glasses were investigated by means of compressive stress (CS), microhardness measurements, cracking probability, fractographic analysis, and flexural strength. The relationship among these properties was also discussed. The Weibull distributions of the samples were determined for a better understanding of the strength results. The AFM was used to determine the surface roughness. The weight of glass samples was increased gradually with increasing ion exchange time and temperature due to the inter-diffusion of K+–Na+ ions. The fracture load of chemically strengthened glass with ion exchange at 435 °C-8 h showed an increase of ~ 4.4 times that of untreated glass (raw glass), and it was selected as the optimum process conditions. The number of broken pieces was increased by increasing flexural strength, and smaller pieces were obtained with a great deal of branching. The air side always has greater compressive stress than the tin side. The maximum hardness value was reached with ion exchange at 435 °C for 12 h on a tin surface was 8.25 GPa with an increase of ~ 18% with respect to the raw glass. The crack resistance of chemically tempered glasses showed an increase in the range of 410–1290% and 241–1895% for air and tin surfaces, respectively. According to the AFM analysis, surface roughness of the samples after ion exchange did not change dramatically. SEM-EDS analysis revealed that the surface potassium concentration and diffusion depth increase with temperature.

Background Induction therapy is mostly recommended for deceased-donor transplantation, whereas it has some controversies in live-donor transplantation. In this study, we described the outcomes of live-donor renal transplant recipients who received ATG-Fresenius (ATG-F) induction. Methods Live-donor transplantations in patients over 18 years old with ATG-F induction between 2009 and 2015 were included. All patients received quadruple immunosuppression, one of which was ATG-F induction. Biopsies after the artery anastomosis (zero hour) and protocol biopsies at the 6th month and at the 1st first year were obtained. Acute graft dysfunction was defined as a 20% to 25% increase in creatinine level from baseline. All acute rejection episodes were biopsy-confirmed. All episodes were initially treated with intravenous methyl prednisolone (MP) or ATG-F if resistant to MP. Four hundred twenty-two patients with live-donor transplantation were evaluated. The mean age was 40 ± 13 (18–73) years. The mean panel-reactive antibody levels were 42% ± 30% and 45% ± 30% for class I and II, respectively. Results The mean mismatch number for living unrelated donors (n = 112) was 4.6 ± 1.0. Acute rejection rate was 29.1% (123 patients) within the first year. The mean cumulative ATG-F doses for per patient and per kilogram were 344 ± 217 mg and 5.1 ± 2.7 mg, respectively. Patient survival rates were 98.3% and 96.7% for 12 months and 60 months, respectively. Death-censored graft survival rates were 97.6% and 92.1% for 12 months and 60 months, respectively. Conclusions ATG-F induction provided excellent graft and patient survival rates without any significantly increased side effects. Increasing sensitized patient numbers, more unrelated donors, increasing re-transplantation numbers, and more desensitization protocols make ATG-F more favorable in an induction regimen.

Nanometal-glass hybrid nanocomposites are formed by the ion exchange technique of dipping the host matrix glass in the molten salt bath. This study aims to investigate Ag-ion exchanged and annealed soda-lime silicate glasses in terms of their optical and structural properties. The effects of experimental conditions (composition of the salt bath, temperature and time of ion exchange and annealing process, the atmosphere of annealing) on the plasmonic and optical behavior were examined. The produced nanometal-glass hybrid nanocomposites were characterized by UV-Vis-NIR, HRTEM-EDS, SEM, XRD, and AFM to determine nanoparticle size, shape, structure, silver particle growth, and glass surface topography.

The aim of this work is to gain a further insight into the effect of different glaze compositions (lead-alkali and alkali) on lustre-decorated Iznik tiles by means of lustre colour and reflectivity. Primarily, lead-alkali and alkali-glazed traditional Iznik tiles, which have high quartz content body, have been produced using laboratory-controlled conditions. Lustre layer was formed on glazed Iznik tiles by ion-exchange mechanism comprise among the glaze and lustre paste during heat treatment (oxidizing and reducing atmosphere). Determination of the composition, nature and size of lustre layers with Ag/Cu nanoparticles were carried out by means of analytical techniques employed for advanced research on materials.

