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HEAs powders, unlike standard alloys which contain one or two base elements, are new alloys that contain multiple elements in the same quantity. These materials have outstanding physical and mechanical properties and for this reason, are of great interest in the material science community for their application in advanced industrial sectors. In this investigation, cold spray (CS) and high-velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) processes were used to deposit Cantor alloy (FeCoCrNiMn) coatings. Starting feedstock powders were thoroughly characterized in terms of size, shape, phase and elastic modulus. For CS process, the coating deposition efficiency and porosity could be optimized by varying gas pressure, gas temperature and stand-off distance. In the case of HVOF process, stand-off distance influenced the thickness of the coatings. Besides, on the optimized CS and HVOF coatings, corrosion tests in 3.5% NaCl solution, as well as rubber wheel, ball on disk and jet erosion tests were carried out to evaluate their wear behavior. Also, to benchmark the corrosion and wear behavior of optimized coatings, the results were compared to 316L and C-Steel bulks. The tribological study shows that Cantor alloy coatings deposited via CS and HVOF are promising to protect parts and components in a harsh environment.

La platja de barrera del riu Dnièster (Ucraïna) té una longitud d'uns 10 km i una amplada de 100 m al punt més estret. La seva alçada varia des d'uns +3m fins a més de +5m a la zona més ampla. A causa de la seva naturalesa baixa, la zona es considera una zona altament vulnerable als efectes dels temporals i el canvi climàtic. L'objectiu d'aquest estudi és determinar la vulnerabilitat de la platja barrera de Dniester davant d'esdeveniments d'onatge extrems utilitzant el model morfodinàmic XBeach. L’estudi considera el model digital d’elevació, les característiques morfològiques i les condicions hidrodinàmiques. La topografia i la batimetria de la zona de Dniester han estat combinades en una malla rectangular variable. La distribució granulomètrica es va obtenir mitjançant el tamisat de tres mostres in-situ. Finalment, s'ha realitzat un estudi del clima d'onatge extremal utilitzant el conjunt de dades d'ERA5 i s'ha ajustat la funció de distribució de probabilitat de Gumbel mitjançant el Mètode Màxims Anuals. Aquesta anàlisi s'ha utilitzat per avaluar la resposta en termes d'inundació i erosió de la platja davant d'esdeveniments amb diferents escenaris del Nivell Mitjà del Mar (NMM). A l'octubre del 2016, els mitjans de comunicació van informar d'un episodi d'inundació costanera al sud de la barrera, el qual va causar danys greus a les infraestructures costaneres. Aquest esdeveniment ha estat utilitzat per validar qualitativament el model XBeach. Els resultats obtinguts han revelat tres àrees principals on les inundacions tenen més afectacions. A més, s'ha pogut observar com l'erosió ha estat majoritària al llarg de la costa de la platja barrera mentre que els processos de sedimentació s'han focalitzat a l'entrada, un punt clau de connexió entre l'estuari i el mar. En tots els casos s'ha vist com el NMM és un factor determinant en la magnitud de les afectacions, tant en termes d'inundació com en erosió/sedimentació. La playa de barrera del río Dniéster (Ucrania) tiene una longitud de unos 10 km y una anchura de 100 m en su punto más estrecho. Su altura varía desde unos +3m hasta más de +5m en la zona más ancha. Debido a su naturaleza baja, la zona se considera una zona altamente vulnerable a los efectos de los temporales y el cambio climático. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la vulnerabilidad de la playa barrera de Dniester frente a eventos de oleaje extremos utilizando el modelo morfodinámico XBeach. El estudio considera el modelo digital de elevación, las características morfológicas y las condiciones hidrodinámicas. La topografía y la batimetría de la zona de Dniester se han combinado en una malla rectangular variable. La distribución granulométrica se obtuvo mediante el tamizado de tres muestras in-situ. Por último, se ha realizado un estudio del clima de oleaje extremal utilizando el conjunto de datos de ERA5 y se ha ajustado la función de distribución de probabilidad de Gumbel mediante el Método Máximos Anuales. Este análisis se ha utilizado para evaluar la respuesta en términos de inundación y erosión de la playa frente a eventos con diferentes escenarios del Nivel Medio del Mar (NMM). En octubre de 2016, los medios de comunicación informaron de un episodio de inundación costera en el sur de la barrera que causó graves daños a las infraestructuras costeras. Este evento se ha utilizado para validar cualitativamente el modelo XBeach. Los resultados obtenidos han revelado tres áreas principales en las que las inundaciones tienen mayores afectaciones. Además, se ha podido observar cómo la erosión ha sido mayoritaria a lo largo de la costa de la playa barrera, mientras que los procesos de sedimentación se han focalizado en la entrada, un punto clave de conexión entre el estuario y el mar. En todos los casos se ha visto cómo el NMM es factor determinante en la magnitud de las afectaciones, tanto en términos de inundación como en erosión/sedimentación. The barrier beach of the Dniester River (Ukraine) is about 10 km long and 100 m wide at its narrowest point. Its height varies from about +3m to more than +5m at the widest point. Due to its low-lying nature, the area is considered to be highly vulnerable to the effects of storms and climate change. The aim of this study is to determine the vulnerability of the Dniester barrier beach to extreme wave events using the XBeach morphodynamic model. The study considers the digital elevation model, morphological features and hydrodynamic conditions. The topography and bathymetry of the Dniester area have been combined into a variable rectangular grid. The grain size distribution was obtained by sieving three in-situ samples. Finally, an extreme value analysis has been carried out using the ERA5 dataset and the Gumbel probability distribution function has been fitted using the Annual Maximums Method. This analysis has been used to assess the response in terms of beach inundation and erosion to events with different Mean Sea Level (MSL) scenarios. In October 2016, the media reported a coastal flooding event in the south of the barrier that caused severe damage to coastal infrastructure. This event has been used to qualitatively validate the XBeach model. The results obtained have revealed three main areas where flooding has the greatest impact. In addition, it has been observed that erosion has been predominant along the barrier beach coast, while sedimentation processes have focused on the inlet, a key point of connection between the estuary and the sea. In all cases, it has been seen how the NMM is a determining factor in the magnitude of the effects, both in terms of flooding and erosion/sedimentation.

Aquest treball de final de grau presenta un estudi experimental sobre els efectes que tenen les maniobres que efectuen els vaixells en les dàrsenes portuàries. S’exposa una àmplia revisió dels fonaments teòrics implicats en el transport de sediments del sòl portuari i el conseqüent efecte de soscavació que s’hi presenta. A diferència dels treballs experimentals previs en els que s’estudiava el fenomen de soscavació produït per l’acció d’una hèlix, en el present estudi s’analitza el fenomen de soscavació per l’acció de dos hèlixs simulant les maniobres fetes pels vaixells ro-ro/ro-pax. Amb l’objectiu de reproduir el comportament de la soscavació en règim de jet confinat, per tal de definir la profunditat dels forats creats i el volum de sediment erosionat, s’analitza el comportament del llit de sediments en maniobres de desatrac. Es determina l’evolució de la profunditat de soscavació i quina és la importància del confinament en l’accentuació de la profunditat de soscavació al peu de la infraestructura. El treball experimental finalitza amb la formulació d’un model temporal a partir del teorema de pi de buckingham que determina l’evolució del volum erosionat al llarg del temps en funció dels paràmetres prèviament definits per a maniobres de desatrac.

Estudi del potencial erosiu durant les maniobres de sortida d’un ro-pax al port de barcelona mitjançant el simulador de navegació i maniobra de la fnb

Last decade, real time kinematics (RTK) GPS methods have been developed with high productivity and good theoretical precision, enabling the coverage of wide areas. The main objective of this contribution is to ascertain the performance of this method in the study of thest areas "A" (about 12 km2) within the Doñana National Park wetlands. One of the aims of the research Project was the detection and monitoring of sub-decimiter level terrain changes due to water erosion or sand sedimentation. The technique used is GPS navigation and profiling along N-S paths 50 m apart during the dry season. The firts survey has been carried out in summer 1998, including repeatability tests. About 20000 terrain points have been obtained. The survey has been reapted in July 2000. After filtering and editing, conclusions about precision have been derived from the repeatability test and compring both surveys. Other practical remarks are related with the total number of GPS available during the fieldwork, the inicialization process using RTK at increasing distances, and the GPS positioning during high geomagnetic activity days.

