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Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a facultative anaerobic, environmentally stable, Gram-positive rod that causes swine and avian erysipelas as a zoonotic pathogen. In humans, the main manifestations described are circumscribed erysipeloid, generalized erysipeloid, and endocarditis. Here, we report a 46-year-old female patient who presented to the physician because of redness and marked functio laesa of the hand, in terms of a pain-related restricted range of motion, and was treated surgically. E. rhusopathiae was detected in tissue biopsy. The source of infection was considered to be a pond in which both swine and, later, her dog bathed. The genome of the isolate was completely sequenced and especially the presumptive virulence associated factors as well as the presumptive antimicrobial resistance genes, in particular a predicted homologue to the multiple sugar metabolism regulator (MsmR), several predicted two-component signal transduction systems, three predicted hemolysins, two predicted neuraminidases, three predicted hyaluronate lyases, the surface protective antigen SpaA, a subset of predicted enzymes that potentially confer resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS), several predicted phospholipases that could play a role in the escape from phagolysosomes into host cell cytoplasm as well as a predicted vancomycin resistance locus (vex23-vncRS) and three predicted MATE efflux transporters were investigated in more detail.

Erysipeloid cutaneous leishmaniasis (ECL) is known as the chronic form of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). However, keeping its clinical presentation in view, there is a need to revisit this form of the disease.To describe ECL in view of clinical features and treatment modalities.We include a case series seen in Sfax (Southern Tunisia) from January 2017 to January 2021. All patients clinically suggestive and laboratory confirmed with a diagnosis of CL were registered. Patients of all age groups and of either gender having cutaneous lesions resembling erysipela on the face were included in the study. Different demographic features of the patients and clinical aspects were identified. Descriptive statistics were used for analysis.Of 1300 registered patients with CL, 40 (3%) were diagnosed as ECL. Ages ranged from 15 to 65 years, and duration of lesions varied from 15 to 180 days. All patients had lesions over the face. Clinically, a painful infiltrated inflammatory placard of the central facial area with a butterfly shape was observed in 14 cases, as well as zones of the cheekbone (11 cases), cheekbone and nose (5 cases), cheekbone and eyelid (8 cases), and cheekbone with ear (2 cases). Several therapeutic methods were prescribed with a sufficient result with no recurrence.ECL is a rare presentation that typically occurs on the face, looking like erysipelas, in patients who are native from an endemic region of CL.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a zoonotic pathogen that causes erysipelas in a variety of animals. In humans, in contrast to the cutaneous form called erysipeloid, which is an occupational disease and common in individuals who handle raw meat and fish, invasive systemic infections are unusual. E. rhusiopathiae expresses an immunogenic surface protein, Spa (surface protective antigen), which is involved in virulence. Among the antigenically different Spa proteins (SpaA, B and C), which are mostly associated with serovars, SpaA is by far the most prevalent in E. rhusiopathiae isolates from diseased animals. However, the Spa type has not been examined for human isolates, and it is unknown whether SpaB- or SpaC-possessing isolates can cause disease in humans. A Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium isolated from a case of human pyogenic spondylitis was analysed. The bacterium was identified as E. rhusiopathiae by a routine biochemical test and MS, and ultimately confirmed by an E. rhusiopathiae -specific PCR assay. Spa typing by sequencing revealed the SpaB type, and the serovar of the strain was identified as untypeable by a conventional agar gel precipitation test, but determined to be serovar 6 by a serotyping PCR assay. Sequence analysis of the serovar-defining chromosomal region revealed that the isolate displayed the same gene organization as the serovar 6 reference strain, but the region was disrupted by an insertion sequence element, suggesting that the isolate originated from a serovar 6 strain. These results highlight that unusual, spaB-possessing E. rhusiopathiae strains can potentially pose serious risks to humans.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) can present with various skin lesions ranging from a single ulcer to diffuse multiple nodules. Here, we present a case of a 67-year-old man with a large erythematous well-defined indurated plaque over the left face for a duration of 4 months. A slit skin smear was performed, and it was stained with Giemsa stain which showed multiple amastigotes confirming the diagnosis of CL. Oral miltefosine was started at a dose of 150 mg/day but had to be stopped after 20 days as the patient developed diarrhea, bipedal edema, and renal impairment. This case emphasizes an uncommon variant of CL and the role of systemic treatment with oral miltefosine and its associated adverse effects.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is the causative agent of animal erysipelas and human erysipeloid. E. rhusiopathiae CbpB has been reported to be a protective antigen, but its pathogenic roles are not known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of CbpB to act as an adhesin in E. rhusiopathiae adhesion to porcine endothelial cells as well as a host plasminogen- and fibronectin- binding protein. Recombinant CbpB (rCbpB) was successfully obtained, and it was found that E. rhusiopathiae CbpB was located on the cell surface of E. rhusiopathiae. Moreover, CbpB exhibited binding activity to porcine endothelial cells. Recombinant CbpB successfully bound to host plasminogen but was unable to bind to fibronectin. In conclusion, our work suggested that CbpB is a virulence factor of E. rhusiopathiae.