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Sağlık harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisini inceleyen ilk çalışma Mushkin (1962) tarafından ele alınmıştır. Bu çalışmada sağlık harcamalarının ekonomik büyümeyi olumlu etkilediği belirtilmiştir. Devam eden dönemlerde sağlık ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi, sağlığa dayalı büyüme hipotezi olarak literatürde yer almıştır. Bu hipotez özellikle yeni sağlık politikası uygulamalarına geçildiği 80’li yıllardan sonra birçok gelişmekte olan ülkelerde test edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de 2003-2019 yılları arasında Düzey 2 kapsamında yer alan 26 alt bölgede kamu sağlık harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme ve toplam faktör verimliliği üzerine etkisi araştırılmaktadır. Çalışmada ekonomik büyüme, kamu sağlık harcamaları ve kamu eğitim harcamaları verilerinin yanı sıra kontrol değişken olması amacı ile sabit sermaye yatırımları, ihracat, işgücü stoku ve ortalama yıllık hava sıcaklığı verileri de kullanılmıştır. Verilerin zaman boyutunun kısa olması nedeniyle Panel EKK yöntemi ve bu yöntemden türetilen en uygun tahminciler ile sağlığa dayalı büyüme hipotezinin geçerliliği araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre sağlığa dayalı büyüme hipotezinin Düzey 2 kapsamındaki TR32, TR41 ve TR83 bölgelerinde kabul edildiği belirlenmiştir.

DC-DC converters are circuits that are widely used in energy distribution systems, in industry and technology applications, as well as in household appliances such as computers and televisions, and in uninterruptible power supplies used to feed all these systems. For the design and optimization of DC-DC converter circuits, it is important to create and analyze mathematical models according to the load it is connected to. Simple load structures and circuit structures have been examined and control units have been designed in studies carried out to date. In this study, while the DC-DC converter with a more complex load structure is discussed, mathematical analysis and PID control of DC-DC converters with Buck-Boost feature are performed with the same modulation index in different time periods. In the results obtained, it is shown how to create the mathematical models of a system that provides DC-DC energy conversion with a complex load structure and how to formulate the PID control in a system with this complex load structure.

Background and Objectives: Transverse maxillary deficiency is an important maxillary anomaly that is very common in society and remains current in orthodontics. The maxillary expansion has been used in treatment for a long time. While maxillary expansion can be performed with rapid maxillary expansion in young adults, it is performed with surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) in individuals who have reached skeletal maturity. No consensus has been reached on the most successful surgical technique or the ideal appliance for treating transverse maxillary deficiency. Accordingly, we aimed to evaluate various surgical techniques and orthodontic appliances for treating transverse maxillary deficiency using the finite element method (FEM) to identify the treatment protocol that minimizes stress on the maxillary bone and teeth. Materials and Methods: On the virtual models obtained from the cone beam computed tomography of a patient, two different incisions (the pterygomaxillary junction is separated and not separated) were made and combined using three different orthodontic appliances (tooth, bone, and hybrid assisted). Then, stresses over the maxillary bone and maxillary teeth were calculated by FEM. Results: Our results showed that when the pterygomaxillary plates were separated, fewer stresses were observed on the bone and teeth. Although hybrid-supported appliances created less stress on the teeth than tooth-supported appliances and no difference was found between bone-supported appliances, it was found that hybrid-supported appliances created less stress on the bone than the other appliances. Conclusions: The separation of the pterygomaxillary junction in the SARME operation and the use of a bone-supported or hybrid-supported appliance would place less stress on the bone and teeth.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, son dönem Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda eğitim sisteminin ilk kademesindeki dönüşümü usul-i cedid kavramı üzerinden açıklayabilmektir. Bu anlamda usul-i cedid kavramı çalışmanın merkezinde yer almaktadır. Araştırma sonucunda ise Tanzimat Dönemi’nden (1839-1876) itibaren Osmanlı eğitimcilerinin gündeminde olan usul-i cedid kavramının öğretim yöntemlerindeki değişiklikten daha kapsamlı bir anlam taşıdığı anlaşılmıştır. Öğretim yöntemlerindeki değişimin tek başına bir anlam ifade etmediği ve dolayısıyla öğretim yöntemlerindeki değişikliğe yönelik politikaların eğitim alanındaki farklı alanlarda da dönüşüme yol açtığı fark edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda usul-i cedid kavramının, son dönem Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda ilkokullardaki fiziksel yapının dönüşümünü, müfredattaki değişimi, ilk kademede görev yapan öğretmenlerin niteliklerinin artırılmasını, disiplin alanındaki değişimi nitelediği sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu anlamda usul-i cedid kavramının anlamını bilmek son dönem Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda eğitimin ilk kademesindeki yenileşme çabalarını ve bu çabaların amacını anlamak açısından önemlidir. Çalışmadaki başlıca verileri; Cumhurbaşkanlığı Osmanlı Arşivinden elde edilen belgeler, Osmanlı eğitim sisteminde ilk kademe için çıkarılan talimatnameler, nizamnameler, ilkokul müfredat programları, hatıratlar ve dönemin basınında konuyla ilgili yer alan haber ve makaleler oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada tarihsel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır.