[spa] Las zonas costeras, y en especial las playas, son la unión principal entre la tierra y el mar, siendo el escenario de infinidad de interacciones causadas por factores muy diversos, desde cambios producidos por la dinámica natural de la zona hasta los producidos por la creciente presión humana. Por este motivo, se trata de zonas con mucha variabilidad espacio-temporal, diversidad y funcionalidad que dan lugar a diferentes paisajes, usos y actividades. Desafortunadamente, siempre se ha gestionado la zona costera de manera desintegrada, sin considerar todos los factores e interacciones que en ella ocurren, dando lugar a importantes impactos que ponen en jaque la supervivencia de muchas zonas costeras. En el caso de estudio del delta de la Tordera y sus playas, la erosión costera es una consecuencia de una combinación de varios factores, caracterizados por diferentes escalas temporales y espaciales así como de diferente naturaleza como son: la explotación del acuífero, la construcción de escolleras en la desembocadura, los dragados de arena tanto en el río como en el delta sumergido, los cambios en los usos del suelo, la construcción del paseo marítimo, las estructuras de defensa y artificialización de la costa, los cambios en la vegetación de ribera o la reducción del ancho efectivo del río, entre muchos otros. Estos ejemplos, muchos de los cuales son globales en todos los deltas, ponen de manifiesto el modelo de gestión tradicional de estas zonas, una gestión enfocada al aprovechamiento puntual, sin una visión global de ecosistema y, sobretodo, una gestión reactiva a las consecuencias que iban surgiendo, lo que hemos llamado una gestión desintegrada de la zona costera. Para acabar con dicha gestión desintegrada, a principios del siglo XXI, se creó lo que se conoce como la Gestión Integrada de Zonas Costeras (GIZC) que incluía todos los sistemas que influyen en las playas en la propia gestión costera. El principal cambio es que la GIZC fomenta la gestión proactiva en lugar de la reactiva que se ha venido usando desde hace siglos. Por este motivo, el monitoreo de los procesos costeros es un paso crucial para conseguir una buena gestión, y no solo mediante el uso de herramientas ya consolidadas sino también mediante la modificación y/o creación de nuevas herramientas que permitan mejorar la capacidad de monitoreo. En esta tesis se proporcionan y validan distintas herramientas de monitoreo, tanto existentes cómo otras de nuevas, para que puedan ser usadas en el futuro por los gestores del territorio con el objetivo de conseguir una gestión más efectiva y sostenible de la zona del delta de la Tordera. En definitiva, se hace patente la necesidad de un nuevo modelo de gestión para zonas costeras que sea capaz de integrar toda la información disponible de los distintos subsistemas que conforman un ecosistema, relacionarlos entre ellos y establecer una serie de indicadores clave que sientan las bases de una planificación global e integrada por ecosistema, sin olvidar que la participación social en dicha gestión se trata de un punto clave para conseguir resultados a largo plazo. Así pues, es necesario que los gestores del territorio se muevan hacia un modelo de gestión costera por ecosistema que siga el marco y principios de la Gestión Integrada de Zonas Costeras (GIZC) que permita establecer un Plan Estratégico Integral y Global a largo plazo mediante el uso de herramientas de gestión adaptadas a cada caso particular., [eng] The coastal areas, and especially the beaches, are the main union between the land and the sea, being the scene of countless interactions caused by different factors, from changes produced by the natural dynamics of the area to those produced by the growing human pressure. Unfortunately, the coastal zone has always been managed in a disintegrated manner, without considering all the factors and interactions that occur there, resulting in significant impacts that compromises the survival of many coastal areas. In the case of the Tordera delta and its beaches, coastal erosion is a consequence of a combination of several factors such as the aquifer exploitation, the construction of breakwaters at the mouth, the changes in land use or the reduction of the effective river width, among many others. These examples, many of which are global in all deltas, reveal the traditional management model of these areas, a management focused on timely use, that is, a disintegrated management of the coastal zone. To end with this management, at the beginning of the 21st century, what is known as Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) was created, which encourages proactive management instead of the reactive one that has been used for centuries. For this reason, monitoring of coastal processes is a crucial step to achieve good management. In this thesis different monitoring tools are provided and validated, both existing and new, so that they can be used in the future by the managers of the territory in order to achieve a more effective and sustainable management of the area of the Tordera delta. Definitely, it is necessary that the territorial managers move towards a model of coastal management by ecosystem that follows the framework and principles of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) and that allows to establish an Integral and Global Strategic Plan in the long term through the use of management tools adapted to each particular case.

The essential role of Critical Elements (CE) in 21st century economy has led to an increasing demand of these metals and promotes the exploration of non-conventional deposits such as weathering profiles. The present work is focused on the study of a weathering profile located at the Archaeological Park of the Gavà Neolithic Mines, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. In the Gavà deposit, acid and oxidising meteoric fluids generated intense weathering during the early Pleistocene, affecting series of Llandoverian black shales and associated syn-sedimentary phosphates. The circulation of these acid fluids at deeper levels of the profile generated supergene vein-like mineralisations comprised of secondary phosphates (e.g., variscite, perhamite, crandallite, phosphosiderite) and sulphates (e.g., jarosite, alunite). This supergene mineralisation is significantly enriched in certain CE (e.g., Ga, Sc, REE, In, Co and Sb) that were mobilised from host rock components and later hosted in the crystal lattice of supergene minerals. Weathering processes and corresponding supergene enrichment of CE at the Gavà deposit could be used as an example to determine exploration guidelines of CE in weathering profiles and associated supergene phosphates worldwide. Keywords: critical elements; weathering; supergene mineralisation; phosphates; Gavà The essential role of Critical Elements (CE) in 21st century economy has led to an increasing demand of these metals and promotes the exploration of non-conventional deposits such as weathering profiles. The present work is focused on the study of a weathering profile located at the Archaeological Park of the Gavà Neolithic Mines, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. In the Gavà deposit, acid and oxidising meteoric fluids generated intense weathering during the early Pleistocene, affecting series of Llandoverian black shales and associated syn-sedimentary phosphates. The circulation of these acid fluids at deeper levels of the profile generated supergene vein-like mineralisations comprised of secondary phosphates (e.g., variscite, perhamite, crandallite, phosphosiderite) and sulphates (e.g., jarosite, alunite). This supergene mineralisation is significantly enriched in certain CE (e.g., Ga, Sc, REE, In, Co and Sb) that were mobilised from host rock components and later hosted in the crystal lattice of supergene minerals. Weathering processes and corresponding supergene enrichment of CE at the Gavà deposit could be used as an example to determine exploration guidelines of CE in weathering profiles and associated supergene phosphates worldwide. Keywords: critical elements; weathering; supergene mineralisation; phosphates; Gavà The essential role of Critical Elements (CE) in 21st century economy has led to an increasing demand of these metals and promotes the exploration of non-conventional deposits such as weathering profiles. The present work is focused on the study of a weathering profile located at the Archaeological Park of the Gavà Neolithic Mines, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. In the Gavà deposit, acid and oxidising meteoric fluids generated intense weathering during the early Pleistocene, affecting series of Llandoverian black shales and associated syn-sedimentary phosphates. The circulation of these acid fluids at deeper levels of the profile generated supergene vein-like mineralisations comprised of secondary phosphates (e.g., variscite, perhamite, crandallite, phosphosiderite) and sulphates (e.g., jarosite, alunite). This supergene mineralisation is significantly enriched in certain CE (e.g., Ga, Sc, REE, In, Co and Sb) that were mobilised from host rock components and later hosted in the crystal lattice of supergene minerals. Weathering processes and corresponding supergene enrichment of CE at the Gavà deposit could be used as an example to determine exploration guidelines of CE in weathering profiles and associated supergene phosphates worldwide. Keywords: critical elements; weathering; supergene mineralisation; phosphates; Gavà

The essential role of Critical Elements (CE) in 21st century economy has led to an increasing demand of these metals and promotes the exploration of non-conventional deposits such as weathering profiles. The present work is focused on the study of a weathering profile located at the Archaeological Park of the Gav&agrave, Neolithic Mines, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. In the Gav&agrave, deposit, acid and oxidising meteoric fluids generated intense weathering during the early Pleistocene, affecting series of Llandoverian black shales and associated syn-sedimentary phosphates. The circulation of these acid fluids at deeper levels of the profile generated supergene vein-like mineralisations comprised of secondary phosphates (e.g., variscite, perhamite, crandallite, phosphosiderite) and sulphates (e.g., jarosite, alunite). This supergene mineralisation is significantly enriched in certain CE (e.g., Ga, Sc, REE, In, Co and Sb) that were mobilised from host rock components and later hosted in the crystal lattice of supergene minerals. Weathering processes and corresponding supergene enrichment of CE at the Gav&agrave, deposit could be used as an example to determine exploration guidelines of CE in weathering profiles and associated supergene phosphates worldwide.

