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Polygonaceae familyası, yaklaşık 48 cins ve 1200 tür ile temsil edilmektedir. ÜlkemizdePolygonumtürleri ile yapılan çalışmalar daha çok, Türkiye’de madımak olarak bilinenPolygonum cognatumMeissn. bitkisi üzerinedir1.Bu çalışmada ise endemikPolygonum sivasicumKit Tan &Yıldız(Sivas madımağı) türünün toprak üstü kısmından farklı ekstraksiyon yöntemleriyle elde edilen ekstrelerin antioksidan aktiviteleri metal bağlama ve CUPRAC yöntemleri, antiradikal aktiviteleri ise DPPH serbest radikal giderimi ve ABTS katyon radikali giderimi yöntemleriyle belirlendi.Diyetimizin bir parçası olarak, polifenoller birçok sağlık faydası ile bağırsakta sindirim sürecinden geçerek sindirim yoluyla dolaşıma katılmaktadır.Diyet polifenollerinin, insanlarda mide sağlığı açısından etkilerini anlamak için bu bileşenlerinin vitrobiyoerişilebilirlik çalışması ağız, mide ve bağırsakda sindirime uğratıldı. Sindirim öncesi ve sonrası fenolik bileşik profili LC-MS ile belirlendi, 27 bileşiğin tanımlandığı analizde rutin, hiperosit ve klorojenik asit majör fenolik bileşikler olarak belirlendi.

Caulerpaceae familyasına ait olanCaulerpa cylindraceaSonder yeşil bir deniz yosunudur. Gelibolu yarımadası kıyılarından SCUBA dalışlatoplananCaulerpacylindracea-nın builk kimyasal araştırması ile caulerpin1, mono metil caulerpinat2, beta-sitosterol ve palmitik asit izole edildi. İzole edilen bileşiklerin kimyasal yapıları, 1D- ve 2D-NMR ve kütle spektroskopik analizlerle aydınlatıldı. Caulerpin ve mono metil caulerpinatınin vitroanti-viral aktivitesi, Spike proteini ve main proteaza (3CL) karşı incelendi. Bu çalışmanın bulguları, caulerpin ve mono metil caulerpinatın Spike ve ACE2 etkileşimini önemli ölçüde inhibe ettiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca, izole edilen bileşiklerin sitotoksik aktivitesi, sağlıklı fibroblast hücre hattı CCD-1079Sk ve iki meme kanseri hücre hattı; MDA-MB-231 ve MCF-7’ye karşı incelendi.

Introduction Numerous efforts in natural product drug development are reported for the treatment of Coronavirus. Based on the literature, among these natural plants Artemisia annua L. shows some promise for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Objective The main objective of our study was to determine artemisinin content by liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS), to investigate the in vitro biological activity of artemisinin from the A. annua plants grown in Turkey with various extracted methods, to elaborate in silico activity against SARS-CoV-2 using molecular modelling. Methodology Twenty-one different extractions were applied. Direct and sequential extractions studies were compared with ultrasonic assisted maceration, Soxhlet, and ultra-rapid determined artemisinin active molecules by LC-ESI-MS/MS methods. The inhibition of spike protein and main protease (3CL) enzyme activity of SARS-CoV-2 virus was assessed by time resolved fluorescence energy transfer (TR-FRET) assay. Results Artemisinin content in the range 0.062-0.066%. Artemisinin showed significant inhibition of 3CL protease activity but not Spike/ACE-2 binding. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) of artemisinin against SARS-CoV-2 Spike pseudovirus was found greater than 50 mu M (EC45) in HEK293T cell line whereas the cell viability was 94% of the control (P < 0.01). The immunosuppressive effects of artemisinin on TNF-alpha production on both pseudovirus and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced THP-1 cells were found significant in a dose dependent manner. Conclusion Further studies of these extracts for COVID-19 treatment will shed light to seek alternative treatment options. Moreover, these natural extracts can be used as an additional treatment option with medicines, as well as prophylactic use can be very beneficial for patients.

The genusBerberisincludes about 500 different species and commonly grown in Europe, the United States, South Asia, and some northern areas of Iran and Pakistan. Leaves and fruits can be prepared as food flavorings, juices, and teas. Phytochemical analysis of these species has reported alkaloids, tannins, phenolic compounds and oleanolic acid, among others. Moreover,p-cymene, limonene and ocimene as major compounds in essential oils were found by gas chromatography.Berberisis an important group of the plants having enormous potential in the food and pharmaceutical industry, since they possess several properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer activities. Here we would like to review the biological properties of the phytoconstituents of this genus. We emphasize the cultivation control in order to obtain the main bioactive compounds, the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties in order to apply them for food preservation and for treating several diseases, such as cancer, diabetes or Alzheimer. However, further study is needed to confirm the biological efficacy as well as, the toxicity.

