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This research was supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CGL2014‐59886‐JIN), the Organismo Autónomo de Parques Nacionales (Ref: 2415/2017), and the Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2019‐111294GB‐I00/SRA/10.13039/5011000 11033), including FEDER funds. A.J.M.‐P. was funded by the European Commission under the Marie Sklodowska‐Curie Action Cofund 2016 EU agreement 754446 and the UGR Research and Knowledge Transfer—Athenea3i. A.G.‐M. was supported by the OUTevolution project (PID2019‐ 111294GB‐I00/SRA/10.13039/501100011033), Premise: The relationships between reproductive investment, phenotype, and fitness have been broadly studied in cross-pollinated plants in contrast to selfing species, which are considered less interesting in this area because they are supposed to be a dead end in any evolutionary pathway. Still, selfing plants are unique systems to study these questions since the position of reproductive structures and traits related to flower size play an important role in female and male pollination success. Methods: Erysimum incanum s.l. is a selfing species complex that has three levels of ploidy (diploids, tetraploids, and hexaploids) and traits that are typically associated with the selfing syndrome. Here, we used 1609 plants belonging to these three ploidies to characterize the floral phenotype and spatial configuration of reproductive structures, reproductive investment (pollen and ovule production), and plant fitness. Then, we used structural equation modelling to analyze the relationship between all these variables across ploidy levels. Results: An increase in ploidy level leads to bigger flowers with anthers exserted farther and more pollen and ovules. In addition, hexaploid plants had higher absolute values for herkogamy, which is positively correlated with fitness. Ovule production significantly mediated the natural selection acting on different phenotypic traits and pollen production, a pattern that is maintained across ploidies. Conclusions: The changes in floral phenotypes, reproductive investment, and fitness with ploidy level suggest that genome duplication can be a driver for transitions in reproductive strategy by modifying the investment in pollen and ovules and linking them with plant phenotype and fitness., European Commission 754446, FEDER, Ministry of Science and Innovation PID2019‐111294GB‐I00/SRA/10.13039/501100011033, Organismo Autónomo de Parques Nacionales 2415/2017, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness CGL2014‐59886‐JIN, Universidad de Granada

The chemical arms race between plants and insects is foundational to the generation and maintenance of biological diversity. We asked how the evolution of a novel defensive compound in an already well-defended plant lineage impacts interactions with diverse herbivores. Erysimum cheiranthoides (Brassicaceae), which produces both ancestral glucosinolates and novel cardiac glycosides, served as a model.We analyzed gene expression to identify cardiac glycoside biosynthetic enzymes in E. cheiranthoides and characterized these enzymes via heterologous expression and CRISPR/Cas9 knockout. Using E. cheiranthoides cardiac glycoside-deficient lines, we conducted insect experiments in both the laboratory and field. Ec CYP87A126 initiates cardiac glycoside biosynthesis via sterol side chain cleavage, and Ec CYP716A418 has a role in cardiac glycoside hydroxylation. In Ec CYP87A126 knockout lines, cardiac glycoside production was eliminated. Laboratory experiments with these lines revealed that cardiac glycosides were highly effective defenses against two species of glucosinolate-tolerant specialist herbivores but did not protect against all crucifer-feeding specialist herbivores in the field. Cardiac glycosides had lesser to no effect on two broad generalist herbivores.These results begin elucidation of the E. cheiranthoides cardiac glycoside biosynthetic pathway and demonstrate in vivo that cardiac glycoside production allows Erysimum to escape from some, but not all, specialist herbivores., Competing Interests: COMPETING INTERESTS There are no competing interests to declare.