Video classification is a challenging task in computer vision that requires analyzing the content of a video to assign it to one or more predefined categories. However, due to the vast amount of visual data contained in videos, the classification process is often computationally expensive and requires a significant amount of annotated data. Because of these reasons, the low-data-based video classification area, which consists of few-shot and zero-shot tasks, is proposed as a potential solution to overcome traditional video classification-oriented challenges. However, existing low-data area datasets, which are either not diverse or have no additional modality context, which is a mandatory requirement for the zero-shot task, do not fulfill the requirements for few-shot and zero-shot tasks completely. To address this gap, in this paper, we propose a large-scale, general-purpose dataset for the problem of multi-modal low-data-based video classification. The dataset contains pairs of videos and attributes that capture multiple facets of the video content. Thus, the new proposed dataset will both enable the study of low-data-based video classification tasks and provide consistency in terms of comparing the evaluations of future studies in this field. Furthermore, to evaluate and provide a baseline for future works on our new proposed dataset, we present a variational autoencoder-based model that leverages the inherent correlation among different modalities to learn more informative representations. In addition, we introduce a regularization technique to improve the baseline model’s generalization performance in low-data scenarios. Our experimental results reveal that our proposed baseline model, with the aid of this regularization technique, achieves over 12% improvement in classification accuracy compared to the pure baseline model with only a single labeled sample.

The present study aims to reveal the aims and activities of the Education (Maarif) Club, which was established by the Committee of Union and Progress in Kastamonu shortly after the declaration of the Second Constitutional Monarchy (1908) in the Ottoman Empire. The re-declaration of the Constitutional Monarchy after a long period of oppression led to the emergence of a liberal atmosphere in the Ottoman country. In this process, the bans on the establishment of organizations such as societies and associations came to an end. In this process, the attempts of the Committee of Union and Progress to increase its influence in the country stand out. It is also known that the members of the society attached great importance to educational activities in line with the enlightenment of the people. By positioning themselves as guides in front of the public, the members of the society used education as a tool to enlighten the public. In this direction, various clubs were established by the Committee of Union and Progress in the center and provinces. One of these was the Education Club established in Kastamonu. The purpose and activities of the Education Club provide important information about the education policy pursued in the early years of the Second Constitutional Monarchy, the ideology of the period, etc. From this point of view, this study is important in terms of revealing what kind of a mission the Committee of Union and Progress attributed to education, especially in the early years of the Second Constitutional Monarchy. While examining a historical period, such local history studies will also fulfill many possible information gaps in historical narratives created only through a particular center, event, or phenomenon. A historical research method was used in the study. The data in the study were obtained by scanning the Kastamonu Provincial Newspaper. The document analysis method was used to analyze the data.

Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controllers are frequently used control methods for mechanical and electrical systems. Controller values are chosen either by calculation or by experimentation to obtain a satisfactory response in the system and to optimise the response. Sometimes the controller values do not quite capture the desired system response due to incorrect calculations or approximate entered values. In this case, it is necessary to add features that can make a comparison with the existing traditional system and add decision-making features to optimise the response of the system. In this article, the decision-making unit created for these control systems to provide a better control response and the PID system that contributes an extra control coefficient called ECCA-PID is presented. First, the structure and design of the traditional PID control system and the ECCA-PID control system are presented. After that, ECCA-PID and traditional PID methods’ step response of a quadratic system are examined. The results obtained show the effectiveness of the proposed control method.

