Search

The wireless sensor network (WSN) is a decentralized network that allows sensor nodes to freely join and quit the network, making it a unique network type that varies from centralized systems in which the fusion center decides on entry and exit. However, one of the key drawbacks of these networks is that the sensor nodes are small and located in remote areas. As a result, energy usage must be efficiently managed. In order to limit energy consumption, an efficient clustering protocol approach is necessary, which may be performed by dividing the networks into clusters and selecting cluster heads depending on the remaining energy and sensor distance. The energy hole problem has an impact on the performance of an energyefficient technique. As a result, this work aims to extend the lifespan of WSNs, the goal of this research is to make the cluster to normal ratio (CTNR) Protocol better. Data forwarding nodes are added to the CTNR protocol hierarchy to enable hopping and avoid consuming nodes in order to solve the energy hole problem (sink). The proposed method is implemented in Matlab, and the results are compared to literature on energy usage and the amount of dead and living nodes. In terms of the performance indicators given, the results reveal that our proposed scheme beat others.

Integrating cognitive radio into the current power grid is designed to enable smart communication and decisions within the grid. Communication within the grid is not feasible without channel(s) and most studies have emphasized the use of cellular spectrum. This study proposes a strategy that enables the use of television white space (TVWS) within the grid. To be specific, we propose using a next-generation utility network (Next-GUN), which leverages on the cognitive radio (CR) channel aggregation capability. This strategy enables the aggregation of idle TVWS into a usable channel, thus making the Next-GUN different from the traditional power network. Next-GUN differs in terms of security, reliability, self-awareness, and cross-layer compatibility to the interface, and conveys different traffic classes, thereby making it a hybrid system. It has no dedicated channel assigned to it, and hence, utilizes the idle TVWS opportunistically to transmit data. The proposed scheme was modelled as a Markovian process and analyzed using a continuous time Markov chain (CTMC). Extensive system simulations were performed to evaluate this proposed model and the corresponding comparison with the literature was done to see the improvement. The result of our comparisons shows that when channels are aggregated, more data/information are transmitted. In addition, the use of cognitive radios on a power network enables smart transaction because idle TVWS is utilized instead of congesting the GSM spectrum. Lastly, the power utility establishment can save the cost of paying for a licensed spectrum.