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'den yakın zamanda varlığı ortaya konulan Campanula lyrata subsp. icarica and Erysimum areum'un mikro ve makro morfolojik özelliklerine dayanmaktadır. C. lyrata subsp. icarica, başlıca Yunanistan'ın Doğu Ege adalarında ve bunla birlikte Türkiye'nin İzmir ve Muğla illerinde yayılış göstermektedir. E. aureum, Orta Avrupa Rusya, İran, Kuzey Kafkasya, Kuzeybatı Avrupa Rusya, Güney Avrupa Rusya, Transkafkasya ile Ukrayna’ ya özgüdür ve ayrıca Türkiye’ de de yayılış göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada bu taksonların teşhis özellikleri, tam tanımları ve mikromorfolojik özellikleri (tohumlar ve polen taneleri) ile yakın akraba türler arasındaki farklar, teşhis anahtarları, lokalite bilgileri ve yayılış haritaları verilmiştir., This study is based on micro- and macro-morphological features of Campanula lyrata subsp. icarica and Erysimum aureum taxa that have recently been reported in the flora of Türkiye. Campanula lyrata subsp. icarica is distributed mainly in the Eastern Aegean Islands, as well as in İzmir and Muğla provinces. Erysimum aureum is native to Central European Russia, Iran, North Caucasus, Northwest European Russia, South European Russia, Transcaucasus, and Ukraine, and is also distributed in Türkiye. Diagnostic characteristics, detailed descriptions, micro-morphological features (seeds and pollen grains) as well as differences between closely related species, diagnostic keys, locality information, and distribution maps of these taxa are provided in the present study.

Funding This research is supported by grants from FEDER/Junta de Andalucía-Consejería de Economía y Conocimiento A-RNM-505-UGR18 and P18-FR-3641. This research was also funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (CGL2013-47558-P and PID2021-126456NB-C22), including EU FEDER funds. COM was supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BES-2014-069022). This is a contribution to the Research Unit Modeling Nature, funded by the Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad, and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), reference QUALIFICA 00011., Acknowledgements The authors thank the Tatiana López Pérez and the Evoflor group for helping us during several phases of the study. We also thank the Sierra Nevada National Park headquarters for providing access to sampling in the National Park., The internal transcribed spacers (ITS) exhibit concerted evolution by the fast homogenization of these sequences at the intragenomic level. However, the rate and extension of this process are unclear and might be conditioned by the number and divergence of the different ITS copies. In some cases, such as hybrid species and polyploids, ITS sequence homogenization appears incomplete, resulting in multiple haplotypes within the same organism. Here, we studied the dynamics of concerted evolution in 85 individuals of seven plant species of the genus Erysimum (Brassicaceae) with multiple ploidy levels. We estimated the rate of concerted evolution and the degree of sequence homogenization separately for ITS1 and ITS2 and whether these varied with ploidy. Our results showed incomplete sequence homogenization, especially for polyploid samples, indicating a lack of concerted evolution in these taxa. Homogenization was usually higher in ITS2 than in ITS1, suggesting that concerted evolution operates more efficiently on the former. Furthermore, the hybrid origin of several species appears to contribute to the maintenance of high haplotype diversity, regardless of the level of ploidy. These findings indicate that sequence homogenization of ITS is a dynamic and complex process that might result in varying intra- and inter-genomic diversity levels., FEDER/Junta de Andalucía-Consejería de Economía y Conocimiento A-RNM-505-UGR18 and P18-FR-3641, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (CGL2013-47558-P and PID2021-126456NB-C22), Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BES-2014-069022), Research Unit Modeling Nature, funded by the Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad, and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), reference QUALIFICA 00011

The names Erysimum bicorne (basionym of Notoceras bicorne), Notoceras hispanicum, and Diceratium prostratum are discussed. A specimen preserved at BM and collected by Francis Masson in 1778 in Canary Islands (Spain) was indicated as the type of N. bicorne. This specimen at BM is the only original material found for this name. However, as cannot exclude that there were more than one specimen of this taxon, we consider this specimen in this work as the lectotype of the name, admitting that the specimen might well be the holotype of N. bicorne. A plant collected by Mariano Lagasca y Segura in 1819 in Orihuela (Alicante province, Spain) and preserved at G (G-DC) is designated as the neotype of Diceratium prostratum. Finally, the name Notoceras hispanicum published by Candolle in 1821 is an illegitimate name because it was nomenclaturally superfluous when published.

