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Bu tezin amacı, kefir mayası ilave edilen ak üçgül silajlarının fermantasyon özellikleri, aerobik stabilitesi, besin değeri, in vitro sindirilebilirliği, bazı mikro ve makro besin elementleri konsantrasyonu ve yağ asidi kompozisyonu üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Kontrol grubu olarak kefir mayası eklenmemiş ak üçgül silajı (Kon) ve sırasıyla taze materyal üzerine 10 mg/kg (K10), 50 mg/kg (K50), 100 mg/kg (K100) kefir ilave edilerek laboratuvar tipi silolarda 270 gün boyunca silolanmış ve 5 gün aerobik ortamda bırakılmıştır. Terminal silajların fermentasyon özellikleri ve besin değeri, in vitro sindirilebilirlik ve gaz üretimi, mineral konsantrasyonları ve yağ asidi bileşimindeki değişiklikler değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, kefir mayasının nötral deterjanda çözünmeyen lif, hemiselüloz ve amonyak azotu içeriklerini etkili bir şekilde azaltabileceğini göstermiştir. Kefir mayası ile muamele edilmiş silajların artan asetik asit içeriği, aerobik stabiliteyi iyileştirmiştir. Kefir mayası kümülatif gaz üretimi ve tahmin edilen parametrelerde 48 ve 72 saat dışında önemli bir fark oluşturmamıştır. Bu çalışma ayrıca kefir mayasının ak üçgül silajlarının potasyum, sodyum, selenyum ve bor konsantrasyonlarını azalttığını; kalsiyum, çinko ve demir konsantrasyonlarını ise arttırdığını göstermiştir. Ayrıca kefir mayası, ak üçgül silajlarının doymuş yağ asidi oranını önemli ölçüde artırırken çoklu doymamış yağ asidi oranını ise azaltmıştır. Ancak kefir mayasının ak üçgül silajlarının tekli doymamış yağ asidi oranı üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisi olmamıştır. Genel olarak, ak üçgül silajının besin değerini iyileştirmek için taze materyele 50-100 mg/kg kefir mayası ilavesinin uygun olacağı sonucuna varılmıştır. The aim of the present thesis was to examine the impact of kefir yeast on fermentation characteristics, aerobic stability, nutritive value, in vitro digestibility, some micro- and macronutrient concentration, and fatty acid composition of white clover silages. White clover silages were either uninoculated (Con) or inoculated with kefir yeast at the following application rates: 10 mg/kg (K10), 50 mg/kg (K50), 100 mg/kg (K100) on a fresh basis, and ensiled in laboratory-scale silos for 270 d, followed by 5 d of aerobic exposure. Changes in fermentation characteristics and nutritive value, in vitro digestibility and gas production, mineral concentrations, and fatty acid composition were assessed in terminal silages. The results showed that kefir yeast could effectively reduce neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose, and ammonia-N contents. The increased acetic acid content of kefir yeast treated silages improved aerobic stability. Kefir yeast made no significant difference in cumulative gas production and estimated parameters except for 48 and 72 h. This study has also shown that kefir yeast reduced the potassium, sodium, selenium, and boron concentrations of white clover silages, whereas calcium, zinc, and iron concentration increased. In addition, kefir yeast significantly increased the proportion of saturated fatty acid in white clover silages, whereas the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acid decreased. However, kefir yeast had no significant effect on the monounsaturated fatty acid proportion of white clover silages. Overall, it is concluded that adding 50-100 mg/kg of kefir yeast on a fresh basis is appropriate to improve the nutritional value of white clover silage.