Graph labelling or valuation is a function that maps graph elements (vertices or edges) to numbers, usually positive integers [7]. In this work, we analyze the supermagicness of book-snake graphs. At first, we show that triangular book-snake graph S(3, n, s) admits a C-3-supermagic labelling. Then by using these labellings and supermagicness of subdivision given in [10], C-m-supermagicness of polygonal book-snake graph S(m, n, s) is given since S(m, n, s) can be taught as a subdivision of S (3, n, s).

Introduction: Numerous efforts in natural product drug development are reported for the treatment of Coronavirus. Based on the literature, among these natural plants Artemisia annua L. shows some promise for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Objective: The main objective of our study was to determine artemisinin content by liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS), to investigate the in vitro biological activity of artemisinin from the A. annua plants grown in Turkey with various extracted methods, to elaborate in silico activity against SARS-CoV-2 using molecular modelling. Methodology: Twenty-one different extractions were applied. Direct and sequential extractions studies were compared with ultrasonic assisted maceration, Soxhlet, and ultra-rapid determined artemisinin active molecules by LC-ESI-MS/MS methods. The inhibition of spike protein and main protease (3CL) enzyme activity of SARS-CoV-2 virus was assessed by time resolved fluorescence energy transfer (TR-FRET) assay. Results: Artemisinin content in the range 0.062–0.066%. Artemisinin showed significant inhibition of 3CL protease activity but not Spike/ACE-2 binding. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) of artemisinin against SARS-CoV-2 Spike pseudovirus was found greater than 50 μM (EC45) in HEK293T cell line whereas the cell viability was 94% of the control (P < 0.01). The immunosuppressive effects of artemisinin on TNF-α production on both pseudovirus and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced THP-1 cells were found significant in a dose dependent manner. Conclusion: Further studies of these extracts for COVID-19 treatment will shed light to seek alternative treatment options. Moreover, these natural extracts can be used as an additional treatment option with medicines, as well as prophylactic use can be very beneficial for patients 34585460

Kölelik, 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde yasaklanmasından sonra dünya genelinde uygulanmayan ve insanlık suçu olarak kabul edilen bir sistem olmuştur. Buna karşın, günümüzde modern kölelik olarak adlandırılan insan ticareti etkisini korumuş ve dünya genelinde on binlerce insanın hayatını olumsuz etkilemeye devam etmiştir. Bu aşamada dünya genelinde tıpkı köleliğe karşı verilen mücadele gibi insan ticaretine karşı da resmî kurumlar ve sivil toplum kuruluşları tarafından kampanyanlar hazırlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada insan ticaretine karşı hazırlanan kampanyalarda, modern kölelik bağlamında verilen mesajlar ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında insan ticaretine karşı hazırlanan kampanyalar, Fransız antropolog Claude Lévi-Strauss'un İkili Karşıtlıklar Modeli üzerinden analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgularda, insan ticaretinin insanlık dışı bir uygulama olarak sunulduğu, insanların emeklerinin belli kişi veya kişiler tarafından sömürüldüğü ve insan ticareti mağdurlarının tüm yasal haklarından mahrum bırakıldığı ortaya konulmuştur. Diğer yandan, insan ticareti mağdurlarının modern çağın köleleri olarak sunulduğu ve ikili karşıtlıklar boyutunda hüzün, esaret, çaresizlik gibi kavramlar üzerinden somutlandığı saptanmıştır., Slavery has been a system that hasn't implemented worldwide and has been considered a crime against humanity, after it was banned in the United States in the second half of the 19th century. In contrast, human trafficking, which is now called modern slavery, has maintained its impact and has continued to adversely affect the lives of tens of thousands of people worldwide. At this stage, campaigns have been prepared around the world by official institutions and non-governmental organizations against human trafficking, as slavery in the past. In this study, the messages given in the context of modern slavery in campaigns against human trafficking were tried to be put forward. The campaigns against human trafficking in the scope of the study were analyzed through the Binary Opposition Model of French anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss. In the findings obtained, it was found that human trafficking was presented as an inhuman practice, human labor was exploited by a certain person or persons and victims deprived of all legal rights through human trafficking. On the other hand, it was found that victims were presented as slaves of modern age and concretized through concepts such as sadness, captivity and helplessness in the context of binary opposition.