Cold spraying of Stellite 21 powder on low carbon steel is performed to investigate the effect of traverse speed on the deposition efficiency (DE) of high-temperature alloys. Based on the simulation of particles' impact temperature and velocity, the initial experiments are performed at different gas pressures (32 and 40 bar), temperatures (800 and 730 °C), and stand-off distances (10, 25, and 40 mm) at a constant traverse speed of 20 mm·s−1. The experiments showed that high pressure, temperature, and short stand-off distance are preferred. The wipe test results indicated a potential of high DE at lower deposition flux over the substrate surface area at the first layer deposition. Thus, new tests are carried out at different traverse speeds ranging from 20 to 400 mm·s−1 to adjust the deposition flux over the surface area of the substrate. The effect of traverse speed on DE and coating characteristics such as porosity and microhardness is studied as well. The results showed that the lower DE at lower traverse speed is related to the erosion of bonded particles due to the subsequent particles' impact. By increasing the traverse speed from 20 to 300 mm·s−1, the DE increased more than twice. Induction time extension at higher traverse speed led to lower DE at 400 mm·s−1.

Els corrents generats pels propulsors principals dels vaixells durant les seves maniobres d’entrada i sortida del moll generen una erosió important al llit marí. Després d’estudis dedicats a la millor comprensió i anàlisi d’aquest fenomen erosiu, aquest treball pretén proposar maniobres alternatives en un cas real per minimitzar aquest potencial erosiu. La reproducció de les maniobres habituals que realitza un vaixell determinat amb el simulador Transas NTPro 5000-v-5.35 ens ha permès obtenir dades del comportament dels propulsors durant aquestes. Amb la formulació existent aportada per Hamill (1999) i les guies de PIANC (2015), aplicada als estudis mencionats i, a partir de la informació obtinguda, s’ha realitzat els càlculs de les velocitats axials del flux generat pels propulsors per a diferents condicions d’intensitat i direcció de vent. A través d’aquestes últimes dades, s’ha pogut obtenir resultats del potencial màxim erosiu que els mencionats propulsors generen en un moll en concret. Posteriorment, amb les dades obtingudes, s’han plantejat diferents maniobres per evitar l’erosió en els moments problemàtics i crítics, provocats per les velocitats axials del flux emès pels propulsors. Finalment, s’han simulat les maniobres alternatives i s’ha analitzat les dades de velocitats axials i d’erosió, de la mateixa manera que amb les maniobres habituals. Així s’ha pogut comparar les maniobres alternatives proposades amb les realitzades habitualment i s’ha contrastat analíticament quines maniobres són les més idònies per aquest cas per tal de minimitzar l’efecte de l’erosió en el llit marí.

[ES] El presente trabajo denominado "Estudio de soluciones de estabilización del frente litoral del T.M de Almenara (Castellón)" se ha realizado como Trabajo Fin de Master del Master Universitario en Transporte, Territorio y Urbanismo. En dicho proyecto se pretende analizar la problemática existente en el frente litoral de Almenara (Castellón) y proponer soluciones para estabilizar dicho frente, donde se ubica la Playa de Casablanca, con el objeto de disminuir los problemas de erosión costera. Para ello, se definirán, justificarán y valorarán una serie de actuaciones. Una vez analizadas, se desarrollará la solución óptima que estabilice la costa de Almenara, siendo ésta la construcción de diques exentos con cubípodos., [CA] El present treball anomenat "Estudi de solucions d'estabilització del front litoral del T.M d'Almenara (Castelló)" s'ha realitzat com a Treball Fi de Màster del Màster Universitari en Transport, Territori i Urbanisme. En aquest projecte es pretén analitzar la problemàtica existent en el front litoral d'Almenara (Castelló) i proposar solucions per a estabilitzar aquest front, on s'ubica la Platja de Casablanca, amb l'objectiu de disminuir els problemes d'erosió costanera. Per a això, es definiran, justificaran i valoraran una sèrie d'actuacions. Una vegada analitzades, es desenvoluparà la solució òptima que estabilitze la costa d'Almenara, sent aquesta la construcció de dics exempts amb cubípodos, [EN] This project named "Stability solutions study of the littoral front of the municipal term of Almenara (Castellon)" has been written as the Final Project of the University Master of Transport, Territory and Urbanism. The aim is to analyze the existing problems in the coast of Almenara and propose different solutions to stabilize it, concretely where the Casablanca Beach is located, with the objective of decreasing the problems of the coastal erosion. For this reason, a series of actuations will be defined, justified and evaluated. Once they are analyzed, the optimal solution that suits the goals of stavilization is concluded to be the construction of exempt dykes with cubipods and it is further developed during the project

The essential role of Critical Elements (CE) in 21st century economy has led to an increasing demand of these metals and promotes the exploration of non-conventional deposits such as weathering profiles. The present work is focused on the study of a weathering profile located at the Archaeological Park of the Gavà Neolithic Mines, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. In the Gavà deposit, acid and oxidising meteoric fluids generated intense weathering during the early Pleistocene, affecting series of Llandoverian black shales and associated syn-sedimentary phosphates. The circulation of these acid fluids at deeper levels of the profile generated supergene vein-like mineralisations comprised of secondary phosphates (e.g., variscite, perhamite, crandallite, phosphosiderite) and sulphates (e.g., jarosite, alunite). This supergene mineralisation is significantly enriched in certain CE (e.g., Ga, Sc, REE, In, Co and Sb) that were mobilised from host rock components and later hosted in the crystal lattice of supergene minerals. Weathering processes and corresponding supergene enrichment of CE at the Gavà deposit could be used as an example to determine exploration guidelines of CE in weathering profiles and associated supergene phosphates worldwide. Keywords: critical elements; weathering; supergene mineralisation; phosphates; Gavà The essential role of Critical Elements (CE) in 21st century economy has led to an increasing demand of these metals and promotes the exploration of non-conventional deposits such as weathering profiles. The present work is focused on the study of a weathering profile located at the Archaeological Park of the Gavà Neolithic Mines, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. In the Gavà deposit, acid and oxidising meteoric fluids generated intense weathering during the early Pleistocene, affecting series of Llandoverian black shales and associated syn-sedimentary phosphates. The circulation of these acid fluids at deeper levels of the profile generated supergene vein-like mineralisations comprised of secondary phosphates (e.g., variscite, perhamite, crandallite, phosphosiderite) and sulphates (e.g., jarosite, alunite). This supergene mineralisation is significantly enriched in certain CE (e.g., Ga, Sc, REE, In, Co and Sb) that were mobilised from host rock components and later hosted in the crystal lattice of supergene minerals. Weathering processes and corresponding supergene enrichment of CE at the Gavà deposit could be used as an example to determine exploration guidelines of CE in weathering profiles and associated supergene phosphates worldwide. Keywords: critical elements; weathering; supergene mineralisation; phosphates; Gavà The essential role of Critical Elements (CE) in 21st century economy has led to an increasing demand of these metals and promotes the exploration of non-conventional deposits such as weathering profiles. The present work is focused on the study of a weathering profile located at the Archaeological Park of the Gavà Neolithic Mines, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. In the Gavà deposit, acid and oxidising meteoric fluids generated intense weathering during the early Pleistocene, affecting series of Llandoverian black shales and associated syn-sedimentary phosphates. The circulation of these acid fluids at deeper levels of the profile generated supergene vein-like mineralisations comprised of secondary phosphates (e.g., variscite, perhamite, crandallite, phosphosiderite) and sulphates (e.g., jarosite, alunite). This supergene mineralisation is significantly enriched in certain CE (e.g., Ga, Sc, REE, In, Co and Sb) that were mobilised from host rock components and later hosted in the crystal lattice of supergene minerals. Weathering processes and corresponding supergene enrichment of CE at the Gavà deposit could be used as an example to determine exploration guidelines of CE in weathering profiles and associated supergene phosphates worldwide. Keywords: critical elements; weathering; supergene mineralisation; phosphates; Gavà

Aquest treball analitza la erosió del sòl mitjançant l?equació universal de pèrdua de sols revisada (RUSLE). RUSLE es un model molt utilitzat per calcular la erosió del sòl a escala regional i necessita diferents paràmetres d?entrada que es pot determinar amb dades del terreny (elevació, geologia, cobertura de sòl etc.) i tècniques de SIG. A mes a mes, es realitzarà un treball de camp per verificar i millorar aquests dades d?entrada.