This study describes the biomorphology of plants living under variable watering conditions. Its outcome expands the concept of a modular organization as a constructive and representative approach to comparative-morphological analysis and unraveling the ways of biomorph evolution. The structural organization of biomorphs growing in sites composed of gradients of humidification stability (from floodplain meadows to coasts, water cuts, and beaches) is examined on a base of systemic and complementary approaches. Model plant species—Solanum ulcamara, Thalictrum simplex, Lysimachia vulgaris, Lycopus europaeus, Stellaria palustris Persicaria amphibia, and Erysimum cheiranthoides—are studied. It is determined that acceleration in the vegetative and generative spheres entails the appearance of monocarps in the hygrophilic evolutional line. It is shown that the ontogenesis of individuals of seed and vegetative origin is reduced to a single fruiting, and the specificity of the shoot-formation model is preserved in plants of all the considered biotopes. Such a specific sign is identified as the internode elongation in the shoots located in the substrate, in the supersubstrate parts under flooding, in grass rags, or in dense grass under low light. Another sign is a sympodial growth by formation of the replacement shoots. On the model species, it is determined that plant adaptability is supported by the changes in individual structural elements of the monocarpic shoots; the structural and functional zonation of the monocarpic shoots determines the autonomization of the individual’s parts. Our results confirm the idea that the monocarpic shoot and the system formed on its basis belong to the category of axes of an herbaceous plant as part of an architectural unit (in terms of D. Barthelemy and Y. Caraglio). Our data make it possible to conclude that reservoir settlement with flowering plants is possible for long-shoot long-rhizome grasses and subshrub vines. Two evolutional directions are possible: (1) the emergence of monocarpic annuals and (2) the emergence of short-lived and annual plants of vegetative origin associated with the formation of acentric and clearly polycentric stolon-forming and root-shoot biomorphs.

Erysimum aureum M. Bieb. , Fl. Taur. -Caucas. 2: 117 (1808) Type:��� Lectotype (designated by Dorofeyev 1986):��� RUSSIA. habitat in dumentis promontorii caucafici, inter Mofdok et Kifljar, ad fluuium Terek; etiam ad Kumam riuum minime rarum, Ex Caucaso rutheno, Herb. M. Bieberstein (LE; Isolectoype W19287). Erysimum aureum Bieberstein (1808: 117) was first described by M. Bieberstein from the forests along the Terek River, between Mozdok and Kizlyar in 1808 (Bieberstein 1808). E. aureum was first found in Turkey during floristic fieldworks around Bayburt province in 2018-2020 and herbarium specimens were collected from the discovered populations (Fig. 1). Collected materials (Fig. 1): ��� Bayburt: provincial border G��m��şhane, between Sadak lake and ��amur village, under the Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A.Nelson, streamside, 18.06.2018, 390 E, 1700 m., A.Sefalı 421 (EGE!); Kopus bridge, under the Elaeagnus rhamnoides, streamside, 20.07.2020, 400 E, 1588 m., A.Sefalı 619 (EGE!). Turkish name:��� The Turkish name of E. aureum is proposed as ��� bayburtzarifesi ���, according to the guidelines of Menemen et al. (2013)., Published as part of ��zd��l, Tu��kan, G��ner, ��zal, Sefali, Abdurrahman, Ak��i��ek, Ekrem, Dirmenci, Tuncay & Yildirim, Hasan, 2022, Three new records for the flora of Turkey: Campanula lyrata subsp. icarica (Campanulaceae), Erysimum aureum (Brassicaceae) and Stachys benthamiana (Lamiaceae), pp. 147-150 in Phytotaxa 531 (2) on pages 147-149, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/5869350, {"references":["Dorofeyev, V. L. (1986) Conspectus generis Erysimum L. (Brassicaceae) in Europaeae URSS. Novitates Systematicae Plantarum Vascularium 23: 61 - 67.","Bieberstein, M. (1808) Flora Taurico-Caucasica, vol. 2. Charkouiae, 478 pp.","Menemen, Y., Aytac, Z. & Kandemir, A. (2013) Turkce bilimsel bitki adlari yonergesi. Bagbahce Bilim Dergisi 47: 28 - 31."]}

