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This study aims to analyze the influence of principal leadership on the effectiveness of primary schools. This research used a quantitative method. The research targets teachers in Surabaya, utilizing a sample of 376 respondents selected through a systematic random cluster sampling technique. The research instrument Principal Leadership adapted "The Successful School Leadership Survey," comprising 22 items, and the school effectiveness instrument was adapted "PESOC," consisting of 17 items from previous studies. Data was collected using an online questionnaire administered through Google Forms. The analysis employed Structural Equation Modeling with Partial Least Squares (SEM PLS), encompassing both inner and outer model evaluations. The study's result was that principal leadership positively affected the effectiveness of schools. The research findings strongly supported the notion that the leadership exhibited by school principals was a critical factor in the establishment and maintenance of effective schools. The study emphasized the importance of leadership that specifically addresses the four dimensions outlined in the Successful School Leadership survey, highlighting their integral role in shaping and sustaining educational institutions that are deemed effective.

This research aims to analyze the influence of work motivation, competence, compensation, workload, and work discipline on employee performance in the S2P Cilacap environment. The data collection method used convenience sampling and obtained a sample of 100 respondents. Data were collected using a questionnaire which was analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) PLS version 3.2. Testing results show that compensation, work discipline, and workload have a positive effect on employee performance, but competence and motivation have no effect. However, this study has limitations due to its focus on one location and limited sample size. The results of the analysis show that 86.8% of the variation in employee performance can be explained by the factors studied, while the remaining 13.2% are other variables such as self-efficacy, organizational culture, and work environment, as well as expanding the scope of research locations, by conducting research This is expected to provide benefits for the company.

Human resources are one of the resources within a company, namely all the people who carry out activities. The purpose of this research is to analyze the influence of leadership style, organizational culture, and compensation on employee performance through motivation as an intervening variable at PT. The population of this study was employees of PT BPR Surya Yudhakencana Banjarnegara. Sampling in this study used an accidental sampling technique, while the data obtained in this study was processed statistically using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The sample obtained was 110 respondents, this research concluded that Organizational Culture and Leadership Style had a positive effect on motivation, while Compensation did not affect Motivation. Organizational culture and leadership style have a positive effect on employee performance, while compensation does not affect employee performance. Motivation has a positive effect on employee performance, organizational culture, and leadership style have a positive effect on performance through motivation as an intervening variable and compensation does not affect employee performance through motivation as an intervening variable. Therefore, researchers suggest adding other variables that can influence employee performance.

This study explores the influence of two key factors, namely communication and disposition, on policy implementation in the educational environment. The main objective of the research is to investigate the impact of communication and disposition on policy implementation, with a specific emphasis on the moderating role of disposition in the relationship between communication and policy implementation. The method used in this research is partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM), analysing data from 232 research samples obtained from nine schools in Indonesia. The research results indicate that communication has a significant and positive influence on policy implementation, while disposition also has a significant and positive impact on policy implementation. A more interesting finding is that disposition, in the context of this research, proves to play a crucial role as a moderating variable, enhancing the positive influence between communication and policy implementation. This finding contributes significantly to our understanding of the complexity of factors influencing policy implementation in the educational environment, particularly from the interaction perspective between communication and disposition. The implications of this research can form the basis for the formulation of more effective and contextual policy strategies in the future.

Various strategies, innovations, and expansion activities in different agencies, institutions, or organizations are being intensively implemented to keep pace with the ever-changing times. In this research, observation, interviews, and documentation activities were conducted using qualitative research methods to explore the school marketing strategy through innovation and expansion at SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Gresik. SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Gresik offers four educational programs: boarding school management, virtual classes, cooperation with foreign schools, and international school programs. This research utilized three data collection techniques: interviews, observations, and documentation. The research subjects consisted of three individuals: the Vice Principal of Curriculum, the Vice Principal of Facilities and Infrastructure, and the Vice Principal of Public Relations. Data analysis was conducted in three stages: data reduction, data presentation, and data verification. The results of this study show that marketing strategies are carried out both internally and externally. Adequate facilities and infrastructure are key components of the school marketing strategy. The school also promotes its programs by organizing events related to these initiatives. These efforts have led to an increase in student enrollment at SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Gresik.