Diabetes is associated with increased risk for kidney disease, heart failure, and mortality. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) prevent these adverse outcomes; however, the mechanisms involved are not clear. We generated a roadmap of the metabolic alterations that occur in different organs in diabetes and in response to SGLT2i. In vivo metabolic labeling with 13C-glucose in normoglycemic and diabetic mice treated with or without dapagliflozin, followed by metabolomics and metabolic flux analyses, showed that, in diabetes, glycolysis and glucose oxidation are impaired in the kidney, liver, and heart. Treatment with dapagliflozin failed to rescue glycolysis. SGLT2 inhibition increased glucose oxidation in all organs; in the kidney, this was associated with modulation of the redox state. Diabetes was associated with altered methionine cycle metabolism, evident by decreased betaine and methionine levels, whereas treatment with SGLT2i increased hepatic betaine along with decreased homocysteine levels. mTORC1 activity was inhibited by SGLT2i along with stimulation of AMPK in both normoglycemic and diabetic animals, possibly explaining the protective effects against kidney, liver, and heart diseases. Collectively, our findings suggest that SGLT2i induces metabolic reprogramming orchestrated by AMPK-mTORC1 signaling with common and distinct effects in various tissues, with implications for diabetes and aging.

Measurement(s) aerosol optical depth Technology Type(s) atmospheric observatory system Factor Type(s) year of data collection Sample Characteristic - Environment atmosphere Sample Characteristic - Location State of Oklahoma Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.13256699

As a course social studies was involved into the Teacher Schools and Village Institute Program for the first time in 1953. The course was started to be taught in elementary schools in 1968 and in secondary schools in 1973. Regarding the social studies course, the Ministry of National Education has developed or updated the curricula in 1953, 1968, 1969, 1990, 1998, 2005, 2015 and 2018. Initially, the Social Studies Curricula, consisted of history, geography and citizenship subjects, has included social science disciplines such as anthropology, archeology, economics, law, political science, psychology and sociology in time. The multi-disciplinary structure has turned into the interdisciplinary one in the following process. At the same time, some changes have been done in the general direction of the curricula. The aim of this study is to determine the trends of Social Studies Curricula from the past (1953) to the present (2020). In this context, trends in the general goals and explanations of each curriculum were identified and how the future of social studies course will be in Turkey was tried to be predicted.

Bu çalışmada, ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınma için büyük öneme sahip olan yapısal dönüşüm olgusu ve belirleyicileri, panel veri analiziyle incelenmektedir. Bu amaçla konu teorik temeliyle ele alındıktan sonra, seçilmiş 19 gelişmiş ve 24 gelişmekte olan ülkede 1970-2017 yılları arasında meydana gelen yapısal dönüşüm, hesaplanan yapısal dönüşüm endeksi yoluyla analiz edilmiştir. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki yapısal dönüşüm endeks değerlerinin, gelişmiş ülke değerlerinden daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Daha sonra, yapısal dönüşümün belirleyicilerinin yapısal dönüşüm üzerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla ülke gruplarına Panel Veri Analizi uygulanmıştır. Driscoll-Kraay tahmin sonucunda, gelişmiş ülkelerde dış ticaretin ve nüfusun etkisinin pozitif, doğumda yaşam beklentisinin negatif olduğu görülmüştür. Kişi başına milli gelir ve küreselleşme değişkenlerinin yapısal dönüşüm üzerine etkilerinin istatistiki olarak anlamsız olduğu saptanmıştır. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ise dış ticaretin negatif, kişi başına milli gelirin pozitif ve anlamlı etkisi görülürken, diğer değişkenlerin anlamsız olduğu belirlenmiştir. Son olarak, Ortak İlişkili Etkiler Ortalama Grup Tahmincisi ile de ülkeler bazında değerlendirme yapılmıştır.

Introduction and objectives: Evaluation of liver fibrosis is important for treatment decisions, complications and to predict prognosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Our aim was to develop a new non-invasive fibrosis scoring method and prove its accuracy in the differentiation of no/low grade and advanced fibrosis in patients with CHB. Patients and methods: Our study included 273 chronic hepatitis B patients who underwent liver biopsy from February, 2007 to February, 2019 with medical records retrospectively reviewed. Preparations of these patients were divided into two groups as ≤ 3 no-low grade fibrosis (n=236) and ≥ 4 advanced fibrosis (n=37) according to histological ISHAK fibrosis scoring system. Results: The newly developed AGAP score and other non-invasive fibrosis scores; Fibrosis-4 index, Aspartate aminotransferase to platelets ratio, Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase to platelet ratio, Goteborg University Cirrhosis Index, King's score, Albumin-bilirubin index, Fibrosis cirrhosis index, Fibrosis index, Fibrosis quotient, Lok score and mean and/or median values of Fibroindex were significantly higher in the advanced fibrosis group compared to the no/low grade fibrosis group (p