This research is supported by grants from FEDER/Junta de Andalucia-Consejeria de Economia y Conocimiento A-RNM505-UGR18 and P18-FR-3641. This research was also funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (CGL201679950-R and CGL2017-86626-C2-2-P), including EU FEDER funds. C.O.M. was supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BES-2014-069022)., Background and Aims: Hybridization is a common and important force in plant evolution. One of its outcomes is introgression - the transfer of small genomic regions from one taxon to another by hybridization and repeated backcrossing. This process is believed to be common in glacial refugia, where range expansions and contractions can lead to cycles of sympatry and isolation, creating conditions for extensive hybridization and introgression. Polyploidization is another genome-wide process with a major influence on plant evolution. Both hybridization and polyploidization can have complex effects on plant evolution. However, these effects are often difficult to understand in recently evolved species complexes. Methods: We combined flow cytometry, transcriptomic and genomic analyses, and pollen-tube growth assays to investigate the consequences of polyploidization, hybridization, and introgression on the recent evolution of several Erysimum (Brassicaceae) species from the South of the Iberian Peninsula, a well-known glacial refugium. This species complex differentiated in the last 2Myr, and its evolution has been hypothesized to be determined mainly by polyploidization, interspecific hybridization, and introgression. Key Results: Our results support a scenario of widespread hybridization involving both extant and “ghost” taxa. Several taxa studied here, most notably those with purple corollas, are polyploids, likely of allopolyploid origin. Moreover, hybridization in this group might be an ongoing phenomenon, as prezygotic barriers appeared weak in many cases. Conclusions: The evolution of Erysimum spp. has been determined by hybridization to a large extent. The adaptive value of such genomic exchanges remains unclear, but our results indicate the importance of hybridization for plant diversification across evolutionary scales., FEDER/Junta de Andalucia-Consejeria de Economia y Conocimiento A-RNM505-UGR18 P18-FR-3641, Spanish Government CGL201679950-R CGL2017-86626-C2-2-P, European Commission, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness BES-2014-069022

The current study was conducted to investigate the role of sulfur (S) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in mitigating arsenic (As) toxicity in Isatis cappadocica and Erysimum allionii. These plants were exposed for 3 weeks to different concentrations (0, 400 and 800 μM) of As to measure fresh weight, total chlorophyll, proline and hydrogen peroxide (H

Results of taxonomic revision of Middle Asian violet- and orange-flowered wallflowers are presented. Five (vs. eight as traditionally considered) species are recognised. Thus, A. Polatschek’s four-species concept introduced in 2010 is generally supported in terms of lower species diversity of the group in question, though nomenclature is updated in various details including the newly proposed assignment of E. jodonyx to synonymy of E. samarkandicum. Lectotypes are designated for the names E. cyaneum, E. epikeimenum, E. franchetii, E. purpureum var. turkestanicum, E. samarkandicum, E. tianschanicum and E. violascens var. tschimganicum; typification of E. franchetii established on the taxonomically heterogenous material is done in agreement with its existing usage as a synonym of E. samarkandicum (not E. violascens). Redundancy of lectotypification of E. alaicum for which the holotype is extant is demonstrated. Further aspects of systematics, nomenclature, morphology and geography of the treated species are briefly discussed as well., Представлены результаты таксономической ревизии среднеазиатских оранжево- и фиолетовоцветковых представителей рода Erysimum. В целом подтверждено опубликованное в 2010 г. мнение А. Полячека о меньшем (5) числе соответствущих видов, нежели считалось ранее (8, а согласно Полячеку – 4), однако предложенная им синонимика частично пересмотрена, включая пополнение таковой E. samarkandicumназванием E. jodonyx (syn. nov.). Для E. cyaneum, E. epikeimenum, E. franchetii, E. purpureum var. turkestanicum, E. samarkandicum, E. tianschanicum и E.violascens var. tschimganicum обозначены лектотипы; дизруптивная типификация основанного на гетеротипном материале E. franchetii закрепила текущее его понимание в качестве синонима E. samarkandicum (а не E. violascens). Показана безосновательность выбора лектотипа для E. alaicum ввиду наличия голотипа. Кратко обсуждены прочие аспекты систематики, номенклатуры, морфологии и географии рассмотренных видов.