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis, which is the most common form of leishmaniasis, classically presents as small erythematous papules and nodules that develop into ulcers with indurated, raised outer borders. However, lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis can have pleomorphic and atypical presentations. The erysipeloid form is one of the rare, atypical presentations of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Reported is a case of a 58-year-old man from the hilly region of Nepal who presented with an atypical erythematous and edematous plaque over the left antecubital fossa. Cutaneous leishmaniasis was not considered as an initial diagnosis because of the atypical appearance of the lesion as well as his residence in the hilly region of Nepal. The diagnosis was made after detection of amastigotes on histopathological examination of a cutaneous biopsy specimen. There was complete regression of the lesion after treatment with oral miltefosine followed by oral fluconazole. Clinicians should be aware of atypical presentations of cutaneous leishmaniasis and it should be considered in the differential diagnosis, regardless of the presentation or geographic location.

Erysipelas is a disease caused by the Erysipelothrix genus, whose main species is the E. rhusiopathiae, the causative agent of animal erysipelas and human erysipeloid. We isolated Erysipelothrix sp. strain 2 (ES2) from turkey’s organs during an outbreak in Brazilian commercial and breeder flocks with sepsis and high mortality levels. We studied 18 flocks, accounting for 182 samples, being eight flocks (84 samples) as ES2 positive with individuals demonstrating clinical symptoms and high mortality. We obtained the genetic variability of 19 samples with PFGE and found two clones, both from the same flock but different samples, and two clusters. Interestingly, we found 15 strains with high genetic variability among and within flocks. We have found a positive association between the proximity of ES2 positive turkey flocks and commercial swine sites through epidemiological analysis. We infected Vero cells with two different isolates and three distinct concentrations of ES2. After performing the morphometry, we recorded enlargement of the nucleus and nucleolus. Moreover, we performed fluorescence assays that resulted in apoptotic and necrotic cells. We demonstrated that ES2 could multiply in the extracellular medium and invade and survive inside Vero cells. For the first time, our finds show that ES2 may have similar behavior as E. rhusiopathiae as a facultative intracellular microorganism, which may represent a hazard for humans.

Erysipelothrix spp. comprise a group of small Gram-positive bacteria that can infect a variety of hosts including mammals, fish, birds, reptiles and insects. Among the eight Erysipelothrix species that have been described to date, only Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae plays a major role in farmed livestock where it is the causative agent of erysipelas. E. rhusiopathiae also has zoonotic potential and can cause erysipeloid in humans with a clear occupational link to meat and fish industries. While there are 28 known Erysipelothrix serovars, over 80% of identified isolates belong to serovars 1 or 2. Vaccines to protect pigs against E. rhusiopathiae first became available in 1883 as a response to an epizootic of swine erysipelas in southern France. The overall vaccine repertoire was notably enlarged between the 1940s and 1960s following major outbreaks of swine erysipelas in the Midwest USA and has changed little since. Traditionally, E. rhusiopathiae serovar 1a or 2 isolates were inactivated (bacterins) or attenuated and these types of vaccines are still used today on a global basis. E. rhusiopathiae vaccines are most commonly used in pigs, poultry, and sheep where the bacterium can cause considerable economic losses. In addition, erysipelas vaccination is also utilized in selected vulnerable susceptible populations, such as marine mammals in aquariums, which are commonly vaccinated at regular intervals. While commercially produced erysipelas vaccines appear to provide good protection against clinical disease, in recent years there has been an increase in perceived vaccine failures in farmed animals, especially in organic outdoor operations. Moreover, clinical erysipelas outbreaks have been reported in animal populations not previously considered at risk. This has raised concerns over a possible lack of vaccine protection across various production species. This review focuses on summarizing the history and the present status of E. rhusiopathiae vaccines, the current knowledge on protection including surface antigens, and also provides an outlook into future directions for vaccine development.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an infectious dermatosis caused by a parasite (Leishmania spp) and transmitted to humans by the bite of a female sandfly (Phlebotomus spp). It is still endemic in more than 100 countries, representing an important public health problem worldwide. The clinical presentations of this disease are very polymorphic and sometimes very difficult to diagnose. Nearly 17 clinical variants of CL qualified as “atypical†or “unusual†were described; their prevalence is estimated at 2-5% of all CL. As rare as they are, these atypical clinical presentations of CL deserve to be well known by clinicians, particularly those in first line consultations and in endemic areas.