Çalışma genç çiftçi desteklemeleri hibe programına başvuru yapan üreticilerin sosyo-ekonomik özelliklerinin incelenerek, kırsal alandan göç eğilimlerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. TR-83 bölgesinde (Tokat, Amasya, Çorum, Samsun) 2016 yılında Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı “Genç Çiftçi Projesi” Destek Programına başvurmuş olan üreticiler ana popülasyonu oluşturmuştur. Örnek hacminin belirlenmesinde Neyman yönteminden yararlanılmıştır. Çalışmada desteklemeden yararlanan 120 üretici ve yararlanamayan 140 üretici olmak üzere toplam 260 üretici ile görüşülmüştür. Veriler destelemeden yararlanma durumuna göre karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Üreticilerin göç etme eğilimleri incelendiğinde, kent ortamında yaşamaya uygun imkân olsa göç ederim diyen üretici oranı yaklaşık %17’dir. Göç etmek isteyen üreticilerin yanı sıra kararsız olan üreticiler de (%4) bulunmaktadır. Üreticiler arasında yaklaşık %21 göç potansiyeli bulunmaktadır. Göç etme eğilimi olan üreticiler yaş grubu düşük olan gruplarda görülmektedir. Kırsaldaki genç nüfusun kırsaldan göç etme eğilimlerini etkileyen faktörleri belirlemek amacıyla yapılan Lojistik Regresyon sonucunda; eğitim seviyesi yüksek, tarım dışı alanlardan gelir sahibi, köy yaşantısının zorlukları olduğunu düşünen, köyde yaşam standardını düşük bulan ve burada kazandığıyla geçinemeyenlerin, diğerlerine göre göç etme eğiliminin daha fazla olduğu belirlenmiştir.

A 9-level inverter with a boost converter has been controlled with a fuzzy logic controller and a PID controller for regulating output voltage applications on resistive (R) and inductive (L), capacitance (C). The mathematical model of this system is created according to the fuzzy logic controlling new high multilevel inverter with a boost converter. The DC-DC boost converter and the multi-level inverter are designed and explained, when creating a mathematical model after a linear pulse width modulation (LPWM), it is preferred to operate the boost multi-level inverter. The fuzzy logic control and the PID control are used to manage the LPWM that allows the switches to operate. The fuzzy logic algorithm is presented by giving necessary mathematical equations that have second-degree differential equations for the fuzzy logic controller. After that, the fuzzy logic controller is set up in the 9-level inverter. The proposed model runs on different membership positions of the triangles at the fuzzy logic controller after testing the PID controller. After the output voltage of the converter, the output voltage of the inverter and the output current of the inverter are observed at the MATLAB SIMULINK, the obtained results are analysed and compared. The results show the demanded performance of the inverter and approve the contribution of the fuzzy logic control on multi-level inverter circuits.

In energy conversion studies, some situations have been aimed at up to now. According to this, while the direct voltage is converted from some renewable energy sources to the alternating voltage, the shape of the voltage must be close to the sinus. Therefore, the works are being done on inverters with multi-levels. As the level of the inverters increases, the number of switches and control signals on them increases and it becomes harder to find the possible errors. Finding faults of a device with a large number of transistors with control signals is important, very difficult, and time-consuming task. This paper addresses the issue of determining fault conditions for a multi-level inverter with a very complex switching scheme. The results are analyzed and evaluated after the values obtained in the simulation are validated by the experimental study. For different switch fault conditions at the applications, the harmonic distortion of the alternating voltage is measured and made into tables. After that, different fault conditions of the 21-level inverter structure are explained when fault curves are created from the distortion value of the fault signals.

The design and development of DC-DC converter circuits are important for increasing and decreasing the direct current energy sources at operating the loads and systems. In this study, a multi DC-DC converter structure is described. The purpose of creating this circuit structure is to create a more effective circuit by offering a different circuit structure. For the proposed DC-DC converter, a circuit structure with five switches is created. This circuit structure is described by mathematical models according to the operation of the four parts PWMs in different time periods. After the mathematical analysis of the circuit structure, the proposed circuit and conventional circuit are operated in the Matlab Simulink. The obtained results are compared. According to the comparisons, the proposed circuit produces a higher output voltage than the traditional one and has a higher performance. Additionally, the circuit is operated for values of different loads using different switching times. Finally, voltages and currents are observed on loads.