Teacher competency is the teacher's ability to direct the student learning process in the classroom. Teachers have an important role for students both in the classroom and outside the classroom, therefore teacher competence in teaching is very important. Competence is behavior that is reasonable in order to achieve goals that were previously adjusted due to existing conditions so that competence can be interpreted as a skill and ability. Teachers have an important role to guide students in the learning process. The teacher's ability to design effective learning strategies, understand students' individual needs, and present material in an interesting way can influence students' motivation to learn. In participating in the learning process, each student's motivation is different, some are high and some are low, in this case the teacher must influence student motivation externally to form students' internal motivation. The aim of this research is to analyze teacher competence to increase student learning motivation. The method used is a literature study which focuses on research on teacher competency to increase student learning motivation. The results of the literature review regarding teacher competence to improve student learning can be achieved by increasing the existing competence of each teacher so that this goal is achieved optimally

This research aims to describe the implementation of School Library Management in Fostering a Culture of Literacy of Students of SMA Hang Tuah 2 and SMA Hang Tuah 5 Sidoarjo. This is multi-site study and method used in this research is qualitative, by describing and describing the implementation of school library management that has been implemented in SMA Hang Tuah 2 and SMA Hang Tuah 5 which includes planning, organization, implementation, and supervision. In obtaining the results of research and data, researches use interview and observation techniques. Then the data is analyzed in such a way, so that it becomes a qualitative research. The discussion and description of the data it has been done, this research concluded that the management carried out in the school library of SMA Hang Tuah 2 and SMA Hang Tuah 5 Sidoarjo has carried out the planning, organization, implementation, supervision, and evaluation process carried out by the principal, educators, and librarians. Thus, the School Literacy Movement program will be carried out and the process of fostering the literacy culture of students of SMA Hang Tuah 2 and SMA Hang Tuah 5 Sidoarjo begins to run as expected

Schools compete for students every new school year. Through typical school branding, they offer the advantages of the programs they have. Marketing of school programs can make the community will know about school branding, The method in this study uses a qualitative research approach. Researchers chose SMPN 1 Magetan and SMPN 4 Magetan because these two schools are favorid schools and are superior schools with various educational programs run such as the large number of extra-curriculars that can be followed by students for the development of talents and interests. Marketing of the bilingual program at SMPN 1 Magetan uses several methods, namely Word of Mouth Marketing (WoMM) by maximizing the student guardian association and Digital marketing by utilizing resources through mass media such as Facebook, WhatsApp group association. SMPN 4 Magetan conducts marketing with WoMM or word of mouth utilizing the class committee, which every PPDB is collected for the socialization of tahfidz class. SMPN 4 Magetan has SPATMA TV so that it can be used for socialization with the outside community. In addition, it also holds promotions through PAI performances.

The purpose of this study is to measure the influence of transformational leadership on organizational change, measure the influence of lecturer commitment to organizational change, and measure the influence of transformational leadership and lecturer commitment to organizational change with the moderation effect of organizational culture at the Faculty of Tarbiyah State Islamic Institute of Madura. This research uses a quantitative type of research design through associative causal survey research, namely asking about the relationship or influence between the independent/free variable (influence) and the dependent/bound variable (influenced). Research conducted by survey determines the value of several variables, from several hypotheses regarding the actions and characteristics of an object. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire instrument given to all. Data analysis uses simple linear regression to test how influential transformational leadership is on organizational change, and multiple linear regression to test how influential transformational leadership and lecturer commitment together are on organizational change with the moderating effect of organizational culture at the Faculty of Tarbiyah State Islamic Institute of Madura. Based on the results of this data analysis, three research conclusions were obtained. First, the transformational leadership applied by leaders at the Faculty of Tarbiyah IAIN Madura has a very significant influence on organizational change. Second, lecturer commitment has a very significant influence on organizational change. Third, transformational leadership and lecturer commitment simultaneously or together have a very significant influence on organizational change with the moderating effect of organizational culture.

This study examines the mediating role of school culture on the relationship between transformational leadership, teacher commitment, and organizational change in elementary schools. This study used a quantitative Structural Equation Modeling approach to test the variable model. The subjects of this study were elementary school teachers in Surabaya city, with a total sample of 253. The research instrument used a 5 Likert scale and analyzed data using structural equation modeling. The results showed that transformational leadership and teacher commitment simultaneously and partially affect organizational change. Transformational leadership and teacher commitment also affect school culture. School culture played a role as a mediator in seeing the effect of teacher commitment on organizational change. Furthermore, school culture did not play a role as a mediator in measuring the effect of transformational leadership on organizational change.