The essential role of Critical Elements (CE) in 21st century economy has led to an increasing demand of these metals and promotes the exploration of non-conventional deposits such as weathering profiles. The present work is focused on the study of a weathering profile located at the Archaeological Park of the Gavà Neolithic Mines, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. In the Gavà deposit, acid and oxidising meteoric fluids generated intense weathering during the early Pleistocene, affecting series of Llandoverian black shales and associated syn-sedimentary phosphates. The circulation of these acid fluids at deeper levels of the profile generated supergene vein-like mineralisations comprised of secondary phosphates (e.g., variscite, perhamite, crandallite, phosphosiderite) and sulphates (e.g., jarosite, alunite). This supergene mineralisation is significantly enriched in certain CE (e.g., Ga, Sc, REE, In, Co and Sb) that were mobilised from host rock components and later hosted in the crystal lattice of supergene minerals. Weathering processes and corresponding supergene enrichment of CE at the Gavà deposit could be used as an example to determine exploration guidelines of CE in weathering profiles and associated supergene phosphates worldwide. Keywords: critical elements; weathering; supergene mineralisation; phosphates; Gavà The essential role of Critical Elements (CE) in 21st century economy has led to an increasing demand of these metals and promotes the exploration of non-conventional deposits such as weathering profiles. The present work is focused on the study of a weathering profile located at the Archaeological Park of the Gavà Neolithic Mines, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. In the Gavà deposit, acid and oxidising meteoric fluids generated intense weathering during the early Pleistocene, affecting series of Llandoverian black shales and associated syn-sedimentary phosphates. The circulation of these acid fluids at deeper levels of the profile generated supergene vein-like mineralisations comprised of secondary phosphates (e.g., variscite, perhamite, crandallite, phosphosiderite) and sulphates (e.g., jarosite, alunite). This supergene mineralisation is significantly enriched in certain CE (e.g., Ga, Sc, REE, In, Co and Sb) that were mobilised from host rock components and later hosted in the crystal lattice of supergene minerals. Weathering processes and corresponding supergene enrichment of CE at the Gavà deposit could be used as an example to determine exploration guidelines of CE in weathering profiles and associated supergene phosphates worldwide. Keywords: critical elements; weathering; supergene mineralisation; phosphates; Gavà The essential role of Critical Elements (CE) in 21st century economy has led to an increasing demand of these metals and promotes the exploration of non-conventional deposits such as weathering profiles. The present work is focused on the study of a weathering profile located at the Archaeological Park of the Gavà Neolithic Mines, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. In the Gavà deposit, acid and oxidising meteoric fluids generated intense weathering during the early Pleistocene, affecting series of Llandoverian black shales and associated syn-sedimentary phosphates. The circulation of these acid fluids at deeper levels of the profile generated supergene vein-like mineralisations comprised of secondary phosphates (e.g., variscite, perhamite, crandallite, phosphosiderite) and sulphates (e.g., jarosite, alunite). This supergene mineralisation is significantly enriched in certain CE (e.g., Ga, Sc, REE, In, Co and Sb) that were mobilised from host rock components and later hosted in the crystal lattice of supergene minerals. Weathering processes and corresponding supergene enrichment of CE at the Gavà deposit could be used as an example to determine exploration guidelines of CE in weathering profiles and associated supergene phosphates worldwide. Keywords: critical elements; weathering; supergene mineralisation; phosphates; Gavà

The essential role of Critical Elements (CE) in 21st century economy has led to an increasing demand of these metals and promotes the exploration of non-conventional deposits such as weathering profiles. The present work is focused on the study of a weathering profile located at the Archaeological Park of the Gavà Neolithic Mines, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. In the Gavà deposit, acid and oxidising meteoric fluids generated intense weathering during the early Pleistocene, affecting series of Llandoverian black shales and associated syn-sedimentary phosphates. The circulation of these acid fluids at deeper levels of the profile generated supergene vein-like mineralisations comprised of secondary phosphates (e.g., variscite, perhamite, crandallite, phosphosiderite) and sulphates (e.g., jarosite, alunite). This supergene mineralisation is significantly enriched in certain CE (e.g., Ga, Sc, REE, In, Co and Sb) that were mobilised from host rock components and later hosted in the crystal lattice of supergene minerals. Weathering processes and corresponding supergene enrichment of CE at the Gavà deposit could be used as an example to determine exploration guidelines of CE in weathering profiles and associated supergene phosphates worldwide. Keywords: critical elements; weathering; supergene mineralisation; phosphates; Gavà The essential role of Critical Elements (CE) in 21st century economy has led to an increasing demand of these metals and promotes the exploration of non-conventional deposits such as weathering profiles. The present work is focused on the study of a weathering profile located at the Archaeological Park of the Gavà Neolithic Mines, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. In the Gavà deposit, acid and oxidising meteoric fluids generated intense weathering during the early Pleistocene, affecting series of Llandoverian black shales and associated syn-sedimentary phosphates. The circulation of these acid fluids at deeper levels of the profile generated supergene vein-like mineralisations comprised of secondary phosphates (e.g., variscite, perhamite, crandallite, phosphosiderite) and sulphates (e.g., jarosite, alunite). This supergene mineralisation is significantly enriched in certain CE (e.g., Ga, Sc, REE, In, Co and Sb) that were mobilised from host rock components and later hosted in the crystal lattice of supergene minerals. Weathering processes and corresponding supergene enrichment of CE at the Gavà deposit could be used as an example to determine exploration guidelines of CE in weathering profiles and associated supergene phosphates worldwide. Keywords: critical elements; weathering; supergene mineralisation; phosphates; Gavà The essential role of Critical Elements (CE) in 21st century economy has led to an increasing demand of these metals and promotes the exploration of non-conventional deposits such as weathering profiles. The present work is focused on the study of a weathering profile located at the Archaeological Park of the Gavà Neolithic Mines, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. In the Gavà deposit, acid and oxidising meteoric fluids generated intense weathering during the early Pleistocene, affecting series of Llandoverian black shales and associated syn-sedimentary phosphates. The circulation of these acid fluids at deeper levels of the profile generated supergene vein-like mineralisations comprised of secondary phosphates (e.g., variscite, perhamite, crandallite, phosphosiderite) and sulphates (e.g., jarosite, alunite). This supergene mineralisation is significantly enriched in certain CE (e.g., Ga, Sc, REE, In, Co and Sb) that were mobilised from host rock components and later hosted in the crystal lattice of supergene minerals. Weathering processes and corresponding supergene enrichment of CE at the Gavà deposit could be used as an example to determine exploration guidelines of CE in weathering profiles and associated supergene phosphates worldwide. Keywords: critical elements; weathering; supergene mineralisation; phosphates; Gavà