Plant specialized metabolites are often subject to within-plant transport and have tissue-specific distribution patterns. Among plants in the Brassicaceae, the genus Erysimum is unique in producing not only glucosinolates but also cardenolides as defense against insect herbivory. Ten cardenolides were detected with varying abundance in different tissues of Erysimum cheiranthoides (wormseed wallflower). As is predicted by the optimal defense theory, cardenolides were most abundant in young leaves and reproductive tissues. The lowest concentrations were observed in senescing leaves and roots. Crosses between wildtype E. cheiranthoides and a mutant line with an altered cardenolide profile showed that the seed cardenolide phenotype is determined entirely by the maternal genotype. Prior to the development of the first true leaves, seedling cotyledons also had the maternal cardenolide profile. Hypocotyl grafting experiments showed that the root cardenolide profile is determined entirely by the aboveground plant genotype. In further grafting experiments, there was no evidence of cardenolide transport into the leaves, but a mixed cardenolide profile was observed in the stems and inflorescences of plants that had been grafted at vegetative and flowering growth stages, respectively. Together, these results indicate that E. cheiranthoides leaves are a site of cardenolide biosynthesis and therefore also the plant tissue that is most likely to be expressing the relevant biosynthetic genes.

Novel computational methods such as artificial neural networks (ANNs) can facilitate modeling and predicting results of tissue culture experiments and thereby decrease the number of experimental treatments and combinations. The objective of the current study is modeling and predicting in vitro shoot proliferation of Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz, which is an important bedding flower and medicinal plant. Its micropropagation has not been investigated before and as a case study multilayer perceptron- non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (MLP-NSGAII) can be applied. MLP was used for modeling three outputs including shoots number (SN), shoots length (SL), and callus weight (CW) based on four variables including 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), kinetin (Kin), 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and gibberellic acid (GA3). The R2 correlation values of 0.84, 0.99 and 0.93 between experimental and predicted data were obtained for SN, SL, and CW, respectively. These results proved the high accuracy of MLP model. Afterwards the model connected to Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) was used to optimize input variables for obtaining the best predicted outputs. The results of sensitivity analysis indicated that SN and CW were more sensitive to BA, followed by Kin, NAA and GA. For SL, more sensitivity was obtained for GA3 than NAA. The validation experiment indicated that the difference between the validation data and MLP-NSGAII predicted data were negligible. Generally, MLP-NSGAII can be considered as a powerful method for modeling and optimizing in vitro studies.