ABSTRACT: Changes in the fulfillment of student competencies in the study program are increasingly massive. Universities are required to be able to be more adaptive and flexible in responding to any changes quickly as well as the ability to detect changes that occur early. This study aims to analyse the transformation of student competencies based on the entrepreneurship curriculum which is discussed in the context of independent learning. The method used in this study was a literature review of 133 articles published in Scopus-indexed journals. This research also used the background of the education management study program at the State University of Surabaya. The results of the study found that to realize the entrepreneurship curriculum in the study program, several aspects are needed, namely: managerial, organizational, 21st-century skills, and the learning process. Keywords: student competence, independent learning, entrepreneurship-based curriculum

Abstract: Strategy in improving school quality using project based learning (Project Based Learning) aims to determine the strategies used by schools in project-based learning. This research method is qualitative with multi case study. The results of this study the strategies of SMK PGRI 2 include (1) increasing teacher professionalism (2) improving the quality of students (3) Being able to meet the needs of DU/DI. While the strategies of SMKN 1 Jenangan Ponorogo are (1) increasing the absorption of graduates in DU/DI and the world of work (2) developing the potential of students and education staff (3) developing soft skills and hard skills of students.2 and SMKN 1 Ponorogo schools in the absorption of graduate work received by DU/DI. Keywords: Strategy; Quality; School Learning; Project Based (Project Based Learning) Abstrak: Strategi dalam pengupayaan mutu sekolah menggunakan pembelajaran berbasis proyek (Project Based Learning) bertujuan untuk mengetahui strategi yang di gunakan sekolah dalam pembelajaran berbasis proyek. Metode penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dengan studi multi kasus. Hasil penelitian ini strategi dari SMK PGRI 2 meliputi (1) meningkatkan profesionalisme guru (2) meninggkatkan kualitas peserta didik (3) Mampu memenuhi kebutuhan DU/DI. Sedangkan strategi SMKN 1 Jenangan Ponorogo yaitu (1) Meningkatkan keterserapan lulusan di DU/DI dan dunia kerja (2) mengembangkan potensi peserta didik dan tenaga kependidikan (3) mengembangkan soft skills dan hard skills peserta didik. Kata kunci: Strategi; Mutu; Sekolah Pembelajaran; Berbasis Proyek (Project Based Learning)

This study aims to analyze theacher commitment’s effect on organizational change in elementary school. This study used a quantitative approach using simple linear regression test data analysis techniques. The populations of this study were teachers and principals of elementary schools in East Java with a total population of 55,152. The research sample was 396 respondents with simple random sampling method. The research questionnaire was prepared using a Likert scale of 1-5 and distributed via Google form. The results of this study indicated that teacher commitment influences organizational change in elementary schools. Moreover, affective commitment, normative commitment and continuing commitment impacted organizational changes in elementary schools.

The distribution of non-cash social assistance until now still has problems that are pretty complicated in its implementation. This study aims to see how Presidential Regulation Number 63 of 2017 regarding the distribution of non-cash social assistance for the community. So that this research is not too broad, the researchers only focus on implementation in 2018. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with the object of this research being in the Taman District, Pemalang Regency, Central Java Province by taking samples in Kedungbanjar Village, North Jebed Village, South Jebed Village. The technique of collecting data is using in-depth interviews with stakeholders and the community who receive social assistance. The study results show that the 3 villages have the same tendency in the problems faced when implementing Presidential Regulation number 63 of 2017 concerning non-cash social aid for the village community, namely the assistance that is not on target received by the local community. In addition to the support that was not well-targeted, it turned out that another finding was the problem of communication between the government and the community that did not go well, confusing the community regarding the procedure for distributing this non-cash food aid.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kesiapan pendidik di TK Al Wardah dan TK Al Iman dalam mengimplementasikan Projek Penguatan Profil Pelajar Pancasila (P5). Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian evaluatif dengan model evaluasi CIPP yang dikembangkan oleh Stufflebeam. Pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah teknik analisis Miles and Huberman. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara pada delapan pendidik kelompok B di TK Al Wardah dan TK Al Iman, 75% pendidik belum mengetahui adanya Model Kompetensi Guru terbaru dari Perdirjen GTK No. 6565/B/GT/2020. Sedangkan, pada hasil observasi pendidik di TK Al Wardah dan TK Al Iman, rata-rata pendidik berada pada jenjang kompetensi berkembang dan cakap. Secara umum, tingkat kesiapan guru dalam mengimplementasikan P5 di TK Al Wardah dan TK Al Iman sudah baik.