Otolitler kalsiyum karbonat (CaCO3) birikimleridir. Farklı ekosistemlerin etkisi altında morfolojik ve kimyasal olarak değişmektedir. Bu çalışmada, ekonomik olarak önemli iki demersal balık türü; Bakalyaro Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758) ve tekir (Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758) balığına ait otolitler (Sagitta) hem kimyasal hem de morfolojik olarak incelenmiştir. Otolitlerin (uzunluk, mm; genişlik, mm; alan, mm2; çevre, mm) morfometrik ölçümleri Leica M125 tri-oküler mikroskop ile yapılmıştır. Otolit yapısındaki stronsiyum (Sr), magnezyum (Mg) ve kalsiyum (Ca) iz element miktarları ile Sr ve Mg eser elementlerinin Ca elementine (Sr/Ca ve Mg/Ca) oranları belirlenmiştir. Otolitlerin mikro kimyasal analizi için ICP-MS kullanılmıştır. En yüksek magnezyum (24,92±9,57 mmol/mol) ve stronsiyum (26,17±1,81 mmol/mol) element değerleri tekir otolitinde tespit edilmiştir. İki balık türü için stronsiyum (Sr) ve magnezyum (Mg) miktarları arasındaki fark önemli bulunmuştur (P, Otoliths are calcium carbonate (CaCO3) accumulations. Under the influence of different ecosystems morphological and chemical composition change. In this study, economically important two demersal fish species; European hake Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758) and Stripet red mullet (Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758) was examined. Otoliths (Sagitta) belonging to these two species have been studied both chemically and morphologicall. Morphometric measurements of otoliths (length, mm; width, mm; area, mm2; perimeter, mm) in the sagittal of each species was made by the Leica M125 tri-ocular microscope. In the chemical analysis of otoliths, strontium (Sr), magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) trace element amounts, the ratios of Sr and Mg trace elements to Ca element (Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca) were determined. For the micro-chemical analysis of otoliths ICP-MS was used. The highest magnesium (24.92±9.57 mmol/mol) and strontium (26.17±1.81 mmol/mol) element values were found in the otolith of red mullet. The difference between strontium (Sr) and magnesium (Mg) amounts for two fish species was found to be significant (P

Bu çalışma homofermentatif (HM) ve homofermentatif + heterofermentatif (HM+HT) laktik asit bakterileri (LAB) yerine kefir kullanımının buğday samanı silajlarının fermentasyon kalitesi, aerobic stabilitesi ve enzimde çözünen organic madde (EÇOM) miktarına olan etkisini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla ticari olan kullanılan Biotal Plus II (HMLAB), Biotal Buchneri 500 (HM+HTLAB) ve MYStarter KF (KF) silaj katkı maddesi olarak kullanılmıştır. Her muamele grubunda yaklaşık 400 g/kg kuru maddeye sahip 4 kg buğday samanı ve 6.0 log kob oranında silaj katkı maddesi yada kefir kullanılmıştır. Kontrol grubu (KON) dahil toplamda 12 adet laboratuvar tipi silo (3’er tekerrür ve 4 grup) 45 gün sonra açılmıştır. Silajların kuru madde (KM), ham kül (HK), asit deterjan lignin (ADL) ve suda çözünebilir karbondidrat içeriği HMLAB, HM+HTLAB ve KF ilavesi sonrası değişmemiştir (P>0.05). KF grubu en düşük pH (4.32) ve NH3-N (71.97 g/kg TN) ve en yüksek laktik asit (43.11 g/kg KM) içeriğine sahiptir. Ham protein (HP) oranı HMLAB (%5.95) ve HM+HTLAB (%5.63) gruplarında azalırken KF (%4.54) grubunda artmıştır (P, The current study aimed to determine fermentation quality, aerobic stability, and enzyme soluble organic matter (ELOS) of wheat straw silage by replacing homofermentative (HM) and homofermentative+heterofermentative (HM+HT) lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants with kefir as silage additives. For this purpose, commercially available Biotal Plus II (HMLAB), Biotal Buchneri 500 (HM+HTLAB), and MYStarter KF (KF) were used as silage additives. Four kg of wheat straw, about 400 g/kg, and 6.0 log cfu of inoculants or kefir were used in each treatment