This research has been supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CGL2014-59886JIN), the Organismo Autonomo de Parques Nacionales (Ref: 2415/2017), and the Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2019-111294GB-I00/SRA/10.13039/501100011033). FP acknowledges the projects A.RNM.505.UGR18 (FEDER/Junta de Andalucia-Consejeria de Economia y Conocimiento) and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Competitiveness (CGL201679950-R; CGL2017-86626-C2-2-P), including FEDER funds. MA was supported by the TransSpeciation project (CGL2014-59886JIN). AJM-P was funded by the European Commission under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Action Cofund 2016 EU agreement 754446 and the UGR Research and knowledge TransferAthenea3i. MB was supported by global Hybrids project (Ref: 2415/2017) and AG-M was supported by OUTevolution project (PID2019-111294GB-I00/SRA/10.13039/501100011033)., Hybrid zones have the potential to shed light on evolutionary processes driving adaptation and speciation. Secondary contact hybrid zones are particularly powerful natural systems for studying the interaction between divergent genomes to understand the mode and rate at which reproductive isolation accumulates during speciation. We have studied a total of 720 plants belonging to five populations from two Erysimum (Brassicaceae) species presenting a contact zone in the Sierra Nevada mountains (SE Spain). The plants were phenotyped in 2007 and 2017, and most of them were genotyped the first year using 10 microsatellite markers. Plants coming from natural populations were grown in a common garden to evaluate the reproductive barriers between both species bymeans of controlled crosses. All the plants used for the field and greenhouse study were characterized by measuring traits related to plant size and flower size. We estimated the genetic molecular variances, the genetic differentiation, and the genetic structure by means of the F-statistic and Bayesian inference. We also estimated the amount of recent gene flow between populations.We found a narrow unimodal hybrid zone where the hybrid genotypes appear to have been maintained by significant levels of a unidirectional gene flow coming from parental populations and from weak reproductive isolation between them. Hybrid plants exhibited intermediate or vigorous phenotypes depending on the analyzed trait. The phenotypic differences between the hybrid and the parental plants were highly coherent between the field and controlled cross experiments and through time. The highly coherent results obtained by combining field, experimental, and genetic data demonstrate the existence of a stable and narrow unimodal hybrid zone between Erysimum mediohispanicum and Erysimum nevadense at the high elevation of the Sierra Nevada mountains., Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness CGL2014-59886JIN, Organismo Autonomo de Parques Nacionales 2415/2017, Spanish Government PID2019-111294GB-I00/SRA/10.13039/501100011033, FEDER/Junta de Andalucia-Consejeria de Economia y Conocimiento A.RNM.505.UGR18, Spanish Ministry of Science and Competitiveness CGL201679950-R CGL2017-86626-C2-2-P, TransSpeciation project CGL2014-59886JIN, European Commission under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Action 754446, UGR Research and knowledge TransferAthenea3i global Hybrids project 2415/2017, OUTevolution project PID2019-111294GB-I00/SRA/10.13039/501100011033

Based on revision of various herbaria collections, Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) species lists of certain Asian countries are updated. These include first records of the following species/subspecies from relevant states mentioned in parentheses: Cryptospora trichocarpa (Afghanistan), Guenthera persicasubsp. takhtajanii, comb. nova (Turkey, Iran, Syria), Neotorularia brevipes (Tajikistan), Noccaea apterocarpa (Turkmenistan), N. campylophylla s. l. (Iraq). The cases of non-confirmed occurrence of other species in relevant countries are also revealed: Camelina hispida (Uzbekistan), Dontostemon pinnatifidus (Nepal), Erysimum crassipes, Noccaea trinervia and Sterigmostemum acanthocarpum (Turkmenistan), and Noccaea kurdica (Iraq). Additional comments on presence of certain species in the flora of Georgia, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia are provided., По результатам ревизии ряда гербарных коллекций приводится уточнение видового состава крестоцветных (Cruciferae, или Brassicaceae) некоторых стран Азии. Cryptospora trichocarpa впервые отмечается во флоре Афганистана, Guenthera persica subsp. takhtajanii, comb. nova – Турции, Ирана и Сирии, Neotorularia brevipes – Таджикистана, Noccaea apterocarpa – Туркменистана и N. campylophylla s. l. – Ирака. В то же время, произрастание Camelina hispida в Узбекистане, Dontostemon pinnatifidus – в Непале, Erysimum crassipes, Noccaea trinervia и Sterigmostemum acanthocarpum – в Туркменистане, а также Noccaea kurdica – в Ираке не получает подтверждения. Дополнительно кратко прокомментировано нахождение отдельных видов в Грузии, Иране, Кыргызстане и России.

The vegetation cover of the “Bachatsky hills”(Kemerovo region) is described. The distribution of rarespecies of Hedysarum turczaninovii Peschkova, Gypsophyla patrinii Ser., Erysimum altaicum (C. A. Mey.) Polozhij,Allium vodopjanovae Friesen, Stipa pennata L., Stipa zalesskii Sw., Potentilla elegantissima Polozhij is provided.