This research is motivated by the lack of ability of chemistry teachers to prepare online learning media that requires students to achieve 4.0 technological developments. This research aims to create a valid and practical socio-scientific issue-based learning media. The development of this socioscientific-based e-module is carried out by applying the ADDIE (analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation) development model. The data collection technique used in product validation is the questionnaire method. Theoretical validation in this study was carried out by expert lecturers, chemistry teachers, and peer reviewers. The validation of expert lecturers is described descriptively to the criticisms and suggestions given. Based on the validation result of the chemistry teachers and peer reviewers, respectively 88.8% and 87.9%, it was stated that the electronic module (e-module) was very eligible. The practicality of the e-module is known from the results of the student response questionnaire, which was a very eligible category. Based on the overall assessment results, the e-module product is feasible to be implemented in chemistry learning.

Latar belakang. Jenis kelasi besi oral deferipron dan deferasiroks banyak digunakan penyandang talasemia untuk mencegah komplikasi hemosiderosis. Dalam penelitian yang berbeda, masing-masing terbukti efektif mengurangi komplikasi hemosiderosis akibat transfusi darah. Tingkat kepatuhan sangat memengaruhi keberhasilan terapi dan tingkat kepatuhan pengobatan dapat dipengaruhi regimen kelasi besi. Tujuan. Mengetahui hubungan jenis dan tingkat kepatuhan pengobatan kelasi oral terhadap kadar feritin serum pada penyandang talasemia beta mayor anak. Metode. Penelitian observasional analitik dengan rancang potong lintang, dilaksanakan Januari-Februari 2019. Subjek adalah penyandang talasemia beta mayor di Rumah Sakit Dr. Hasan Sadikin, secara consecutive sampling. Wawancara menggunakan kuesioner Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8, pemeriksaan serum feritin. Uji statistik menggunakan uji korelasi rank Spearman, uji perbandingan Mann Whitney, Kruskal Wallis dengan kemaknaan nilai p

Abstract: The objectives of this study are to analyze and describe the implementation of instructional leadership to achieve the quality of SMK Darul Kamal NW Kembang Kerang. The method used is qualitative approach with a case study. The data and information are gained through observation, interview, and documentation. The result of the research in SMK Darul Kamal NW Kembang Kerang showed that instructional leadership was implemented well through maximum learning followed by extracurriculars (compulsory and specialization), so the school’s quality can be achieved. Keywords: implementation; instructional leadership; school’s quality Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis dan mendeskripsikan implementasi kepemimpinan pembelajaran untuk mewujudkan mutu SMK Darul Kamal NW Kembang Kerang. Metode yang digunakan ialah pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis studi kasus. Data dan informasi diperoleh dari hasil pengamatan, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian di SMK Darul Kamal NW Kembang Kerang ini menunjukkan bahwa kepemimpinan pembelajaran telah diimplementasikan dengan baik melalui pembelajaran yang maksimal yang didukung dengan kegiatan ekstrakurikuler (wajib dan peminatan) sehingga mutu sekolah dapat diwujudkan. Kata kunci: implementasi; kepemimpinan pembelajaran; mutu sekolah

Pertumbuhan penduduk di Indonesia yang semakin meningkat, menyebabkan lahan semakin padat dan mempengaruhi kualitas permukiman. Berdasarkan Peraturan Presiden Nomor 2 Tahun 2015 tentang Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional Tahun 2015-2019 memberikan amanat dalam cakupan pembangunan permukiman di area perkotaan melalui penyelesaian kualitas permukiman. Pemerintah melalui Direkorat Jenderal Cipta Karya menjalankan Program Kota Tanpa Kumuh (KOTAKU). Program KOTAKU bertujuan untuk mendukung terwujudnya permukiman perkotaan yang layak huni, produktif, dan berkelanjutan. Dengan “Gerakan 100-0-100”. Namun, masih terdapat kendala dalam pelaksanaan program, khususnya di Desa Harjosari Kidul, terdapat warga yang kurang partisipatif, terutama terkait penggunaan lahan pribadinya, selain itu keterbatasan dana juga menjadi masalah pelaksanaan program. Penelitian ini berupaya melihat secara menyeluruh implementasi dan mengkaji hambatan program KOTAKU di Desa Harjosari Kidul. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif, tujuan pendekatan penelitian untuk melihat permasalah secara menyeluruh. Hasil penelitian ini Implementasi Program Kota Tanpa Kumuh (KOTAKU) di Desa Harjosari Kidul ini sudah baik, berdasarkan dari permasalahan warga yang semula tidak berkenan menjadi partisipan dikarenakan berkaitan dengan lahan pribadinya, kini warga tersebut sudah berkenan, namun masih terkendala untuk penanganan lokasi tersebut dikarenakan keterbatasan dana untuk menangani lokasi sehingga masih menyisakan kekumuhan di lokasi tersebut.