Geleneksel İznik çinileri, bileşimlerinde bulunan yüksek kuvarstan dolayı “üretilmesi imkansız seramik” olarak bilinmektedir. İznik çinileri; “masse, astar, dekor ve sır” olarak adlandırılan ve her biri ayrı başlangıç malzemelerine ve hazırlanma tekniklerine sahip 4 farklı tabakadan oluşmaktadır. Son çalışmalar, seramiklerin renklerinde, üretim tekniklerinin ve pigment tane boyutlarının önemli parametreler olduğunu göstermiştir. TÜBİTAK MAM ve İznik Vakfı, İznik çinilerine nanoteknoloji uygulamalarının etkisini anlayabilmek için deneysel çalışmalar gerçekleştirmiştir. Yüksek kuvars içeriği değiştirilmeden, dekor aşamasındaki pigmentlerin boyutu nano boyuta indirgenmiştir. Geleneksel ve modern İznik çinileri üretilmiş, renk ve parlaklık özellikleri açısından karşılaştırılmıştır. Nanometre boyutlu pigmentlerin İznik çinilerine etkisinin anlaşılması ve karşılaştırma için karakterizasyon teknikleri kullanılmıştır.

Traditional İznik tiles are known as “unproducable” due to its high quartz content. İznik tiles contain four different layers as “body, engobe (slip), decors and glaze” and each one has some different starting materials. Recent studies have showed that the production techniques and the particle size of pigments are important parameters in development of colours. TUBITAK MRC and İznik Foundation carried out an experimental work to improve and understand the effects of nanotechnology application to İznik tiles. High quartz content was kept as it is and pigments were applied in decorationas nano-sized pigments.İznik tiles were produced and comparison was carried out between traditional and modern İznik tiles in colour and brightness. Characterization techniques were used in order to understand andcompare the results and also the effects of nano-sized pigments to İznik tiles.

Traditional Iznik ceramics (tile and pottery) are known as “unproducible” due to their high quartz content and unique processing steps. During the course of this study, a comparison of traditional and modern Iznik tiles in colour and brightness carried out. As latest insights of recent studies showed that the production techniques and the size of pigments are crucial parameters for the quality of colours of ceramics. Therefore, Iznik tiles were shaped by dry press without changing their quartz content. Secondly, paints to be applied in the decor stage were prepared with both traditional and nanometersized pigments and used in production process. Finally, characterization techniques were used in order to understand and compare the results and also the effects of nanometer sized pigments on Iznik tiles.

This work aims to evaluate waste marble dust in building industry therefore minimizing the environmental effects of waste dust and maximizing economic benefits with reducing the use of raw material and energy. The marble process industry generates a large amount of wastes during quarrying and sawing processes which pollute and damage the environment. There are many fields in which the marble wastes can be used, one of them is to use them in building industry. In this work, marble dusts provided from 3 different quarries, coming from 3 different places were coded as BN1, BN2 and BN3. After characterizing tests of the dust, they were used in the production of artificial marble tiles using a different amount of resin binder. By the respective physical, optical, chemical, and mechanical tests the maximum quantities that can be added have been determined. The results show that using 80 wt.-% marble dust and 20 wt.-% resin gives the best properties in tiles.

Steel slag is a waste material produced during the process of steel making. For many years, a large amount of steel slag has been deposited in slag storing yards, occupied farmland, silted rivers and polluted the environment. Many steel plants in the world have already taken up innovative waste recycling technologies with the ultimate objective of 100% recycling. The comprehensive utilization of steel slag is important for environmental protection and resource reuse in Turkey and abroad. It is clear that steel slag must meet appropriate performance specifications before being adopted for a particular application. The aim of the present research was to characterize steel slag from a Turkish company and compare to the steel slags from various countries. Application possibilities have been sought by comparing properties to the other steel slags.

Experimental measurements have been made on the batch extraction of uranium from phosphoric acid solutions using various chelating ion-exchange resins (RSPO, Diaion-CRP200, Diphonix, Purolite S940, Duolite ES467, and Lewatit OC 1060) and a solvent containing ion-exchange resins (Actinide-CU). The kinetic performance of ion-exchange resins was compared, and the effect of Fe(II) and Ca(II) ions on the sorption and elution performance has also been examined. The results showed that the resin Actinide-CU containing a diphosphonate extractant was very effective for removing uranium from phosphoric acid solution. However, the elution performance of this resin with both acid and carbonate eluants was poor. It is concluded that the chelating resins Diphonix, Duolite ES467, Lewatit OC 1060, and Purolite S940 give reasonable sorption of uranium in the presence of Fe(II) ions in batch sorption trials. The desorption of uranium has been performed quantitatively using carbonate eluants. Purolite S940 was used in small...

Red mud is a waste generated by the aluminium industry and its disposal is a major problem. Red mud waste from Eti Seydişehir aluminium plant of Turkey was considered as a hazardous waste for the environment and human health. The storage of the red mud is difficult due to its high amount of various metal oxides, elements and caustic content. In this study, the environmental compliance tests of the produced construction products of red mud were done and evaluated according to the >Regulation on Regularly Storage of Waste in TurkeyRegulation on Regularly Storage of Waste in Turkey

The sintering behavior of sepiolite containing ceramic materials may have interesting characteristics due to their microporous and fibrous microstructure retained at temperatures as high as 1000°C. Sepiolite containing minerals from Eskisehir-Sivrihisar region of Turkey were processed to investigate their densification behavior and microstructural evolution during the sintering. Microporosity development and morphological transformation upon sintering at a wide temperature range up to 1200°C were followed and characterized using SEM and TEM techniques. The porosity values of 50-55 % were found to be retained and low linear shrinkage values of 9-11% were measured at temperatures as high as 1050-1100°C.