Among the four species of the genus Erysipelothrix, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is the main species that causes disease in swine and poultry and has also been isolated from human patients. Recently, E. rhusiopathiae infections in domesticated animals have increased in many countries and are also the cause of emerging wildlife disease in arctic and boreal ecosystems. Historically, E. rhusiopathiae has been differentiated from other Erysipelothrix species by their serovars, which are determined based on cell wall antigens. Serotyping of Erysipelothrix is important, as specific E. rhusiopathiae serovars (1a, 1b, and 2) are associated with disease in pigs, poultry, and humans. However, serotyping is laborious and time-consuming and requires a full set of serovar reference strains and strain-specific antiserum. In this study, to develop a conventional gel-based PCR assay that can detect the main disease-associated serovars of E. rhusiopathiae, the draft genome sequences of E. rhusiopathiae strains of serovars 1a, 1b, 2, and 5, the last of which is often isolated from wild animals, were analyzed. Primers were designed based on the serovar-specific sequences of the strains and tested for field strains isolated from extensive origins. Among two hundred and ninety-seven isolates of various serovar strains of E. rhusiopathiae and other Erysipelothrix species, the PCR assay identified serovar 1a, 1b, 2, and 5 strains of E. rhusiopathiae. This conventional gel-based PCR assay should be useful for serovar surveillance of E. rhusiopathiae isolates in domesticated and wild animals as well as in humans.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is the causative agent of animal erysipelas and human erysipeloid. The major protective antigen SpaA was suggested to play important roles in E. rhusiopathiae adhesion to host cells, but there is no specific study on SpaA pathogenic roles in adhesion. In this study we characterized direct and indirect roles of SpaA in E. rhusiopathiae adhesion to porcine endothelial cells. Recombinant E. rhusiopathiae SpaA (rSpaA) successfully binded to porcine iliac arterial endothelial cells. rSpaA protein pre-incubating endothelial cells or rSpaA antiserum pre-incubating E. rhusiopathiae significantly decreased E. rhusiopathiae adhesion to endothelial cells. rSpaA successfully binded host plasminogen and fibronectin, and rSpaA antiserum significantly decreased plasminogen-recruitment activity but not fibronectin-recruitment activity of E. rhusiopathiae. In conclusion, SpaA acts as adhesin in E. rhusiopathiae adhesion to host cells, and SpaA binding activity to host plasminogen highly likely play roles in this adhesion.

Gemcitabine is a commonly used chemotherapy for the treatment of various solid tumors as well as sarcomas and hematologic malignancies. Although side effects such as bone marrow suppression are well described, cutaneous side effects are less recognized. Certain gemcitabine-associated cutaneous reactions have been categorized under the umbrella terminology pseudocellulitis, including lipodermatosclerosislike and erysipeloid reactions, sclerodermalike changes, and radiation recall events.1, 2 Additionally, these reactions are often confused with other diagnoses, in particular, infectious cellulitis, which may subject patients to unnecessary treatment with antibiotics, hospitalizations, and interruption of chemotherapy. Given the widespread use of gemcitabine and the relatively few reported cases of associated acute lipodermatosclerosis (ALDS), we believe that the condition is underrecognized and underreported. We propose using a more specific diagnosis for cutaneous reactions to gemcitabine that will guide appropriate management. In this series, we report 4 cases of gemcitabine-associated ALDS-like eruptions and a literature review of 16 similar cases. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest case series review reported for gemcitabine-associated ALDS-like eruptions.