group and replicate. Including the control group (CON), a total of 12 laboratory-type silos (3 replicates and 4 groups) were opened after 45 days. The dry matter (DM), crude ash (CA), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and water-soluble carbohydrate contents of silages were not affected by the addition of HMLAB, HM+HTLAB, and KF (P>0.05). The KF group had the lowest pH value (4.32), NH3-N content (71.97 g/kg TN), and higher lactic acid content (43.11 g/kg DM). The crude protein (CP) ratio was decreased in HMLAB (5.95%) and HM+HTLAB (5.63%) groups and increased in the KF group (4.54%, P

Bu yüksek lisans tezinin amacı Tekirdağ ilinde hava ve yeraltı sularını kirletme potansiyeline sahip bazı pestisit gruplarının (Azol, Benzidizamol prekürsörü, Kloroasetanilid, Ksil Alanin, Neonikotinoid, N-Metil Karbamat, Organofosfor, Pridazinon, Strobin, Tiyokarbamat, Triazin, Üre, diğer Karbamat ve Jüvenil hormon taklitçileri) karayoluna yakın ve tarıma açık arazideki liken ve ağaç örnekleri kullanılarak tespit edilmesidir. Araştırmada Sıvı Kromatografisi-Kütle/Kütle Spektrometresi (LC/MS/MS) kullanılmıştır. Xanthoria parietina (L.) Beltr., ve Xanthoparmelia conspersa (Ehrh. Ex. Ach) Hale için Temmuz ve Ağustos ayında elde edilen sonuçlar sırasıyla: 15,734- 21,528; 16,149-20,920 ; Platanus orientalis L. ve Juniperus horizontalis Moench.'de ise 10,071-9,129; 9,444-9,940 olarak tespit edilmiştir (µg g-1, dwt). Azol, Kloroasetanilid, Piridazinon ve Strobin grubu pestisitlerin varlığına rastlanılmamıştır. Elde edilen sonuçların ekolojiye ve insan sağlığına potansiyel etkileri kısaca tartışılmıştır. This research investigates some of pesticides groups (Azole, Benzimidazole precursor, Chloroacetanilide, Xylylalanine, Neonicotinoid, N-Methyl Carbamate, Organophosphorus, Pyridazinone, Strobin, Thiocarbamate, Triazine, Urea, Other Carbamate, Juvenile hormone mimic) which cause ground water contamination and air pollution of Tekirdag Provinence, by means of analyzing lichens and tree samples collected in the neighborhood of the highways and agricultural area. Liquid Chromatography-Mass / Mass Spectrometry (LCMSMS) is utilized in this research. The results for July and August have indicated that the Xanthoria parietina (L.) Beltr., and Xanthoparmelia conspersa (Ehrh. Ex. Ach) Hale respectively 15,734- 21,528; 16,149-20,920 ; while Platanus orientalis L. and Juniperus horizontalis Moench.; 10,071-9,129; 9,444-9,940 (µg g-1, dwt). Azole, chloroacetanilides, pyridazinone and strobin were not detected.. The possible consequences of these results are briefly discussed from the point of potential hazards to ecology and human health. 47

ÖZET Bu projenin amacı, bir simgesel yorumlayıcının çalışma ilkelerini anla mak ve çalışabilir bir kodunu elde etmektir. Simgesel yorumlayıcılar yazılımın ve bilgi işlem biliminin ana çalışma alanlarından birini oluşturmaktadır. Bu projenin gelişimi şu şekilde özetlenebilir: Yorumlayıcı tanımı, C programlama dili, veri yapıları, MODUS'ün grameri, sözdizimi ve anlambilimi, simgesel ya pay ağaç kurma, simgelere ayırma, ilk geçiş hata kontrolü, polish notasyonu, ikinci geçiş hata kontrolü, gerçek ağaç kurma, çekirdek fonksiyonların tanımı ve çalışma şekilleri, simgesel türev alma ve indirgeme. A SEMI EXECUTABLE SYMBOLIC INTERPRETER SUMMARY This project is aimed at the understanding of the parts of a symbolic interpreter and to develope its executable code. Symbolic interpreters form the main part of the computer software and one of the basic areas in computer science. The parts of the project are given as follows. Definitions of the interpreters: An interpreter is a program such that it fetchs a string from console or from a file and splits its tokens and runs the codes fitting its grammars. There are two types of interpreters. First one is the code interpreter while the other one is symbolic interpreter. The code interpreters run the code as soon as they fetch the