The essential role of Critical Elements (CE) in 21st century economy has led to an increasing demand of these metals and promotes the exploration of non-conventional deposits such as weathering profiles. The present work is focused on the study of a weathering profile located at the Archaeological Park of the Gavà Neolithic Mines, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. In the Gavà deposit, acid and oxidising meteoric fluids generated intense weathering during the early Pleistocene, affecting series of Llandoverian black shales and associated syn-sedimentary phosphates. The circulation of these acid fluids at deeper levels of the profile generated supergene vein-like mineralisations comprised of secondary phosphates (e.g., variscite, perhamite, crandallite, phosphosiderite) and sulphates (e.g., jarosite, alunite). This supergene mineralisation is significantly enriched in certain CE (e.g., Ga, Sc, REE, In, Co and Sb) that were mobilised from host rock components and later hosted in the crystal lattice of supergene minerals. Weathering processes and corresponding supergene enrichment of CE at the Gavà deposit could be used as an example to determine exploration guidelines of CE in weathering profiles and associated supergene phosphates worldwide. Keywords: critical elements; weathering; supergene mineralisation; phosphates; Gavà The essential role of Critical Elements (CE) in 21st century economy has led to an increasing demand of these metals and promotes the exploration of non-conventional deposits such as weathering profiles. The present work is focused on the study of a weathering profile located at the Archaeological Park of the Gavà Neolithic Mines, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. In the Gavà deposit, acid and oxidising meteoric fluids generated intense weathering during the early Pleistocene, affecting series of Llandoverian black shales and associated syn-sedimentary phosphates. The circulation of these acid fluids at deeper levels of the profile generated supergene vein-like mineralisations comprised of secondary phosphates (e.g., variscite, perhamite, crandallite, phosphosiderite) and sulphates (e.g., jarosite, alunite). This supergene mineralisation is significantly enriched in certain CE (e.g., Ga, Sc, REE, In, Co and Sb) that were mobilised from host rock components and later hosted in the crystal lattice of supergene minerals. Weathering processes and corresponding supergene enrichment of CE at the Gavà deposit could be used as an example to determine exploration guidelines of CE in weathering profiles and associated supergene phosphates worldwide. Keywords: critical elements; weathering; supergene mineralisation; phosphates; Gavà The essential role of Critical Elements (CE) in 21st century economy has led to an increasing demand of these metals and promotes the exploration of non-conventional deposits such as weathering profiles. The present work is focused on the study of a weathering profile located at the Archaeological Park of the Gavà Neolithic Mines, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. In the Gavà deposit, acid and oxidising meteoric fluids generated intense weathering during the early Pleistocene, affecting series of Llandoverian black shales and associated syn-sedimentary phosphates. The circulation of these acid fluids at deeper levels of the profile generated supergene vein-like mineralisations comprised of secondary phosphates (e.g., variscite, perhamite, crandallite, phosphosiderite) and sulphates (e.g., jarosite, alunite). This supergene mineralisation is significantly enriched in certain CE (e.g., Ga, Sc, REE, In, Co and Sb) that were mobilised from host rock components and later hosted in the crystal lattice of supergene minerals. Weathering processes and corresponding supergene enrichment of CE at the Gavà deposit could be used as an example to determine exploration guidelines of CE in weathering profiles and associated supergene phosphates worldwide. Keywords: critical elements; weathering; supergene mineralisation; phosphates; Gavà

Traditional agroecological knowledge (TAeK) refers to the cumulative and evolving body of knowledge, practices, beliefs, institutions, and worldviews about the relationships between a society or cultural group and their agroecosystems. These knowledge systems contribute to maintaining environmental and culturally sensitive food systems and have been considered very relevant for agroecological transitions, or the processes of scaling-up and -out agroecology. However, TAeK&rsquo, s erosion and enclosure threatens its use and reproduction, which in turn might affect TAeK&rsquo, s potential contribution to agroecological transitions. Here, we explore how transforming TAeK, and particularly TAeK on landraces, into a digital commons can contribute to its maintenance and protection, and thus to agroecological transitions. We do so by analyzing the CONECT-e platform, an initiative for digitally storing and sharing TAeK in a participatory way. One year after being launched, CONECT-e has documented 452 geographically distinct landraces from 81 different species. The information shared in this platform is well-structured, clear, and reliable, it thus allows for the replication of the knowledge reported. Moreover, because CONECT-e makes the documented information freely available and protects it with a copyleft license, placing information in this platform could help one face landrace misappropriation issues. CONECT-e, or similar initiatives, could contribute to agroecological transitions via maintaining TAeK under the digital commons framework, making it accessible to all society and avoiding enclosure processes.

[EN] The objective of this Final Degree Project, is to solve the serious problems of the study area. Through the installation of artificial reefs, we want to create a barrier to reduce the energy of the waves and, in this way, stop the solid coastal transport, avoiding, as far as possible, the erosion of the coastline and ensure that the beach of El Grao stabilizes. Located in the municipality of Moncófar, south of the province of Castellón, 51.5 km (45 min) from Valencia. For this reason, a series of reef modules manufactured with very high strength concrete are constructed, arranged so that once submerged, they fulfill the function for which they were designed., [CA] L'objectiu d'aquest Treball Final de Grau (TFG) és solucionar els greus problemes de la zona d'estudi. Mitjançant la instal·lació d'esculls artificials, es vol crear una barrera per a reduir l'energia de les ones i, d'aquesta manera, frenar el transport sòlid litoral, evitant, en la mesura del possible, l'erosió de la línia de costa i aconseguir que s'estabilitze la platja del Grau. Situada en el terme municipal de Moncofa, al sud de la província de Castelló, a 51,5 km (45 min) de València. Per açò, es construeixen una sèrie de mòduls arrecifales fabricats amb formigó de molt alta resistència disposats de manera que una vegada submergits, complisquen amb la funció per a la qual han sigut dissenyats., [ES] El objetivo de este Trabajo Final de Grado (TFG) es solucionar los graves problemas de la zona de estudio. Mediante la instalación de arrecifes artificiales, se quiere crear una barrera para reducir la energía de las olas y, de este modo, frenar el transporte sólido litoral, evitando, en la medida de lo posible, la erosión de la línea de costa y conseguir que se estabilice la playa de El Grao. Situada en el término municipal de Moncófar, al sur de la provincia de Castellón, a 51,5 km (45 min) de Valencia. Por ello, se construyen una serie de módulos arrecifales fabricados con hormigón de muy alta resistencia dispuestos de modo que una vez sumergidos, cumplan con la función para la que han sido diseñados.

En el marco del proyecto de investigación SMuCPhy (https://smucphy.upc.edu/en) se ha construido un terraplén experimental para obtener pautas de comportamiento y poder validar modelos numéricos para el estudio de la interacción entre suelo, atmósfera y vegetación en taludes.El trabajo a realizar tiene una parte de instrumentación "in situ" (colocación de sensores y análisis de medidas), otra de ensayos de laboratorio (resistencia al corte y curva de retención) y otra de modelación numérica del comportamiento del terraplén.

The lower Ebro is a bedrock-alluvial mixed incised valley with a persistent degradational stacking architecture developed from latest Serravallian(?) to Holocene. This degradational pattern was probably controlled by isostatic rebound in NE Iberia and punctuated by major relative sea level changes that temporally accentuated or attenuated the palaeovalley entrenchment and sediment retention. Six allostratigraphic units in the palaeovalley constitute the onshore record of its evolution and the opening and connection of the Ebro Basin with the Mediterranean. This paper deals with the analysis and reinterpretation of these units in order to precise the sequence of events that took place on the onshore part of the Catalan continental margin during the Ebro River drainage entrenchment. Plausible chronology and palaeogeographic evolution of the Neogene-Quaternary drainage incision in the lower Ebro are also proposed. The early evolutionary stages of the incised palaeovalley (Latest Serravallian?-Tortonian-Early Messinian, from 11.63–9? to near 5.6Ma) were dominated by entrenchment and intense sediment transfer from the onshore to the offshore zones (erosion surface S2). These processes were only punctuated by the sedimentation of the alluvial palaeovalley unit M2 (late Messinian). The polygenetic onshore erosion surfaces S2 and S3 are linked here with the onshore erosive processes that fed the sedimentation of the terrigenous shelf-slope system of the offshore Castellón group and considered coeval with the offshore Messinian erosion surfaces (reflectors M and m). During a further evolutionary stage (Pliocene to Early Pleistocene from 5.3 to approximately 2Ma) the Early Pliocene major Mediterranean reflooding caused some sediment retention in the incised palaeovalley (sedimentation of unit P) but sediment transfer into the offshore remained very effective. In the last evolutionary stage (Early Pleistocene-Holocene, from 2Ma to present) the palaeovalley became again mainly degradational (generation of erosion surfaces S4 to S6 and sedimentation of stepped alluvial terraces Q1-2 to Q4). The onshore stratigraphic record, including the allostratigraphic units P and Q1-2 to Q4 and the related bounding surfaces S3 to S6, is correlated with the sedimentation of the terrigenous shelf-slope system of the offshore Ebro group.