36 cases of human infection with anthrax, manifested in various clinical forms, were registered in the territory of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District in 2016. Cutaneous anthrax was characterized by emergence of carbuncle, however objective difficulties of clinical diagnostics, associated with atypicality of clinical manifestations (erysipeloid form of the disease, crusting) were outlined. Clinical manifestations of oropharyngeal anthrax were severe febrile reaction, intoxication, edema of subcutaneous fat on face and neck, and lesions of mucous membranes. Intestinal anthrax was diagnosed in one patient and characterized by the acute onset followed by faintness, loss of appetite, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Based on the results of carried out investigations, put forward were the measures on optimization of approaches to clinical diagnostics of anthrax.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a widespread Gram-positive, nonsporulating rod bacterium predominantly associated with skin disease in swine and cetaceans. Cutaneous lesions have yet to be described in dogs.To describe the clinical presentation, molecular and histopathological diagnosis, and treatment of a case of erysipeloid caused by E. rhusiopathiae in a dog.A 6-month-old spayed female standard poodle dog presented with lethargy, fever, vomiting and diarrhoea. Skin lesions appeared 20 days post first examination.Complete blood count, serum chemistry profile, urinalysis, urine culture, blood culture, computed topography, forelimb radiography, joint and cerebrospinal fluid aspiration were performed; samples were collected for skin cytological evaluation, culture and histopathological analysis.Blood cultures yielded Gram-positive, catalase-negative bacilli. Histopathological evaluation of skin biopsies revealed lymphoplasmacytic, neutrophilic and histiocytic perivascular and periadnexal dermatitis, and vasculitis. Cutaneous and blood PCR and sequencing of 16S rRNA identified the bacteria as E. rhusiopathiae. Clinical resolution was observed following the use of of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ciprofloxacin therapies.To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first confirmed case of erysipeloid caused by E. rhusiopathiae in a dog. Clinical resolution was attained with the extended use of antibiotics. After 13 months, no clinical signs had returned.Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae est une bactérie en bâtonnet, Gram positive, non sporulante, répandue, principalement associée à des dermatoses chez le porc et les cétacées. Les lésions cutanées doivent encore être décrites chez le chien.Décrire la présentation clinique, le diagnostic histopathologique et moléculaire et le traitement d'un cas du à E. rhusiopathiae chez un chien.Un caniche standard femelle stérilisée de 6 mois présenté pour abattement, fièvre, vomissement et diarrhée. Les lésions cutanées sont apparues 20 jours après le premier examen. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Une numération formule, un profil biochimique, une analyse urinaire, une culture urinaire, une culture sanguine, un examen tomodensitométrique, une radiographie des membres antérieurs, une aspiration du liquide articulaire et cérébrospinal ont été réalisés; les échantillons ont été prélevés pour cytologie cutanée, culture et analyse histopathologique. RÉSULTATS: Les cultures sanguines ont permis la croissance de bacilles catalase négatives, Gram-positives. L’évaluation histopathologique des biopsies cutanées a révélé une vascularite et dermatite périvasculaire et périanexielle histiocytaire et neutrophilique, lymphocytoplasmique. Les PCR sanguine et cutanée et le séquençage d’ARNr 16S ont identifiés la bactérie E. rhusiopathiae. La résolution clinque a suivi l'utilisation d'amoxicilline acide clavulanique et de ciprofloxacine.A la connaissance des auteurs, ceci est le premier à confirmer un cas érysipeloïde due à E. rhusiopathiae chez un chien. La résolution clinique a été obtenue avec l'utilisation prolongée d'antibiotiques. Après 13 mois, aucun signe clinique n'a récidivé.INTRODUCCIÓN: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae es un bacilo Gram-positivo, no esporulante, predominantemente asociado con enfermedades de la piel en cerdos y cetáceos. Las lesiones cutáneas aún no se han descrito en perros. OBJETIVO: describir la presentación clínica, el diagnóstico molecular e histopatológico y el tratamiento de un caso de erisipeloide causado por E. rhusiopathiae en un perro. ANIMALES: una perra caniche esterilizada de 6 meses que se presentó con letargia, fiebre, vómitos