The authors present an investigation of the development of refuse derived fuel (RDF) materials from nonrecycling wastes and the determination of its potential use as an alternative fuel in cement production. RDF produced from municipal solid waste was analyzed and its effects on cement production process were examined. The contribution of RDF on clinker production was determined and the produced clinker has been characterized. For this purpose, produced RDF was mixed with the main fuel (petrocoke) in different ratios. Then chemical and mineralogical analyses of produced clinker were made. Emission values were measured during the experiments at an industrial scale rotary cement kiln. The results were below the limit values of directives and acceptable in cement industry. It is believed that successful results of this study are a good example for municipalities and cement industries in order to achieve both economic and environmental benefits.

This paper describes the preparation, sintering and thermal shock behaviour of extruded cordierite ceramic filters from natural raw materials such as nanosize sepiolite, kaolin and alumina. Sintering of the extruded honeycomb shaped cordierite ceramic samples was carried out at 1210 degrees C for 3 hours. Sintered samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), dilatometer for thermal expansion coefficients and thermal shock tests. Cordierite ceramic filters for casting withstood above 10 cycles of thermal shock tests.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the most important environmental problems arising from rapid urbanization and industrialization. The use of alternative fuels in rotary kilns of cement plants is very important for reducing cost, saving fossil fuels and also eliminating waste materials, accumulated during production or after using these materials. Cement industries has an important potential for supplying preferable solutions to the waste management. Energy recovery from waste is also important for the reduction of CO 2 emissions. This paper presents an investigation of the development of refuse derived fuel (RDF) materials from non-recycling wastes and the determination of its potential use as an alternative fuel in cement production in Istanbul, Turkey. RDF produced from MSW was analyzed and its effects on cement production process were examined. For this purpose, the produced RDF was mixed with the main fuel (LPG) in ratios of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. Then chemical and mineralogical analyses of the produced clinker were carried out. It is believed that successful results of this study will be a good example for municipalities and cement industries in order to achieve both economic and environmental benefits.

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır. Bu tez çalışmasında, yüksek kuvars esaslı çinilerin (İznik çinileri) üretim süreçleri incelenerek, çini yüzeyinde tarihteki ilk nanoteknoloji uygulamalarından biri sayılan lüster ince film tabakası iyon yer değiştirme yöntemiyle oluşturulmuştur. Öncelikle yüksek kuvars esaslı çinilerin masse, astar ve sır tabakalarını oluşturan hammaddelerin kimyasal ve fiziksel özellikleri ve optimum bileşimleri belirlenmiştir. Masse şekillendirilmesinde kuru presleme, masse yüzeyine astar ve bisküvi üzerine sır uygulamaları için akıtma tekniği kullanılmıştır. İznik çini sırları üzerinde metal nanotaneler içeren ve iyon yer değiştirme mekanizmasını takip eden redükleyici atmosferde gerçekleştirilen ısıl işlem ile lüster adı verilen ince film tabakası oluşturulmuştur. İznik çinilerinde; alkali ve kurşun alkali sır kullanımının lüster tabakası oluşumu üzerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Sır, lüster ve lüster/sır ara yüzeylerinin fiziksel, kimyasal, optik ve morfolojik özellikleri ileri test ve karakterizasyon teknikleri kullanılarak belirlenmiş ve lüster ince film tabakasının çini performansına etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. In this thesis study, by investigating the production processes of high quartz content ceremics (Iznik ceramics), lustre thin film layer which counted as one of the first nanotechnology applications in history was generated on the ceramic surface by ion exchange technique. Primarily, the chemical and physical properties and optimum compositions of raw materials that compose the body, slip and glaze layers of high quartz content ceramics were detected. Dry press was used for forming the body, pouring technique was conducted in slip and glaze applications. Metallic nanoparticles containing lustre thin film layer was formed on Iznik ceramic glazes by ion exchange mechanism followed by heat treatment in reducing atmosphere. The effects of alkali and lead alkali glaze species on lustre thin film layer formation on Iznik ceramics were investigated. Glaze, lustre and glaze/lustre interfaces physical, chemical, optic and morphological properties were determined by advanced test and characterization techniques and the effect of lustre thin film layer on the end product quality was investigated.