The paper presents an application of power control by couple half wave LPWM rectifiers processing at the energy distribution line. The switching method with the components of semiconductor for alternating energy control in the energy distribution line is used on alternating energy sources. In three-phase power line and load, power control and regulation are done with the proposed modulation correction index (MCI). Therefore, the simulation model of 3-phase energy distribution is established after the relationships between the energy sources and the circuit elements are determined by the circuit analysis method. The controls of the current and the voltage are done by trying at the different loads in the line at the simulation. According to the modulation correction index (MCI), currents of unbalanced loads are balanced by the proposed method on the power line. Then, the balance currents and powers that MCI provides are calculated. Finally, a power line of 15 km at length that is created by connecting the model of RLC is tested. Obtained results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Subsurface permeability is a key parameter in watershed models that controls the contribution from the subsurface flow to stream flows. Since the permeability is difficult and expensive to measure directly at the spatial extent and resolution required by fully distributed watershed models, estimation through inverse modeling has had a long history in subsurface hydrology. The wide availability of stream surface flow data, compared to groundwater monitoring data, provides a new data source to infer soil and geologic properties using integrated surface and subsurface hydrologic models. As most of the existing methods have shown difficulty in dealing with highly nonlinear inverse problems, we explore the use of deep neural networks for inversion owing to their successes in mapping complex, highly nonlinear relationships. We train various deep neural network (DNN) models with different architectures to predict subsurface permeability from stream discharge hydrograph at the watershed outlet. The training data are obtained from ensemble simulations of hydrographs corresponding to an permeability ensemble using a fully-distributed, integrated surface-subsurface hydrologic model. The trained model is then applied to estimate the permeability of the real watershed using its observed hydrograph at the outlet. Our study demonstrates that the permeabilities of the soil and geologic facies that make significant contributions to the outlet discharge can be more accurately estimated from the discharge data. Their estimations are also more robust with observation errors. Compared to the traditional ensemble smoother method, DNNs show stronger performance in capturing the nonlinear relationship between permeability and stream hydrograph to accurately estimate permeability. Our study sheds new light on the value of the emerging deep learning methods in assisting integrated watershed modeling by improving parameter estimation, which will eventually reduce the uncertainty in predictive watershed models.

Summary: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) increases the risk for mortality and is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) attenuates the progression of DKD, especially in patients with advanced kidney disease. Herein, we show that in diabetes, mTORC1 activity is increased in renal proximal tubule cells (RPTCs) along with enhanced tubule-interstitial fibrosis; this is prevented by SGLT2i. Constitutive activation of mTORC1 in RPTCs induces renal fibrosis and failure and abolishes the renal-protective effects of SGLT2i in diabetes. On the contrary, partial inhibition of mTORC1 in RPTCs prevents fibrosis and the decline in renal function. Stimulation of mTORC1 in RPTCs turns on a pro-fibrotic program in the renal cortex, whereas its inhibition in diabetes reverses the alterations in gene expression. We suggest that RPTC mTORC1 is a critical node that mediates kidney dysfunction in diabetes and the protective effects of SGLT2i by regulating fibrogenesis.

Tanzimat Dönemi (1839-1876), Osmanlı İmparatorluğu eğitim sisteminde ıslahatın en yoğun yaşandığı süreç olarak dikkat çekmektedir. 1845 yılından itibaren eğitim ıslahatına hız verilmiş, bu hızla birlikte eğitimin her basamağında devam eden ıslahat birtakım yeni problemleri beraberinde getirmiştir. Eğitim ıslahatında eksiklikler ve ihmaller, süreç içerisinde belli başlı uygulama ve düzeltmelerle telafi edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda 1845 yılından itibaren hız kazanan eğitim ıslahatı sürecindeki büyük bir eksiklik olan hukuki altyapı ve çerçeve ise Maarif-i Umumiye Nizamnamesi ile oluşturulmak istenmiştir. Nizamname hazırlanırken yapılan müzakerelerde nizamnamenin gerekliliği ve nizamnamede yer alan hususlar ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmıştır. Nizamnamenin hazırlık süreci ve nizamnamenin yayımlanması konusundaki belgeler, dönemin eğitim ıslahatını birinci elden okuma fırsatı sunmaktadır. Bugüne kadar nizamname hakkında yapılan bilimsel çalışmalarda çoğunlukla ikincil kaynakların kullanılmış olması önemli bir eksikliktir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı nizamnamenin mazbatasını (esbab-ı mucibe layihası) arşiv kaynaklarına dayalı olarak ortaya koymak ve bu mazbata üzerinden Tanzimat Dönemi eğitim ıslahatının analizini yapmaktır. Aynı zamanda Maarif-i Umumiye Nizamnamesinin ilan edildiği tarih konusu hakkında da yeniden bir değerlendirmede de bulunulmuştur. Tarihi araştırma metodu kullanılarak yapılan bu çalışmada veri toplama yöntemi olarak doküman incelemesi kullanılmıştır.