y diarrea. Las lesiones cutáneas aparecieron 20 días después del primer examen. MÉTODOS Y MATERIALES: se realizó hemograma completo, perfil serológico bioquímica, análisis de orina, cultivo de orina, hemocultivo, tomografía computerizada, radiografía de extremidad anterior, aspiración de líquido cefalorraquídeo y de articulaciones; se recolectaron muestras de piel para la evaluación citológica, cultivo y análisis histopatológico. RESULTADOS: los hemocultivos produjeron bacilos Gram positivos y catalasa negativos. La evaluación histopatológica de las biopsias de piel reveló dermatitis perivascular y periadnexal linfoplasmocítica, neutrofílica e histiocítica y vasculitis. La PCR cutánea y sanguínea y la secuenciación de 16S rRNA identificaron las bacterias como E. rhusiopathiae. Se consiguió la resolución clínica mediante el uso de amoxicilina/ácido clavulánico y ciprofloxacina. CONCLUSIONES E IMPORTANCIA CLÍNICA: a entender de los autores, este es el primer caso confirmado de erisipeloide causado por E. rhusiopathiae en un perro. La resolución clínica se logró con el uso prolongado de antibióticos. Después de 13 meses, no habían vuelto a verse los signos clínicos.Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae ist ein weitverbreitetes Gram-positives, nicht-sporulierendes Stäbchenbakterium, welches hauptsächlich bei Hauterkrankungen beim Schwein und Walen eine Rolle spielt. Hautveränderungen müssen bei Hunden noch beschrieben werden. ZIEL: Eine Beschreibung der klinischen Präsentation, der molekularen und histopathologischen Diagnose und der Behandlung eines Falls von Erysipeloid, verursacht durch E. rhusiopathiae bei einem Hund.Eine 6 Monate alte kastrierte Standardpudelhündin wurde mit Lethargie, Fieber, Vomitus und Diarrhoe vorgestellt. Hautveränderungen traten 20 Tagen nach der ersten Untersuchung auf.Ein komplettes Blutbild, Serumbiochemie, Urinanalyse, Harnkultur, Blutkultur, Computertomografie, Röntgenuntersuchung der Vorderextremität, Aspiration von Gelenks- und Cerebrospinalflüssigkeit wurden durchgeführt; es wurden Proben für eine zytologische Untersuchung der Haut genommen, sowie eine Kultur und eine histopathologische Analyse durchgeführt.Die Blutkulturen ergaben Gram-positive, Katalase-negative Bazillen. Die histopathologische Evaluierung der Hautbiopsien zeigte lymphoplasmazelluläre, neutrophile und histiozytäre perivaskuläre und periadnexale Dermatitis und Vaskulitis. Haut und Blut PCR und eine Sequenzierung der 16S rRNA identifizierten die Bakterien als E. rhusiopathiae. Eine klinische Heilung erfolgte nach Anwendung von Amoxicillin/Clavulansäure und einer Ciprofloxacin Therapie.Nach bestem Wissen der Autoren handelt es sich hierbei um den ersten bestätigten Fall eines Erysipeloids, verursacht durch E. rhusiopathiae bei einem Hund. Durch den verlängerten Einsatz der Antibiotika war die klinische Heilung dauerhaft. Nach 13 Monaten war es nicht zum Wiederauftreten klinischer Anzeichen gekommen.背景: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiaeは、主に豚および鯨目動物の皮膚疾患に関連する一般的に普及したグラム陽性非芽胞性桿菌である。皮膚の顕微鏡的病変は犬においていまだ説明されていない。 目的: 本研究の目的は、1頭の犬のE. rhusiopathiaeによる類丹毒症例の臨床像、分子病理学的および病理組織学的診断、ならびに治療について説明することである。 被験動物: 6か月齢、避妊雌のスタンダード・プードルが嗜眠、発熱、嘔吐および下痢を呈した。最初の診察時から20日後に皮膚病変が出現した。 材料と方法: 全血球計算、血清化学プロファイル、尿検査、尿培養、血液培養、コンピュータートポグラフィー、前肢のレントゲン撮影、関節および脳脊髄液吸引を実施した。サンプルを皮膚細胞学的評価、培養および組織病理学的解析のために集積した。 結果: 血液培養によりグラム陽性カタラーゼ陰性桿菌が検出された。皮膚生検による組織病理学的評価により、リンパ球形質細胞性、好中球性および組織球性の血管および付属器周囲炎、ならびに血管炎が明らかにされた。皮膚および血液PCRならびに16S rRNA配列決定により、細菌をE. rhusiopathiaeと同定した。アモキシシリン/クラブラン酸およびシプロフロキサシン療法の使用により臨床的に解決した。 結論と臨床的重要性: 著者の知る限りでは、本症例は犬においてE. rhusiopathiaeによる類丹毒の発症を確認した初めての症例である。抗生物質を長期間使用することで臨床的解決を達成した。 13ヵ月後、臨床的徴候は再燃していなかった。.背景: 猪丹毒杆菌(Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae)是一种广谱、革兰氏阳性、无孢囊杆状细菌,可引起猪和鲸类的皮肤病,但皮肤显微镜下的病变尚未在犬中描述。 目的: 报告猪丹毒杆菌引起的一例犬皮肤类丹毒的临床表现、分子和组织病理学诊断及治疗。 动物: 一只6月龄的雌性标准贵宾犬,出现嗜睡、发烧、呕吐和腹泻等症状。首次检查后20天出现皮肤病变。 方法和材料: 进行全血细胞计数、血清化学谱,尿液分析、尿液培养、血液培养、CT、前列腺造、关节和脑脊液抽吸等检查; 采集样本用于皮肤细胞学评估、培养和组织病理学分析。 结果: 血液培养产生革兰氏阳性、过氧化氢酶阴性杆菌。皮肤活检的组织病理学评估显示淋巴浆细胞性、中性粒细胞性和组织细胞性血管周皮炎、附件周皮炎和血管炎。皮肤和血液PCR,以及16S rRNA的测序将细菌鉴定为猪丹毒杆菌。临床使用阿莫西林/克拉维酸和环丙沙星治疗后症状消退。 结论和临床意义: 据作者所知,这是第一个确诊由猪丹毒杆菌引起犬的类丹毒病例。随着使用全身性抗生素,临床症状得以解决。13个月后,临床症状没有复发。.Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae é uma bactéria bem disseminada, Gram-positiva, não formadora de esporos predominantemente associada a doença de pele em suínos e cetáceos. Lesões cutâneas não foram ainda descritas em cães.Descrever a apresentação clínica, diagnóstico molecular e histopatológico e tratamento de um caso de erisipela causada por E. rhusiopathiae em um cão.Uma cadela poodle castrada de seis meses de idade foi apresentada com letargia, febre, vômito e diarreia. As lesões cutâneas apareceram 20 dias após a primeira consulta. MÉTODOS E MATERIAIS: Foram realizados hemograma, perfil bioquímico, urinálise, urocultura, hemocultura, tomografia computadorizada, radiografia de membros torácicos e punção de líquido cefalorraquidiano e sinovial; coletou-se amostras para citologia de pele, cultura e exame histopatológico.Houve crescimento de bacilos Gram-positivos, catalase-negativos na hemocultura. A avaliação histopatológica das biópsias cutâneas revelou vasculite e dermatite perivascular e perianexial linfoplasmocítica, neutrofílica e histiocítica. A PCR de pele e sangue e o sequenciamento do 16S rRNA identificou a bactéria como E. rhusiopathiae. Ocorreu resolução clínica com o uso de amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico e ciprofloxacino. CONCLUSÕES E IMPORTÂNCIA CLÍNICA: De acordo com os conhecimentos do autor, este é o primeiro relato de caso confirmado de erisipela causada por E. rhusiopathiae em um cão. A resolução clínica foi alcançada com uso extenso de antibióticos. Após 13 meses, não houve recidiva de sinais clínicos.

Background: \ud Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a zoonotic pathogen that causes erysipeloid and is most frequently associated with exposure to domestic swine. Infection of native and prosthetic joints is a rarely reported manifestation.\ud \ud Case presentation: \ud We describe a case of E. rhusiopathiae prosthetic joint infection in a woman with a history of exposure to wild animals in the Canadian Arctic. Patient management involved a 1-stage surgical revision exchange with an antibiotic impregnated cement spacer and 6 weeks of intravenous penicillin G followed by 6 weeks of oral amoxicillin. Ten previously reported cases of E. rhusiopathiae joint infection are reviewed. Recent increases in mortality due to infection with this organism among host animal populations in the Canadian Arctic have generated concern regarding a potential increase in human infections. However, whole genome sequencing (WGS) of the organism was unable to identify a zoonotic origin for this case.\ud \ud Conclusions: \ud Consideration should be given to E. rhusiopathiae as a cause of joint infections if the appropriate epidemiologic and host risk factors exist. Expanded use of WGS in other potential animal hosts and environmental sources may provide important epidemiologic information in determining the source of human infections.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is an established animal pathogen causing erysipelas in animals and occasionally it causes zoonotic skin infections in humans, known as erysipeloid. The present study was aimed to investigate the cause of sudden mortality in a batch of gilts in an organised farm in Thrissur district of Kerala. The heart swabs and tissue samples (spleen, liver, lungs, and heart) collected during post-mortem examination yielded growth of small Gram positive, non-capsulated, spore forming pleomorphic bacilli. Based on cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics, these isolates were identified as E. rhusiopathiae. Furthermore, the isolates were subjected to Erysipelothrix specific 16S rRNA based polymerase chain reaction. The isolates were sequenced for further confirmation. The isolates were confirmed as E. rhusiopathiae by phenotypic and genotypic characterisation. Timely diagnosis of the disease helped to identify the possible source of infection. This study highlights the importance of timely identification of E. rhusiopathiae infection in an outbreak; thereby adequate strategies can be implemented to control the infection.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is the causative agent of erysipeloid in humans and of erysipelas in various animals, including bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus, in which an infection has the potential to cause peracute septicemia and death. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of using an off-label porcine (ER BAC PLUS®, Zoetis) E. rhusiopathiae bactrin in a bottlenose dolphin vaccination program by determining the anti-E. rhusiopathiae antibody levels in vaccinated dolphins over a 10 yr period. Serum samples (n = 88) were analyzed using a modified fluorescent microbead immunoassay from 54 dolphins, including 3 individuals with no history of vaccination and 51 dolphins with an average of 5 vaccinations, 3 of which had previously recovered from a natural E. rhusiopathiae infection. A mean 311-fold increase in the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody index was measured in a subsample of 10 dolphins 14 d after the first booster vaccination. Serum IgG antibody titers were influenced by number of vaccines received (r2 = 0.47, p < 0.05) but not by age, gender, history of natural infection, adverse vaccine reaction, vaccination interval or time since last vaccination. The commercial pig bacterin was deemed effective in generating humoral immunity against E. rhusiopathiae in dolphins. However, since the probability of an adverse reaction toward the vaccine was moderately correlated (p = 0.07, r2 = 0.1) with number of vaccines administered, more research is needed to determine the optimal vaccination interval.