Nadal-Romero...[et.al.], Precipitation has been recognized as one of the main factors driving soil erosion and sediment yield (SY), and its spatial and temporal variability is recognized as one of the main reasons for spatial and temporal analyses of soil erosion variability. The weather types (WTs) approach classifies the continuum of atmospheric circulation into a small number of categories or types and has been proven a good indicator of the spatial and temporal variability of precipitation. Thus, the main objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between WTs, runoff, soil erosion (measured in plots), and sediment yield (measured in catchments) in different areas of the Iberian Peninsula (IP) with the aim of detecting spatial variations in these relationships. To this end, hydrological and sediment information covering the IP from several Spanish research teams has been combined, and related with daily WTs estimated by using the NMC/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. The results show that, in general, a few WTs (particularly westerly, southwesterly and cyclonic) provide the largest amounts of precipitation; and southwesterly, northwesterly and westerly WTs play an important role in runoff generation, erosion and sediment yield as they coincide with the wettest WTs. However, this study highlights the spatial variability of erosion and sediment yield in the IP according to WT, differentiating (1) areas under the influence of north and/or north-westerly flows (the north coast of Cantabria and inland central areas), (2) areas under the influence of westerly, southwesterly and cyclonic WTs (western and southwestern IP), (3) areas in which erosion and sediment yield are controlled by easterly flows (Mediterranean coastland), and (4) lastly, a transitional zone in the inland northeast Ebro catchment, where we detected a high variability in the effects of WTs on erosion. Overall results suggest that the use of WTs derived from observed atmospheric pressure patterns could be a useful tool for inclusion in future projections of the spatial variability of erosion and sediment yield, as models capture pressure fields reliably. © 2014 Elsevier B.V., Support for this research was provided by the projects: HIDROCAES (CGL2011-27574-C02-01 and 02), INDICA (CGL2011-27753-CO2-01 and 02), and CGL2010-21754-C02-01 of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competition and FSE. Thanks to the AEMeT for the rainfall data, and to Roberto Serrano for his helpful assistance in the precipitation analysis. Thanks to the reviewers and the editor for their detailed work to improve this article. E. Nadal-Romero was the recipient of a research contract (Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competition, Programme Juan de la Cierva), and now she is a Marie Curie postdoctoral researcher supported by the UE (project “MED-AFFOREST” PIEF-GA-2013-624974).

[EN] The goal of this work is to analyze a set of solutions, from which the most appropriate will be chosen, to solve the problem of erosive degradation affecting the Cala de Pope in Jávea, Alicante. The cove is located in the natural park of the cape of San Antonio and is currently closed. Its use was traditional due to its proximity to the urban nucleus next to the marina. First, a preliminary study of the environment, the historical evolution, the geological and geomorphological and climatic context etc. is carried out. Next, the problem of possible actions is discussed and six possible solutions are proposed. The first one consists simply of assessing whether nature alone is capable of reversing the problem. The second and the third solutions are the construction of a hard work, a spike in the first case and a submerged exempt dam in the second case. The fourth option opts for a non-structural solution: artificial supply and regeneration of the dune cord. The last two options are a combination between hard works and artificial supply. After analysing each alternative, the submerged dam solution with artificial feeding and regeneration of the dune cord is chosen. The choice method is based on parametrizing the various factors at stake: economy, environment, functionality and aesthetics. Once these factors evaluated for each scenario, the solution that provides a more favourable result has been chosen. It is intended to build two exempt dikes at a depth of 6 meters with a crowning elevation 0.5 meters below the mean sea level. It will have a length of 40 meters and the two dikes will be 60 meters apart. This length allows that no tokens, which can cause stagnation, are created on the beach. As a construction method, the sea route has been chosen. Finally, to feed the beach, 40mm gravel will be placed in such a way that a beach width of 20 meters is obtained. At the same time, the dune string will be regenerated with the same material to increase the stability of the beach in periods of rough weather. In this work the tasks are scheduled and the mandatory documents (security, environmental study, etc) are budgeted and developed. The project is expected to be completed within 5.5 months., [CA] Aquest treball acadèmic té com a objecte analitzar un conjunt de solucions, de les quals s'optarà per la més adequada, per a resoldre el problema de degradació erosiva present en la Cala de Popa a Xàbia, Alacant. La cala se situa en el parc natural del cap de Sant Antoni i actualment roman tancada. El seu ús era tradicional per la seua proximitat al nucli urbà junt al port esportiu¿ Es realitza un estudi previ de l'entorn, l'evolució històrica, context geològic i geomorfològic, climàtic, etc. S'aborda a continuació el problema de les possibles actuacions i es plantegen sis possibles solucions. La primera d'elles tracta simplement d'avaluar si la naturalesa per si sola és capaç de revertir el problema. La segona és la construcció d'una obra dura, un espigó, igual que la tercera solució que es tracta d'un dic exempt submergit. La quarta opció opta per una solució no estructural: alimentació artificial i regeneració del cordó dunar. Les següents dos opcions proposen una combinació entre les obres dures i l'alimentació artificial. Després d'haver analitzat cada alternativa s'opta per la solució de dic exempt submergit amb alimentació artificial i regeneració del cordó dunar. El mètode d'elecció es basa a parametritzar els diversos factors en joc: economia, medi ambient, funcionalitat i estètic. Una vegada valorats per a cada escenari s'ha triat la solució que proporcionava un resultat més favorable. Es pretén construir dos dics exempts a una profunditat de 6 metres amb una cota de coronació a 0,5 metres per davall del nivell mitjà del mar. Tindrà una longitud de 40 metres i estaran separats de 60 metres. La dita longitud permet que no es creuen tòmbols en la platja que puga provocar estancaments. Com a mètode de construcció s'ha optat per la via marítima. Finalment, per a l'alimentació de la platja es col·locarà grava de 40mm de tal manera que s'obtinga una amplària de platja de 20 metres. Al mateix temps es regenerarà el cordó dunar amb el mateix material perquè ajude a l'estabilitat de la platja davant de temporals. En el projecte es programen les tasques, es pressuposten i s'elaboren els documents preceptius: seguretat, estudi ambiental, etc. S'espera executar l'obra en un termini de 5,5 mesos., [ES] El presente trabajo académico tiene por objeto analizar un conjunto de soluciones, de las cuales se optará por la más adecuada, para resolver el problema de degradación erosiva presente en la Cala de Pope en Jávea, Alicante. La cala se sitúa en el parque natural del cabo de San Antonio y actualmente permanece cerrada. Su uso era tradicional por su cercanía al núcleo urbano junto al puerto deportivo.. Se realiza un estudio previo del entorno, la evolución histórica, contexto geológico y geomorfológico, climático, etc. Se aborda a continuación el problema de las posibles actuaciones y se plantean seis posibles soluciones. La primera de ellas trata simplemente de evaluar si la naturaleza por si sola es capaz de revertir el problema. La segunda es la construcción de una obra dura, un espigón al igual que la tercera solución que se trata de un dique exento sumergido. La cuarta opción opta por una solución no estructural: alimentación artificial y regeneración del cordón dunar. Las siguientes dos opciones proponen una combinación entre las obras duras y la alimentación artificial. Después de haber analizado cada alternativa se opta por la solución de dique exento sumergido con alimentación artificial y regeneración del cordón dunar. El método de elección se basa en parametrizar los diversos factores en juego: economía, medio ambiente, funcionalidad y estético. Una vez valorados para cada escenario se ha elegido la solución que proporcionaba un resultado más favorable. Se pretende construir dos diques exentos a una profundidad de 6 metros con una cota de coronación a 0,5 metros por debajo del nivel medio del mar. Tendrá una longitud de 40 metros y estarán separados de 60 metros. Dicha longitud permite que no se creen tómbolos en la playa que pueda provocar estancamientos. Como método de construcción se ha optado por la vía marítima. Por último, para la alimentación de la playa se colocará grava de 40mm de tal manera que se obtenga una anchura de playa de 20 metros. Al mismo tiempo se regenerará el cordón dunar con el mismo material para que ayude a la estabilidad de la playa frente a temporales. En el proyecto se programan las tareas, se presupuestan y se elaboran los documentos preceptivos: seguridad, estudio ambiental, etc. Se espera ejecutar la obra en un plazo de 5,5 meses.