Today's global world changes encourage schools to start making organizational changes. School leaders are expected to be able to develop competitive strategies and create organizational changes in schools. This study aims to determine the effect of transformational leadership on organizational change in elementary schools. This study uses a quantitative approach using simple linear regression test data analysis techniques. The independent variable in this study is the principal's transformational leadership while the dependent variable is organizational change. The sample was 396 respondents with simple random sampling method. The results of the study indicate that transformational leadership has an effect on organizational change in elementary schools. Organizational changes in elementary schools by 60% are influenced by the principal transformational leadership.

A two-step Lagrange–Galerkin scheme for the shallow water equations with a transmission boundary condition (TBC) is presented. First, we show the experimental order of convergence to see the second-order accuracy in time realized by the two-step methods for conservative and non-conservative material derivatives along the trajectory of fluid particles. Second, we observe the effect of the TBC in a simple domain, and the artificial reflection is removed significantly when the wave touches the TBC. Third, we apply the scheme to a practical domain with islands, namely, the Bay of Bengal region, and observe the effect of the TBC again for the practical domain; the artificial reflections are removed significantly from the transmission boundaries on open sea boundaries. We also study the effect of a position of an open sea boundary with the TBC and reveal that it is sufficiently small to neglect. The numerical results in this study show that the scheme has the following properties: (i) the same advantages of Lagrange–Galerkin methods (the CFL-free robustness for convection-dominated problems and the symmetry of the matrices for the system of linear equations); (ii) second-order accuracy in time by the two-step methods; (iii) mass preservation of the function for the water level from the reference height (until the contact with the transmission boundaries of the wave); and (iv) no significant artificial reflection from the transmission boundaries. The numerical results by the scheme presented in this paper are for the flat bottom topography of the domain. In the next part of this work, Part II, the scheme will be applied to rapidly varying bottom surfaces and a real bottom topography of the Bay of Bengal region.

Terminologically, the word 'leader' comes from the word "lead" which means to guide/to give guidance. Etymologically, a leader is a person or figure who has the ability to influence or persuade other parties to take action so as to achieve common goals. Thus, a leader is someone who is able to lead, that is to control, guide, direct, and influence others to take action in order to achieve a specified goal. The school principal can be defined as the leader of the school or institution where lessons are given and received. Currently, the world is entering what is called the Industrial Revolution 4.0., thus education in Indonesia is also leaning towards it. As a leader, there are several characteristics of the principal that are in line with this era of education 4.0. The principal must be creative, innovative, open, and able to make the right decisions against all changes and demands in the 4.0 era.

Pengguna laporan keuangan membutuhkan informasi keuangan dari perusahaan untuk menganalisis kinerja keuangan perusahaan yang bersangkutan. Rasio keuangan dapat digunakan sebagai alat untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan laba yang akan datang. Penelitian ini menitik beratkan pada kegunaan dari rasiokeuangan untuk melihat pertumbuhan laba dimasa yang akan datang.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk:(1) menguji secara parsial pengaruh rasio keuangan dan kebijakan dividen terhadap pertumbuhan laba pada perusahaan manufaktur di Bursa Efek Indonesia (2) menguji secara simultan pengaruh rasio keuangan dan kebijakan dividen terhadap pertumbuhan laba pada perusahaan manufaktur di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling dimana diperoleh sampel sebanyak 8 perusahaan untuk periode penelìtian tahun2009-2013. Pengujian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah uji asumsi klasik (uji normalitas, uji multikolinearitas, uji heteroskedastisitas dan uji autokorelasi),Regresi linear berganda dìgunakan sebagai alat analisis dan untuk menguji hipotesis f dan uji t.