Ricken ve Tricholoma fracticum (Britzelm.), Tricholomataceae (matsutake) ailesinin ve Tricholoma cinsinin bir üyesi olup, Muğla yöresinde doğal olarak yayılış gösteren mantarlardır. Bu doktora tez çalışması kapsamında bu iki mantar türünün biyoaktivite gösteren sekonder metabolitlerinin izolasyonu amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, toplanan mantar örnekleri gölgede kurutulduktan sonra öğütüldü ve maserasyon yöntemi ile sırasıyla petrol eteri, aseton, metanol ile ekstre edilerek çözücüleri vakum altında döner buharlaştırıcıda kuruluğa kadar uçuruldu. Geri kalan mantar kalıntısı 80 °C'de su ile ekstre edildi. Soğutulduktan sonra filtre edilen su ekstresi hacminin üç katı kadar etanol ile karıştırılıp büyük moleküllerin çökmesi sağlandı. Çöken kısım süzülerek HWEP kodu verilirken, etanol ile çözünen kısmın çözücüsü döner buharlaştırıcıda kuruluğa kadar uçurulup HWES kodu verildi. Elde edilen ekstrelerin β-karotenlinoleik asit, DPPH serbest radikali giderimi, ABTS katyon radikali giderimi, CUPRAC, metal bağlama yöntemleri ile antioksidan aktiviteleri ve HepG2 hücre hattında reaktif oksijen türleri (ROT) inhibisyonuyla hücresel antioksidan potansiyelleri test edildi. Elde edilen ekstrelerin antienflamatuvar potansiyelleri NF-κB inhibisyon (nükleer transkripsiyon faktörü κB), iNOS inhibisyon (endüklenebilir nitrik oksit sintazı), NAG-1 inhibisyon (NSAID'ler ile aktive edilmiş geni-1) ve Nfr-2 aktivitesi (nükleer faktör eritroid 2 ile ilişkili faktör 2) gibi bir dizi hücresel deney ile analiz edildi. Ayrıca, ekstrelerin sitotoksik aktivitesi akciğer (H1299) ve meme kanser hücresi (MCF-7) ile fibroblast (L929) hücre hatlarına karşı WST-1 metoduyla belirlendi. Sitotoksik aktivite aynı hücre hatlarına karşı gerçek zamanlı hücre proliferasyonları ile desteklendi. Ekstrelerin apoptoz ve nekroz testleri ise ikili boyama yöntemiyle yapıldı.Antioksidan ekstreler silika jel ve Diaion HP-20 kolon dolgu maddeleri kullanılarak fraksiyonlandırıldı. Fraksiyonlardan madde izolasyonu DPPH• ve ABTS•+ giderim aktiviteleri kontrollü olarak yapıldı. İzole edilen maddelerin yapıları UV, FTIR, 1D-, 2D-NMR ve MS spektroskopisi teknikleri ile tayin edildi. T. caligatum'un petrol eteri ekstresinden ergosterol, trametenolik asit (1), ergosterol peroksit (2) ve 5α,6α-epoksiergosta-7,22-dien 3β-ol; T. caligatum'un aseton ekstresinden 5α,6α-epoksi ergosta-7,22-dien 3β-ol, Cerebroside B (3), trametenolik asit, T. caligatum'un metanol ekstresinden lasvicol (4), 8-epi-lasvicol (5), 8-demetoksilasvicol (6), (4'R)-caligalactam (7), (4'S)-caligalactam (8), fenilalanin (9), α-D-glukopiranoz (11) izole edilerek yapıları aydınlatıldı. T. fracticum'un aseton ekstresinden ise üridin (12), adenosin (13), 5α,6α-epoksi-ergosta-7,22-dien 3β-ol (14), fumarik asit ve T. fracticum'un metanol ekstresinden de cerebrosides B, Len II (15), fumarik asit (16), üridin, 5α,6α-epoksi ergosta-7,22-dien 3β-ol, ergosterol (17) maddeleri izole edildi ve yapıları aydınlatıldı. Ayrıca, T. caligatum'un metanol ekstresi fraksiyonlarından lasvicol maddesi bakımından zengin fraksiyon kullanılarak yarı-sentez reaksiyonu ile 5-metoksi-2,4-dimetilindol (10) bileşiği sentezlendi. Literatür taraması sonucu, her iki mantar türünden 17 farklı madde olmak üzere toplamda 25 madde izole edildi ve bu maddeler arasından 5, 6, 7 ve 8 kodlu maddelerin yeni maddeler oldukları belirlendi. Elde edilen maddelerin (1-25) NF-κB inhibisyon ve iNOS inhibisyon yöntemleri ile antienflamatuvar, ROT inhibisyonuyla hücresel antioksidan potansiyelleri test edildi. Ergosterol (7,5 μg/mL), ergosterol peroksit (4,5 μg/mL), trametanolik asit (14.0 μg/mL), Len II (12 μg/mL) ve 8-demetoksilasvicol (15.0 μg/mL) maddeleri iNOS inhibisyonu aktivitesini standarda en yakın olarak gösterirlerken, sadece ergosterol (16.0 μg/mL) NF-kB inhibisyonu aktivitesi gösterdi. Bu doktora tez çalışması, Tricholoma caligatum (Viv.) Ricken ve Tricholoma fracticum (Britzelm.) mantarlarının sekonder metabolitleri üzerine yapılan ilk araştırma olup tüm maddeler bu türlerden ilk defa izole edildi. Ayrıca, her iki mantar türünün antienflamatuvar potansiyelleri ilk kez bu çalışma ile belirlendi ve literatüre 4 yeni madde kazandırıldı. members