[ES] Las playas de la Llana, pertenecientes al termino municipal de San Pedro del Pinatar (Murcia), sufren desde hace más de 60 años la recesión de la línea de costa debido a la construcción del puerto de San Pedro y a la influencia de la retirada de arribazones de posidonia y la falta de aporte de materiales procedentes de la desembocadura del río Segura. La recesión de esta línea de costa se estima en algunos tramos de hasta más de 80 metros en casi 70 años. La playa tiene una longitud de 3000 metros y el ancho de la playa varía de 10 a 25 metros, no se alcanza la anchura mínima recomendada de playa seca. Se ha realizado un estudio para diagnosticar la problemática y se han propuesto y analizado soluciones mediante un estudio multicriterio para definir la solución óptima. Se ha concluido tras este estudio que la solución óptima que respetaría las condiciones y el entorno de la playa y recuperaría la línea de costa es la alimentación artificial procedente de un yacimiento de arenas y el mantenimiento mediante bypass., [CA] Les platges de la Plana, pertanyents al terme municipal de Sant Pere del Pinatar (Múrcia) , patixen des de fa més de 60 anys la recessió de la línia de costa degut a la construcció del port de Sant Pere i a la influència de la retirada d'arribazones de posidonia i la falta d'aportació de materials procedents de la desembocadura del riu Segura. La recessió d'esta línia de costa s'estima en alguns trams de fins de més de 80 metres en quasi 70 anys. La platja té una longitud de 3000 metres i l'ample de la platja varia de 10 a 25 metres, no s'aconseguix l'amplària mínima recomanada de platja seca. S'ha realitzat un estudi per a diagnosticar la problemàtica i s'han proposat i analitzat solucions per mitjà d'un estudi multicriterio per a definir la solució òptima. S'ha conclòs després d'aquest estudi que la solució òptima que respectaria les condicions i l'entorn de la platja i recuperaria la línia de costa és l'alimentació artificial procedent d'un jaciment d'arenes i el manteniment per mitjà de bypass., [EN] La Llana beaches, which belong to the municipality of San Pedro del Pinatar (Murcia), have suffered from coastline recession for more than 60 years due to the construction of the harbour Puerto de San Pedro, the removal of Posidonia oceanica debris, and the lack of sedimentation from the mouth of the Segura river. On some stretches the recession of this coastline has been estimated at up to 80 meters over almost 70 years. The beach has a length of 3000 meters and the width of the beach varies from 10 to 25 meters, under the minimum recommended width for a dry beach. A study has been carried out to diagnose the problem and solutions have been proposed and analyzed through a multicriteria study to define the optimal solution. After this study it was concluded that the solution that most respects the conditions and environment of the beach as well as adequately recovering the coast line is artificial beach replenishment from a sand deposit and maintenance by means of a bypass.

[EN] The neutron time-of-flight facility at CERN is a source of high flux of neutrons obtained by the spallation process of 20 GeV/c protons from the CERN Proton Synchrotron (PS) onto a high purity (99.99 %) lead target. A first facility, operational since 2001, was based on a non-monolithic lead target, an open cooling circuit of demineralized water and absence of control on the water chemistry. It suffered severe corrosion and extensive deformation of the central part of the target as a consequence of the local energy deposition and insufficient cooling. Excessive temperature at the beam interaction point induced creep in the lead blocks and activated severe pitting corrosion. After a few years of operation, the facility required a complete upgrade. The new facility, running since its commissioning in November 2008, consists of a monolithic lead cylindrical target with a diameter of 0.6 m, a height of 0.4 m and a total weight of 1.3 tons (Fig. 1). The target is cooled by a pressurized water cooling system, including an all-welded aluminium alloy vessel and a cooling circuit with monitored and controlled oxygen content and conductivity of the demineralized water used as coolant. The value of oxygen and conductivity is continuously monitored. Due to the presence of high electric fields, easiness of maintenance and prevention of corrosion, demineralized water is widely used at CERN in cooling circuits of particle physics detectors and accelerator magnets. During Long Shutdown (LS2) a third spallation target (target #3) will be installed in the facility, in order to substitute the present target which will have reached its end of life. The target is presently under design. Various materials are being investigated for both the core and the contact part with the cooling wáter. In the framework of the target upgrade activities, a new water erosion/corrosion test bench is required, in order to evaluate the compatibility of various materials in the n_TOF target regime. The new test bench is intended to be capable of being used to carry our erosion and corrosion tests, and check the changes in the microstructure of different materials to validate the design of the new target. This test bench will be designed in a way that will be versatile and adaptable to different types of tests and targets in the future. The vessel of the target was aluminium in the last experiments, in this case, stainless steel is going to be used to avoid chemical changes in the demineralized water. The idea is that the design can be modified variables such as flow, temperature, conductivity, oxygen content and pressure for different tests with good reading out and logging values. 3. TEST PROCEDURE. In order to simulate as close as possible the conditions prevailing in the real n_TOF experiment, a test loop circuit using demineralized water as process fluid was specially developed for the section (EN-STI-TCD). The test loop is shown in Figure 3. As in the real circuit, water passes through a mixed-bed resin cartridge in order to keep conductivity as low as possible. Water could be heated up to 80 °C in order to simulate the water temperature at the surface and the edge of the new material in order to create the worse scenario. The water circuit is split in two main branches, one adapt the water flow to the specific requirements for the test, such as temperature and conductivity, and the other allow the two different injections points in the chamber to carry out the desired test. The test bench is provided by an hydraulic pump (P1) that keeps the constant flow, three valves (V1, V2, V3) to isolate the branches and two flow regulator valves, manual (VR3) and electronic (VR2), to adjust the flow automatically depending on the needs. The duration of the test is expected to be three months for each material. The amount of erosion/corrosion will be continuously monitored. The most adapted material will be chosen after evaluation of the resul, [ES] La instalación de neutron time-of-flighten (n_TOF) del CERN es una fuente de alto flujo de neutrones obtenida por el proceso de espalación de protones a 20 GeV/c procedentes del Proton Synchrotron (PS) del CERN sobre un Target de plomo de alta pureza (99,99%). Una primera instalación, operativa desde 2001, se basó en un Target de plomo no monolítico, un circuito de refrigeración abierto de agua desmineralizada y ausencia de control sobre la química del agua. Sufría una corrosión severa y una deformación extensa de la parte central del Target como consecuencia de la deposición de energía local y enfriamiento insuficiente. La temperatura excesiva en el punto de interacción del haz indujo la fluencia en los bloques de plomo y activó una severa corrosión por picaduras. Después de unos años de operación, la instalación requirió una actualización completa. La nueva instalación, que funciona desde su puesta en servicio en noviembre de 2008, consiste en un Target cilíndrico monolítico de plomo con un diámetro de 0,6 m, una altura de 0,4 m y un peso total de 1,3 toneladas (Figura 1). El Target es enfriado por un sistema de refrigeración de agua a presión, incluyendo un recipiente de aleación de aluminio completamente soldado, un circuito de enfriamiento con contenido de oxígeno monitorizado y controlado y conductividad del agua desmineralizada usada como refrigerante. El valor del oxígeno y la conductividad se monitoriza continuamente. Debido a la presencia de campos eléctricos de elevada intensidad, facilidad de mantenimiento y prevención de la corrosión, el agua desmineralizada es ampliamente utilizada en el CERN en circuitos de refrigeración de detectores de física de partículas y de imanes aceleradores. Durante la próxima parada larga (LS2) se instalará un tercer Target de espalación (objetivo # 3) en la instalación, con el fin de sustituir al objetivo actual que habrá alcanzado su fin de vida útil. El objetivo está actualmente bajo diseño. Se están investigando varios materiales para el núcleo y la parte de contacto con el agua de enfriamiento. 2. DESCRIPCIÓN GENERAL En el marco de las actividades de mejora del Target, se requiere un nuevo banco de pruebas de erosión/corrosión para evaluar la compatibilidad de diversos materiales en el régimen del Target del n_TOF. El nuevo banco de pruebas está destinado a ser capaz de ser utilizado para llevar a cabo nuestros ensayos de erosión y corrosión, y comprobar los cambios en la microestructura de diferentes materiales para validar el diseño del nuevo Target. Este banco de pruebas estará diseñado de manera que será versátil y adaptable a diferentes tipos de pruebas en el futuro. El recipiente del Target era de aluminio en los últimos experimentos. En este caso, se va a tomar el acero inoxidable para evitar cambios químicos del agua desmineralizada. La idea es que el diseño pueda modificar variables tales como flujo, temperatura, conductividad, contenido de oxígeno y presión para diferentes pruebas con buenos valores de lectura y registro. 3. PROCESO DEL TEST Con el fin de simular con la mayor similitud posible las condiciones que prevalecen en el experimento real, un banco de pruebas utilizando agua desmineralizada como fluido de proceso se desarrolló especialmente para la sección (EN-STI-TCD). El esquema del circuito hidráulico se muestra en la Figura 3. Como en el circuito real, el agua pasa a través de un cartucho de resina de lecho mixto con el fin de mantener la conductividad tan baja como sea posible. El agua podrá ser calentada hasta 80°C para simular la temperatura del agua en la superficie y la esquina del nuevo material con el fin de crear los casos más desfavorables. El circuito de hidráulico se divide en dos ramas principales, una para adaptar el caudal de agua a las condiciones requeridas para el test, sea temperatura y conductividad, y otra para permitir que los dos puntos de, [CA] La instal·lació de neutrons de temps de vol (n_TOF) al CERN és una font d'alt flux de neutrons obtinguda pel procés d’espal·lació de 20 GeV/c de protons sobre un objectiu de plom d'alta puresa (99,99 %). El 2008, la instal·lació va patir una corrosió severa després de pocs anys d'operació, aquesta va ser completament millorada. Inclou ara un recipient d'aliatge d'alumini i un circuit de refrigeració amb contingut d'oxigen i conductivitat de l'aigua desmineralitzada, utilitzada com a refrigerant i moderador, controlats. Durant la parada llarga (LS2) s'instal·larà un tercer objectiu de espal·lació (objectiu #3) en la instal·lació, per substituir l'objectiu actual que hi haurà arribat al seu fi de vida útil. L'objectiu està actualment sota disseny. S'estan investigant diversos materials per al nucli i la part en contacte amb l'aigua del sistema de refrigeració. En el marc de les activitats de millora d'objectius, es requereix un nou banc de proves d'erosió / corrosió, per tal d'avaluar la compatibilitat de diversos materials en el règim de l'objectiu n_TOF. El nou banc de proves està destinat per a ser capaç de realitzar proves d'erosió i corrosió, i verificar els canvis dels materials per validar el disseny del nou objectiu. Aquest banc de proves ha estat dissenyat d'una manera que serà versàtil i adaptable a diferents tipus de proves i objectius en el futur. La idea és que el disseny pot modificar variables com ara el flux del circuit, la temperatura, la conductivitat del fluid i la pressió per a diferents proves amb bons valors de lectura i registre. El projecte del banc de proves comprèn del disseny conceptual al disseny detallat i la fabricació del dispositiu. Aquest treball s'ha dut a terme en col·laboració amb diversos grups del CERN, involucrats en l'especificació tècnica, anàlisi, disseny, fabricació i seguretat.