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a zoonotic gram positive coccobacillus. It is rarely found in humans as an occupational pathogen that mainly infects animal handlers. There are three forms of human infection: localized erysipeloid, diffuse cutaneous form and lastly, bacteremia that could progress to infective endocarditis. We present a case of a 59-year-old male who was found to have E. rhusiopathiae bacteremia that was diagnosed as aortic valve endocarditis with severe aortic regurgitation. The patient was treated with ampicillin-sulbactam then transitioned to six weeks of intravenous ampicillin. This report summarizes a rare organism that causes a serious human infection and discusses its epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment options.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a Gram-positive bacillus that is found ubiquitously in the environment. It is known to colonise a wide range of animals, most commonly farmed pigs, turkeys and hens, in which it can cause pathology. The disease swine erysipelas affects growing pigs, significantly impacting pork production, and so its early detection and control is economically important. Infection of humans with E. rhusiopathiae is primarily associated with occupational exposure and most often results in a localised skin infection called erysipeloid. More severe infections can cause serious illness and even death in both animals and humans. The accurate identification of E. rhusiopathiae is often dependent on the inclusion in the clinical history of relevant information regarding exposure. Since the bacterium is often mistaken for other species of Grampositive bacillus this ensures that appropriate differential tests are required. There are confirmed cases of E. rhusiopathiae infection in individuals with no reported animal exposure so it is possible that there are other modes of transmission. Regarding treatment regimens, E. rhusiopathiae is intrinsically resistant to vancomycin but susceptible to penicillins and carbapenems.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae has an economic impact in animal husbandry by causing infection in swine, sheep and poultry. E. rhusiopathiae is present in the surface mucoid slime on fish, although fishes do not seem to be affected. Humans can get infected, maost often through occupational exposure and may suffer typical erysipeloid infection on exposed skin such as on hands and fingers, or deeper skin infections, and sometimes sepsis and endocarditis, associated with high case-fatality rate. We describe a case of aortic valve endocarditis caused by E. rhusiopathiae in a 59-year-old man who enjoyed fishing in his spare time.

Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae is a Gram-positive bacillus that is ubiquitous in nature. The bacterium is a zoonotic pathogen known to infect wild and domestic animals. Human infections, however, are uncommon and typically present with localised or generalised cutaneous lesions. Systemic infection in the form of bacteraemia with seeding to various organs is the least common form of the disease. Infections in humans tend to be associated with occupational exposure and close contact with animals. Clinical data of a 61-year-old male patient with Gram-positive bacilli bacteraemia and E.Rhusiopathiae-induced endocarditis are presented here. The patient presented with refractory congestive heart failure secondary to severe acute aortic regurgitation mandating surgical valve replacement. The described case has special clinical merit given the lack of fever and leukocytosis, absence of erysipeloid cutaneous manifestations and refractoriness to medical management. E. Rhusiopathiae should be considered in the differential diagnosis for Gram-positive bacilli bacteraemia and endocarditis. In the proper clinical setting, occupational exposure and animal contacts are helpful clues to raise suspicion for this bacillus. The high mortality associated with the pathogen should urge for early identification and initiation of antimicrobial treatment.