The article presents the results of ecological and phytocenotic characteristics of the rare, endemic plant E. croceum M.Pop (E. croceum) in the Ili Alatau. The article presents the results of ecological and phytocenotic characteristics and assessment of the present state of four populations of E. croceum M.Pop (E. croceum) endemic and rare plants located on the right and left banks of the Small Almaty Gorge, in the Great Almaty Gorge and in the Issyk Gorge. The highest density of E. croceum species was noted in the population №3 – 8,25±1,2 pcs./m2, the smallest in the nopopulation №1 – 7,3±0,6 pcs./m2. The results of the study showed that E. croceum grows well where soil moisture is an average of 5 to 14, the level of soil pH is from 4,03 to 5,85. As a result of the study of the cenopopulations of E. croceum, it was revealed that they are located within their optimum, there is no special threat of extinction for this species. Nevertheless, that E. croceum is an endemic species, we recommend the following measures: 1) Ili-Alatau National Nature Park should be monitored and monitored continuously for all four E. croceum populations in the Ili Alatau; 2) The Institute of Botany and Phytointroduction should be introduced into its collections in the Botanical Garden of Almaty E. croceum as an endemic, rare and medicinal species. Key words: population, cenopopulation, life forms of plants, ecological types, floristic elements.

Funding was provided by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Competitiveness (CGL2016-79950-R; CGL2017-86626-C22-P), including FEDER funds. This research was also funded by the Consejeria de Economia, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad, and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), ref. SOMM17/6109/UGR and A-RNM-505-UGR18. COM was supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BES-2014-069022)., We are grateful to Modesto Berbel Cascales and José M. Gómez for their help in sampling and DNA/RNA extractions., Erysimum (Brassicaceae) is a genus of more than 200 species (Al-Shehbaz, 2012). It is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere and has been the focus of active research in ecology, evolution, and genetics (Gómez and Perfectti, 2010; Gómez, 2012; Valverde et al., 2016). Despite long-standing interest in Erysimum, its taxonomy has yet to be properly established, partly due to a complex and reticulated evolutionary history that renders phylogenetic reconstructions highly challenging (Ancev, 2006; Marhold and Lihová, 2006; Abdelaziz et al., 2014; Gomez et al., 2014; Moazzeni et al., 2014; Züst et al., 2020). The Baetic Mountains (South-Eastern Iberia) are among the most critical glacial refugia in Europe. The waxing and waning of plant populations following climatic fluctuations have likely complicated the distribution and genetic variation of extant diversity in this region. Isolation and posterior secondary contact between taxa may have favored hybridization and introgression (Médail and Diadema, 2009). The Erysimum species that inhabit these mountains have been a particularly fruitful system for plant evolutionary ecology [e.g., Gómez et al., 2006, 2008; Gómez and Perfectti, 2010; Gómez, 2012; Valverde et al., 2016]. However, the relationships among these species remain unresolved, hampering comparative and evolutionary studies. Genome duplications, incomplete lineage sorting, and hybridization have compromised the phylogenetic reconstructions within Erysimum (Marhold and Lihová, 2006; Osuna-Mascaró, 2020). Additionally, clarifying this group's complex evolution requires extensive genomic resources, which are currently being produced but are mostly lacking. The fast development of high-throughput sequencing technologies has led to a rapid increase in genomic and transcriptomic for many plant species (Dong et al., 2004; Duvick et al., 2007; Sundell et al., 2015; Boyles et al., 2019). However, obtaining complete genome sequencing remains a challenge with large, repetitive-DNA enriched genomes. Transcriptome sequencing is comparatively more accessible, providing a relatively cheap and fast method to obtain large amounts of functional genomic data (Timme et al., 2012; Yang and Smith, 2013; Wickett et al., 2014; Léveillé-Bourret et al., 2017). Accordingly, global initiatives such as the 1,000 plants (1KP) project have generated transcriptomic resources for over 1,000 plant species (Matasci et al., 2014; Leebens-Mack et al., 2019). In addition, the use of RNA-Seq could be useful in obtaining complete chloroplast genomes in a reliable and accessible way, making possible the use of complete molecules in phylogenomic analyses (Smith, 2013; Osuna-Mascaró et al., 2018; Morales-Briones et al., 2021). Here, we report the annotation of 18 floral transcriptomes assembled de novo from total RNA-Seq libraries and nine chloroplast genomes from seven Erysimum species inhabiting the Baetic Mountains. The chloroplast genomes were assembled from total RNA-Seq data following a previously-validated reference assemble approach (Osuna-Mascaró et al., 2018). The data presented here represent reliable genomic resources for transcriptomic, proteomic, and phylotranscriptomic studies. These data contribute to the ecological and genetic resources available for Brassicaceae in general and the genus Erysimum in particular, being the only genomic resources for these species coming from flower buds., Spanish Ministry of Science and Competitiveness CGL2016-79950-R CGL2017-86626-C22-P, European Commission, Consejeria de Economia, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad, European Commission SOMM17/6109/UGR A-RNM-505-UGR18, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness BES-2014-069022