code. They do not store the informations like function structures, but hold the contents of the simple elements. BASIC, MATLAB, PROLOG can be given as examples for code interpreters. The symbolic interpreters interpret the codes, then store the result to the data base and run the code if necessary. The kinds of the elements to be stored are the not only the simple structures but also complex entities like functions or operators. MATHEMATICA, REDUCE, MAPLE would be given as examples for symbolic interpreters. MODUS which is the name of this project, is also a symbolic interpreter. The C programming language: MODUS is written in the C programming language. The use of the C language has the following advantages; i- The C language has the largest application area in the computer science. Because, the UNLX operating system was constructed in the C language and it is sold including the C language as a part. Recently, the firms which develope compilers for the personal computers tend to the utilization of the C programming language. ii- The C language is a middle level language. Hi- The C language is a machine independent language if it is used with ANSI-C rules. iv- The C language has a flexible structure. v- Programs are easily designed if the C language is employed. vi- Low level functions facilities can be reached by the C language. vii- The C language has pointers and dynamic memory allocations. viii- Type declarations are easily defined and used in the C language. viix- The C language has I/O process with disk environment as low as the operating system layer level. Data structures: The main data structures and their simple definitions are as follows; Stack: It is a kind of data structure such that it works through the last-in-first-out principle. Queue: It is a kind of data structure such that it works through the first-in-first-out principle. Linked list: It is a kind of data structure such that it has only one pointer to point to the same structures. Double linked list: It is a kind of data structure such that it has two pointers to point to the same structures. Multi- linked list: It is a kind of data structure such that it has many pointers to point to the same structures. Tree: It is a kind of data structure such that it has many single direction pointers to point to the same structures. Binary tree: It is a kind of data structure such that it has two single direction pointers to point to the same structures. Binary search tree: It is a kind of data structure such that it has two single direction pointers to point to the same structures and it is sorted by the given key. AVL tree: It is a kind of data structure such that it has two single directions pointers to point to the same structures and it is sorted by the given key and balanced. The grammar of the MODUS: A programming language is a notation to establish communications from algorithms to the computers. Syntax: The rules which tell to the people whether a string is a valid program or is not suitable to the syntax of the language. The syntax of the MODUS is given bellow; The alphabet table : `ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 0123456789.` The special character table : `+-7(H}!-;,0<>-&?@#` i- The string which begins with an element in the alphabet table, includes the elements of the aphabet table only. ii- The string that begins with an element in the special character table includes the elements of the special character table only. iii- Space is a certain separator. viiiv- The length of the string which begins with an element in the alphabet table is measused up to the first element which is not in the alphabet table. v- The length of the string which begins with an element in the special character table is measured up to the first element which is not in the special character table. Semantic: The rules which give meaning to the programs are called the semantics of the programming language. The semantics