of Tricholomataceae (matsutake) family, and the genus Tricholoma is naturally distributed in Mugla region in our country. In this thesis, it was aimed to isolate of the bioactive secondary metabolites of two mushrooms. For this purpose, the collected mushroom samples were dried under shadow, milled and extracted with petroleum ether, acetone and methanol, successively using maceration method. The solvents were evaporated to get the crude extracts using rotary evaporator under vacuum. The remaining mushroom residue was extracted with hot water at 80 °C. After cooled, the filtered water part was mixed three-fold of ethanol to precipitate the ethanol insoluble molecules. The ethanol-insoluble extract was filtered and coded as HWEP. The solvent of the ethanol-soluble part was evaporated to dryness using rotary evaporator, and the crude extract was coded as HWES. The obtained extracts were tested for their antioxidant activity using β-carotene-linoleic acid, DPPH free radical scavenging, ABTS cation radical scavenging, CUPRAC and metal chelating methods. Cellular antioxidant potentials of the extracts were also tested by reactive oxygen species (ROT) inhibition in HepG2 cell lines. The anti-inflammatory activity of mushrooms extracts was tested through a series of cellular assays targeting NAG-1 inhibitory (NSAIDs-activated gene-1), NF-κB inhibitory (nuclear transcription factor κB), iNOS inhibitory (inducible nitric oxide synthase) and NRF-2 (the nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2) assays. In addition, the cytotoxic activity of the extracts was determined by WST-1 method against lung cancerous (H1299), and breast cancerous (MCF-7), and fibroblast (L929) cell lines. Cytotoxic activity was verified by real-time cell proliferation against same cell lines. Apoptosis and necrosis tests of the extracts were done by double staining method. Antioxidant extracts were fractionated over silica gel and Diaion HP-20 packing materials using column chromatography. The isolation of bioactive compounds from the extracts were performed by activity guided fractionation of DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging assays. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated using UV, FTIR, 1D-, 2D-NMR and MS spectroscopy techniques. The petroleum ether extract of T. caligatum afforded ergosterol, tramethanolic acid(1), ergosterol peroxide (2) and 5α,6α-epoxy-ergosta-7,22-diene 3β-ol while the acetone extract of T. caligatum gave 5α,6α-epoxy-ergosta-7,22-diene 3β-ol, cerebrosides B (3), trametenolic acid and the methanol extract of T. caligatum possessed lasvicol (4), 8β-lasvicol (5), 8-demethoxylasvicol (6), 4'(R)-caligalactam (7), 4'(S)-caligalactam (8), phenylalanine (9), α-D-glucopyranose (11). The acetone extract of T. fracticum, however, afforded uridine (12), adenosine (13), 5α, 6α-epoxy ergosta-7,22-diene-3β-ol (14), fumaric acid and the methanol extract of and T.fracticum gave cerebroside B, Len II (15), fumaric acid (16), uridine, 5α, 6α-epoxy ergosta-7,22-diene-3β-ol and ergosterol (17). Furthermore, 5-methoxy-2,4-dimethylindole (10) was synthesized by semi-synthetic reaction using lasvicol rich methanol extracts fraction of T. caligatum. As a result of the literature review, a total of 25 compounds were isolated from both mushroom species. Among them, 17 of which have different class and the compounds coded 5, 6, 7 and 8 were isolated for the first time in this study. The iNOS and NF-κB inhibitory activities of isolated compounds (1-25) were evaluated for their antiinflammatory activity. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of 1-25 was carried out by ROS. Ergosterol (7.5 μg/mL), ergosterol peroxide (4.5 μg/mL), trametenolic acid (16.0 μg/mL) which are closest to that of standards exhibited inhibitory activity of iNOS, while only ergosterol (16.0 μg/mL) was active to inhibit NF-kB.This was the first study on the secondary metabolites of Tricholoma caligatum (Viv.) Ricken and Tricholoma fracticum (Britzelm.) Kreisel. In addition, antiinflammatory potentials of both mushroom species were studied for the first time. What's more, 4 new compounds were added to the literature. 301