Màster Oficial en Recursos Minerals i Riscos Geològics, Universitat de Barcelona - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Facultat de Geologia, Curs:2016-2017. Tutores: Virginia Ruiz-Villanueva i Glòria Furdada, [eng] As one of the most threatening geological hazards, flash floods have noteworthy geomorphic effects (e.g. erosional and depositional modifications of the pre-event channel), hence, the main aim of this study was to provide an understanding of geomorphic indicators controlling channel widening during flood events. Floods over the past fifteen years affecting the uppermost areas of selected European rivers have been compiled in a database, subsequently completed and homogenized. Initial channel widths of 1.3m (Swiss Alps) to 217.27m (Apennines) showed channel widenings of 2.8% (Austrian Alps) to ∼2000% (Apennines). Statistical analysis shows significant differences in channel widening among regions, depending on flood magnitude, catchment area, lateral confinement, and methodology used when gathering data. Slope gradient had great control over estimated hydraulic forces (i.e. stream power, stream power index, unit stream power) involved in river dynamics., [spa] Las inundaciones relámpago, como uno de los riesgos geológicos de mayor amenaza para la población, tienen efectos geomórficos considerables, como pueden serlo las modificaciones del canal antes del evento. Por consiguiente, el principal objetivo de este estudio fue proporcionar conocimiento de los indicadores geomórficos que controlan el ensanchamiento del río durante una inundación. Episodios que afectaron durante los últimos quince años a las zonas altas de algunos ríos europeos seleccionados fueron recopilados en una base de datos, posteriormente completada y homogeneizada. Anchos iniciales de 1.3m (Alpes suizos) hasta 217.27m (Apeninos) mostraron ensanchamientos de 2.8% (Alpes austríacos) hasta ∼2000% (Apeninos). El análisis estadístico revela diferencias significativas entre regiones, en función del periodo de retorno, el área drenante, confinamiento lateral y metodología empleada a la hora de recopilar los datos. El gradiente longitudinal del canal tuvo una influencia importante en los parámetros hidráulicos estimados (representativos de la energía de flujo), que regulan la dinámica aluvial.

[EN] The aim of this study is to analyze the interaction between the natural channels and the projected structures in the turnoff of the South Alternative to the CV-35 road passing through the town of Chelva. For this purpose, two hydraulic models are made based on the topographical and hydrological information available. One corresponding to a stretch of the Chelva River and another to the Convent Ravine. Thus, it is proved that the hydraulic capacity of the studied sections is not compromised in flood situation by incorporating the bridges to the model, calculating with a return period of 100 years. In addition, a hydraulic-sedimentological study was performed to estimate the potential undermining of structures supports, from a 500-year flood return period. With these data, a series of protective measures has been designed to minimize the impact that can produce large avenues in the foundations of the bridge piers, which could involve the failure of the structures. The following river engineering works are proposed: regularization of the channel in the bridge's influence sections, placing a protection against general erosion in bed and margins based meshes, and finally the placement of riprap in the piers affected by streams as protection against local erosion., [CA] L'objecte del present estudi és analitzar la interacció entre els llits dels rius i les estructures projectades en el traçat de l'Alternativa Sud a la variant de la carretera CV-35 al seu pas pel municipi de Chelva. Per a això, es realitzen dos models hidràulics a partir de la informació topogràfica e hidrològica disponible, un corresponent a un tram del riu Xelva i un altre al barranc del Convent, i es comprova que la capacitat hidràulica dels trams estudiats no quedi compromesa en situació de avinguda quan s¿incorporen els ponts al model, calculant amb un període de retorn de 100 anys. A més, es realitza un estudi hidràulic-sedimentològic per estimar la socavació potencial dels suports de les estructures, a partir d'una avinguda de 500 anys de període de retorn. Amb aquestes dades, s'ha estudiat un sèrie de mesures de protecció per minimitzar l'impacte que poden produir grans avingudes en les cimentacions de les piles dels ponts, el que podria suposar la fallada de les estructures. Es proposen les següents obres d'enginyeria fluvial: regularització dels llits en les seccions d'influència dels ponts, col·locació d'una protecció contra l'erosió general en llit i marges a base de malles, i finalment la col·locació de mantells d'escullera en les piles afectades pels corrents com a protecció contra l'erosió local., [ES] El objeto del presente estudio es analizar la interacción entre los cauces y las estructuras proyectadas en el trazado de la Alternativa Sur a la variante de la carretera CV-35 a su paso por el municipio de Chelva. Para ello, se realizan dos modelos hidráulicos a partir de la información topográfica e hidrológica disponible, uno correspondiente a un tramo del río Chelva y otro al barranco del Convento, y se comprueba que la capacidad hidráulica de los tramos estudiados no quede comprometida en situación de avenida al incorporar los puentes al modelo, calculando con un periodo de retorno de 100 años. Además, se realiza un estudio hidráulico-sedimentológico para estimar la socavación potencial de los apoyos de las estructuras, a partir de una avenida de 500 años de periodo de retorno. Con estos datos, se ha estudiado una serie de medidas de protección para minimizar el impacto que pueden producir grandes avenidas en las cimentaciones de las pilas de los puentes, lo que podría suponer el fallo de las estructuras. Se proponen las siguientes obras de ingeniería fluvial: regularización del cauce en las secciones de influencia de los puentes, colocación de una protección frente a la erosión general en lecho y márgenes a base de mallas, y finalmente la colocación de mantos de escollera en las pilas afectadas por las corrientes como protección frente a la erosión local.

Aquest capítol tracta de la projecció dels impactes de climes futurs per a trams vulnerables de la costa catalana. Al començament, s’hi revisa la geodiversitat de la costa en termes meteorològics i geològics. El ventall d’impactes que en resulta (sota climes presents i futurs) presenta uns nivells d’incertesa que s’han de considerar per a poder prendre decisions. L’anàlisi es basa en les projeccions del nivell mitjà del mar i en les característiques de l’onatge per a les famílies d’escenaris RCP (trajectòries de concentracions representatives). La projecció dels impactes d’erosió i inundació per a platges i d’agitació i ultrapassament per a ports permet determinar quin és el domini costaner sotmès a aquests impactes, i també quins seran els nivells de risc que es poden esperar en platges i ports. Les conclusions del capítol s’estructuren com un seguit d’actuacions seqüencials per a afavorir la sostenibilitat de la costa. Aquest «camí d’adaptació» permetrà d’assolir uns nivells de riscs presents i futurs explícits, que han de ser considerats per a les activitats socioeconòmiques de la zona litoral.