The purpose of this study was to evaluate effect of process and formulation variables on the preparation of Erysimum extract loaded PLGA nanoparticles. The influence of the various biopharmaceutical factors such as type of organic solvent, type and concentration of surfactant, polymer concentration in the organic phase, ratio of organic phase and water phase were studied. Modified emulsification solvent evaporation method was used for preparation of nanoparticles. Based on the performed experiments optimal formulation of nanocomposite is suggested. Nanoparticle size, size distribution and entrapment efficiency were determined. Among five non-ionic surfactants polyvinyl alcohol provided more stable nanocomposite. Influence mechanisms of different surfactants on nanoparticle formation are provided. Water miscible organic solvent, acetone obtained 232 nm nanoparticles with improved size distribution. Entrapment efficiency was increased to 73% by reducing ratio of organic and water phases. Based on experiments nanoparticles with stable, reproducible properties are fabricated.

Wallflower (Erysimum cheiri) is employed as a popular herbal drug in traditional Persian medicine. Topical formulations including cerates, lotions, sitz baths, and poultices for inflammatory disorders such as arthritis, anal fissure, endometriosis, and mastitis are known. However, there is no monograph in current pharmacopoeia for the wallflower drug. The present study is aimed to screen in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of wallflower and perform quality control and characterization tests for different organs of the herb. In this regard, albumin denaturation activity, macroscopic and microscopic, phytochemical, HPTLC, and FT-IR characteristics were investigated. Wallflower showed strong anti-inflammatory activity compared to diclofenac sodium. The root (1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL) and flower (10 mg/mL) extract exhibited higher anti-inflammatory activities than that of other plant organs at the same concentrations. Moreover, total ash was found higher in aerial parts ( 21.52 ± 0.06 % ) than flower ( 11.01 ± 0.03 % ), root ( 5.03 ± 0.03 % ), and seed ( 6.95 ± 0.06 % ), while water-soluble ash was higher in seed ( 34.89 ± 0.26 % ) than flower ( 5.00 ± 0.03 % ), aerial parts ( 7.16 ± 0.06 % ), and root ( 5.04 ± 0.01 % ). Acid-insoluble ash and sulphated ash were higher in root ( 9.50 ± 0.04 % ) and aerial part ( 28.37 ± 0.57 % ), respectively. In addition, loss on drying was ranged from 2.20 ± 0.20 % in flowers to 6.00 ± 0.10 % in aerial parts. On the other hand, HPTLC analysis verified cardenolide compounds in all organs of the herb, and quercetin was detected in the flavonoid fingerprint of acid hydrolysed flowers. According to FT-IR results, the observed spectral region at ~3500 cm-1 attributed to -OH stretching vibration. Also, C–H (~2900-2950 cm-1), isothiocyanate (~2340 cm-1), -C=O (~1740 cm-1), conjugated C=C of the aromatic ring (~1650 cm-1), and structure of the aromatic group (~1200-1000 cm-1) were monitored. This work is the first study to the best of our knowledge, suggesting wallflower as a potential drug candidate with the basis for a monograph in addition to initial in vitro anti-inflammatory data.