of the MODUS as follows; i- The operators in the family of types yfx, xfy or xfx: They are binary op erators and they are separated from each other with respect to its priority ward. ii- The operators in the family of types fx or fy: They are unary operators and they are separated from each other with respect to its priority ward. iii- The operators in the family of types xf or yf: They are unary operators and they are separated from each other with respect to its priority ward. iv- The operator in the family of types LP and RP: They open and close the paranthesis. The used types in MODUS: i- xfx, yfx, xfx: binary operators. ii- fx, fy, xf yf: unary operators. iii- LP, RP: paranthesis. iv- VAR: variable. v- Short, UShort, Integer, Ulnteger, Longlnt, ULonglnt, Float, Double: constant number. vi- String: character string. vii- Unknown. viii- Undefined. ix- None: the type which does not included any tokens. x- ADDR: the type which includes physical address. xi- Comma. Artficial Tree Generation: The artificial tree includes the symbolic elements and generates executable codes of MODUS by its stored informations but does not interface with the data base of the MODUS. The steps of the generating artificial tree as follows. i- Spliting the tokens. ii- First pass error detection. iii- Polish notation for the MODUS. iv- Second pass error detection. Real Tree Generation: After the artificial tree generations, it is needed to tie the variables and functions in the artificial tree to the data base of the MODUS and to regenerate viiisome parts of the artificial tree if necessary. The resulting three after this process, is called real tree. Kernel functions of the MODUS: Kernel functions are the inner functions of the compilers and interpreters. The kernel functions of the MODUS as follows; Let: It lets the symbolic structures. Fit: It fits the symbolic structures to their numerical equivalents. Print: It prints the symbolic structures to the output environment. Compute: It computes the numerical equivalents of the symbolic struc tures and prints the result to the output environment. For: It makes the loop for the iterative processes. While: It also makes the loop for the iterative processes. If: It logically compares the symbolic structures. Push: It pushes an element to the stack. Pop: It pops an element from the stack. Free: It releases the informations of the elements. Run: It runs the part of the program in the disk environment. System: It processes the operating system functions. Symbolic derivations for the MODUS: The symbolic derivations get the symbolic expression after its derivations for the given variable. MODUS can do this succesfully. Examples for the MODUS language: MODUS.MDS: x := y*z; f(x,y) := x*y - Sin(x) ; Ti := f(t,z); g(t) := f(t,u) * t; c(u,v) := f(u+v, u-v) ; Print c (x, y+z) ; Print c(f(x,y), f(u,v)) + x; x = 3; Compute 4*x + 5; Compute f (x, 2) ; Free x; Print Deriv(f (x,y), x) ; Print Deriv(Deriv(4*x*x+3, x), x) ; d := Deriv(Sin(x), x) ; Print Deriv(d, x) ; $ ixMODUS.OUT: IN: Run `mtez.mds`; OUT: lone IK: x := y*z; OUT: None IN: f(x,y) := x*y - Sin(x) ; OUT: None IN: u : = f(t,z); OUT: None IN: g(t) := f(t,u) * t; OUT: None IN: c(u,v) := f(u+v, u-v) ; OUT: None IN: Print c(x, y+z) ; OUT:( ( ( (y*z) + (y + z) ) *((y*z) - (y+z)))-(Sin((y*z)+(y+z)))) II: Print c(f(x,y), f(u,v)) + x; OUT: (((((((y*z)*y)-(Sin((y*z))))+ ( ( ( ( t * z ) - ( Sin ( t ) ) ) * v ) - ( Sin ( ((t*z)-(Sin(t)))))))*((((y*z)* y)-(Sin((y*z))))-((((t*z)- ( Sin ( t ) ) ) * v ) - ( Sin ( ( ( t * z) - ( Sin ( t ) ) ))))))-( Sin (((( y * z ) * y ) - ( Sin ( ( y * z ) ) ) ) + ( ( ( ( t * z ) - ( Sin ( t ) ) ) * v ) - ( Sin ( ( ( t * z ) - ( Sin ( t ) ) ))))))) + (y*z)); XIIN: Print Deriv(f (x,y), x) ; OUT: ( ( y ) ) - ( ( Cos ( x ) ) ) ) j IN: Print Deriv(Deriv(x*x*4+3, x), x) ; OUT: ( ( ( 8.000000 ) ) ) ) ; IN: d := Deriv(Sin(x), x) ; OUT: None IN: Print Deriv(d, x) ; OUT: ( ( - ( Sin ( x ) ) ) ) ; Xll 208