Gemcitabine is a chemotherapeutic agent used to treat several solid organ malignancies. The most common cutaneous toxicities are a mild erythematous rash and pruritus, which are often attributed to infectious etiologies. However, certain clinical characteristics may favor a drug-related reaction. Clinicians should recognize these phenomena to avoid potentially unnecessary antibiotic treatment or withdrawal of chemotherapeutic agents.We aim to report a case of gemcitabine-related acute lipodermatosclerosis-like eruption, add to the evolving classification of this condition, and highlight developing literature on gemcitabine that may explain this toxicity.Dermatology was consulted for presumed cellulitis in a 62-year-old female with pancreatic carcinoma. The patient presented to the emergency department five days after her first dose of gemcitabine with erythema in both lower extremities. A diagnosis of gemcitabine-related acute lipodermatosclerosis was made and the patient was started on topical triamcinolone.It is important to recognize gemcitabine-related acute lipodermatosclerosis in order to avoid unnecessary antibiotic use and disruptions in chemotherapy.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is the causative agent of animal erysipelas and human erysipeloid. Bacterial surface proteins are promising vaccine candidates. We recently identified 3 E. rhusiopathiae surface proteins (GAPDH, HP0728, and HP1472) and characterized their roles as virulence factors. However, their efficacy as protective antigens is still unknown. The N-terminal region of a previously identified surface protein, CbpB (CbpB-N), is speculated to be a protective antigen, but this needs to be verified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective efficacy of GAPDH, HP0728, HP1472, and CbpB-N. Immunization with recombinant GAPDH provided complete protection in a mouse model, recombinant CbpB-N provided partial protection, while recombinant HP0728 and HP1472 provided no protection. Recombinant GAPDH also provided good protection in a pig model. GAPDH antiserum exhibited significant blood bactericidal activity against E. rhusiopathiae. In conclusion, GAPDH and CbpB-N were found to be protective antigens of E. rhusiopathiae , and GAPDH is a promising vaccine candidate.

Objective The goal of this study was to characterize the epidmiological, geographic, and historical characteristics of erysipeloid outbreaks in the Republic of Armenia. Introduction Erysipeloid is a zoonotic bacterial infection transmitted to humans from animals. Symptoms include inflamed joints and skin; there is also a generalized type of the infection in which bacteria spread through the lymphatic and blood vessels, leading to the emergence of widespread skin lesions and the formation of secondary foci of infection in internal organs. Morbidity has no age or gender specifics; there is summer and autumn seasonality. The agent of the infection - Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae can be found in many domestic and wild animals. Wild rodents and ectoparasites play an essential role in spreading the disease and serve as a source of infection contaminating the environment. Methods Tests are conducted on both national and Marz levels in Reference Laboratory Center of NCDC SNCO and Marz branch laboratories of Especially Dangerous, Zoonotic and Natural Foci Infections respectively. Tests for detection of E. rhusiopathiae and confirmation of epizootics are conducted on rodents and ectoparasites collected from their hair and nests from 373 sectors of Armenia. Tests include smear microscopy and a bioassay in which cultures from a suspension of rodent organs or an emulsion of ticks and fleas are injected into white mice to assess the presence of agent in the organs or parasites. Results Ten years of monitoring indicates that erysipeloid epizootics have been recorded annually in Armenia with a total number of 119 cases. The most outbreaks were recorded in 2011 when 26 cases were recorded while in 2009 there were 20. The lowest number of cases recorded was five in 2008. Kotayk, Aragatsotn and Lori Marzes have the least number of cases with only 1-3 recorded epizootics, while Vayk, Gegharkunik and Shirak Marzes are considered active foci with 5-7 cases reported. Microbiological analyses indicates that 80% of cultures were isolated from field mice, 13.3% from gamasid ticks, 4.2% from fleas and 2.5% from ixodid ticks. Conclusions The presence of E. rhusiopathiae is stable in Armenia. It is found among rodents, where the epidemiological situation remains unfavorable. Constant regular tests/analyses are required to prevent human and animal infection. There is a need to enhance the area of test sites and apply most up-to-date methods of analysis i.e. ELISA, PCR so that the live bioassays in mice can be halted.