Objective: To evaluate the influence of uterine anomalies on the implantation rates after embryo transfer., Study Design: A retrospective, multicentric study. This study compare patients presenting a uterine anomaly (septate uterus, umicornuate, pseudonicornuate, bicornuate uterus) having attempted FIVETE between 1987 and 1992 with the normal population treated by IVF, as well as with FIVNAT results., Results: Thirty-eight patients were part of the studied population and total 119 oocyt retrievals which lead to 103 embryo transfers (corresponding to 1.35% of the realised transfers during the same period in the three centers of the study). The pregnancy rate obtained by these patients is significantly lower than those obtained by the control group (11.7% pregnancies by retrievals vs. 19.1%, and 13.6% pregnancies by transfer vs. 24.9%). The implantation rate by embryo transfer is 5.8% in the population studied vs. 11.7% in the control group (P < 0.01). These results significantly improve when the uterine anomaly can be treated (septate uterus)., Conclusion: The uterine anomalies are associated with a lowered rate of embryo implantation. This implantation rate improves when the anomaly can be treated (septate uterus).

A rapid fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) technique was used for direct chromosomal analysis on germ cells from an infertile male with large-headed spermatozoa. The interphase chromosomes were fluorescently-labelled using an extremely bright cyanine dye during a 5-15 min FISH procedure. Germ cells were analysed using a battery of chromosome-specific DNA probes in several consecutive rapid FISH experiments. It was found that the majority of large-headed spermatozoa contained a diploid chromosome number probably due to errors in meiosis I or II divisions, whereas the majority of spermatozoa with normal sized heads are haploid and may be utilized for selective in-vitro fertilization procedures. Rapid FISH may be useful for the detection of major chromosomal aneuploidies in germ cells as an alternative technique to standard or multicolour FISH, and may find an additional application for the chromosomal analysis of human preimplantation embryos.

We present a retrospective study of a series of 46 patients who have benefited from a laparoscopic treatment for a distal tubal disease. The results have been expressed in terms of tubulars and adherentiels scores, of the type of plastic effected and of the sterility (pure tubular sterility or associated). The global pregnancy rate is 39, 1% of which 34,8% is IUP and 4,3% EP. We have observed: an average delay of 10,8 months to obtain a pregnancy; the superiority of the fimbrioplasties (rate of pregnancy 75%); the predicted value of tubular score (the cases scored I and II obtain pregnancy rates of 57,7%). The association of endometriosis or of light oligoasthenoteratospermia do not constitute a counter indication of the tuboplasty (in those cases, cumulative rate of pregnancy is 50% and 40% respectively). If no pregnancy is observed during the 18 months following the intervention we recommend that the couple be treated by IVF.

Objective: To determinate the true incidence of treatment-independent pregnancy in an in vitro fertilization programme. To establish and to compare the characteristics of couples with and without spontaneous pregnancy. To analyze the outcome of pregnancies., Type of Study: Retrospective., Setting: In Vitro Fertilization Unit, Conception's Hospital, Marseille, France., Subjects: 594 couples having attempted one or more IVF procedures. The study concerned low-fertility couples (484) ruling our true sterile couples (110)., Results: Spontaneous pregnancies occurred in 54 couples (11.2%). The characteristics of the two populations were not statistically different, except a shorter duration of infertility (p < 0.05) in spontaneous pregnancies. The rate of ectopic pregnancies in the spontaneous pregnancies was statistically higher than that observed in IVP pregnancies (12% versus 6.5%). The fertility rare of these couples was very low (0.38%)., Conclusion: Spontaneous pregnancies in vitro fertilization programmes are not rare. The evaluation of the results of the in vitro fertilization requires taking the possible spontaneous pregnancies into account.

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHS) is the most serious complication of ovulation induction, particularly in in vitro fertilization. It is a potentially life-threatening situation. Its pathophysiology is poorly understood. This syndrome is explained by a sudden increase in capillary permeability which results in a rapid fluid shift from the intravascular space into a third space leading to haemodynamic changes. In its most severe forms. OHS is characterized by multicystic ovarian enlargement, hemoconcentration, hypovolemia, oliguria, third space accumulation of fluid in the form of ascites and pleural effusion, renal failure, thrombotic disorders. Mild and the most of moderate forms of OHS usually do not require any active form of therapy. Severe OHS requires hospitalization, correction of fluid and electrolyte imbalance, prevention of thromboembolism, aspiration of the ascites and pleural effusion causing respiratory discomfort and dyspnea. Surgical interventions are exceptionally indicated and reserved for ovarian or rupture of ovarian cyst. Although severe OHS may not be completely avoided, early recognition of high-risk factors, judicious monitoring of ovulation induction (plasma estradiol levels and ultrasonography), and, perhaps in future, substitution of hCG for triggering ovulation should reduce the incidence of this iatrogenic syndrome.