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The Southern African Development Community (SADC) and its member countries are potentially vulnerable to external disturbances, including environmental, economic, and social shocks. Regional policy emphasizes interventions to ensure long-term growth and development in the face of potential disturbance. Current emphasis is placed on mitigating the impact of climate change, including the creation of the SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan. However, the need for long-term adaptation and associated policy is evident to reduce regional vulnerabilities. Research is an important source of evidence to support policymaking, with specific importance to institutions in developing regions such as the SADC and during times of global change and disruption. SADC development policy related to resilience outcomes ought to be informed by research. This paper investigates the extent to which existing research supports regional resilience policymaking. Objectives include investigating available research on resilience in the SADC, identifying potential limitations, and delineating areas of future research to be considered by researchers that contribute to knowledge and evidence creation. A bibliometric review and selective content review of existing research were utilized. Relevant publications for the aforesaid analysis were delineated using the source concepts “resilience”, “adaptation”, “adaptability”, and “Southern African Development Community” (or “SADC”). Using the SCOPUS database, bibliometric data of 65 publications were imported into the VOSviewer application (v.1.6.17). Keyword occurrences and network and overlay visualizations were applied to identify the research themes underlying current research. The findings, which were supported by the selective content review, indicate that existing research focuses primarily on environmental and social disturbances, while the applicable regional planning scale and development policy are considered to a limited extent. Areas of future research ought to create evidence that is thematically relevant to policy areas and applicable to policy interventions, which necessitates increased research on economic disturbances, a broadening of existing themes to the appropriate regional planning scale, and consideration of explicit regional development objectives and policy. Transdisciplinarity ought to be central to future research on the diverse disturbances facing the region, while researchers ought to leverage knowledge-creation opportunities catalyzed by SDG implementation.

One of the key concepts underlying the science of spatial planning refers to the role of development corridors as a planning instrument to potentially restructure economic space. Although strong evidence exists that corridors are regarded as important spatial development instruments that channel economic development, counter-arguments indicate the need for more diversified strategies at regional and national levels, as well as a greater awareness of agglomeration economies to allow for the integration of corridors as strategic and supporting networks. Drawing on fundamental literature, a regional corridor model was developed with the aim to establish a spatial framework through which corridor development can be integrated as strategic and supporting networks to support the notion of ‘ sustainable spatial- and settlement planning’, i.e. the appropriate compilation and administration of policies affecting spatial organisation at local, regional and national levels. Based on the empirical research, regional and national governments could, through the RCM, develop a realistic spatial perspective on long-term settlement patterns and investment opportunities which could transform economic space development and seek to connect the potential of urban systems in economic development.

In this chapter the concept of spatial fragmentation and its impact on resilience within the urban environment is deliberated. This fragmentation, coupled with apartheid planning in South Africa, has led to urban inequalities and sprawling cities, exacerbated by the locality of coal deposits between the built-up areas. The inefficient and unadaptable layout and design of specifically Emalahleni, encumbers true resilience for this city. This chapter proposes a multifaceted approach to land-use and spatial policy to deal with the structural and spatial problems associated with mining towns in general. This policy approach will assist in mitigating the problems experienced, and improve the long-term sustainability and resilience of the city.

Postmasburg, a small mining town, has been an agricultural centre for the past 120 years, the iron ore mining being the only diversifying factor to the local economy. Mining endeavours resulted in the traditional boom-town cycle in Postmasburg over the past ten years with one significant exception to most of the rural towns in South Africa, which experienced the same expansions in mining operations. Whereas the other towns ran into a bottleneck after the initial rounds of urban development, mainly as a result of insufficient bulk infrastructure and capable human resources, the Tsantsabane Local Municipality, within which the town of Postmasburg is located, together with the two listed mining companies Kolomela and Assore’s Beeshoek, formed a tripartite partnership that approached service delivery in an exceptional manner. This paper critically assesses the Tsassamba Partnership against the background of the need for a partnership approach of governance against the background of the emphasis of planning theory on partnerships and local context. Data was collected by conducting interviews with representatives of the mining companies, municipality, business sector and civic organisations and quantitative questionnaires were applied in a household survey of 1,024 households. All the interviewees highlighted the success of this partnership approach. The survey also found that the partnership participated and cooperated successfully in the development of bulk infrastructure and land for housing for the mining employees, which had posed a major challenge to the local municipality

The role of regional policy mechanisms towards increased regional resilience is widely recognised, but limited consideration is given to the impact of these mechanisms in, specifically, the peripheral region. In reaction hereto, this article explores the role of three key mechanisms, i.e. economic sectoral composition, innovation and knowledge networks, as well as government institutions as policy tools towards increased regional resilience in a peripheral region in South Africa. The role of each of these mechanisms is quantified and measured by specified indices such as the GVA, the Tress Index and the ICT Access Index, and government indicators such as audit outcomes and service delivery data in five planning regions of the Northern Cape province. This article highlights that a state of dynamic stability and resilience is more feasible through policy intervention focused on these three mechanisms, coupled with detailed regional socio-economic analysis. It also emphasises that a knowledge-rich region will be less dependent on single sector development, pushing itself into a new development stage of secondary and tertiary sector focus through economic diversification, lessening its vulnerability to external shocks and disturbances, and impeding regional lock-in. In support hereto, collective institutional action by a responsive and accountable local and regional government, operating beyond their functional limits, will reinforce and amplify development in the peripheral region. Die rol van streeksbeleidsmeganismes vir verhoogde streeksveerkragtigheid word wyd erken, maar beperkte oorweging word gewy aan die impak van hierdie mega-nismes in spesifiek die periferiese streek. In reaksie hierop ondersoek hierdie artikel die rol van drie sleutelmeganismes, naamlik ekonomiese sektorale samestelling, innovasie- en kennisnetwerke, sowel as regeringsinstellings as beleidsinstrumente vir verhoogde streeksweerstand in 'n periferiese streek in Suid-Afrika. Die rol van elk van hierdie meganismes word gekwantifiseer en gemeet teen gespesifiseerde indekse soos die GVA, die Tress-indeks en die ICT-toegangsindeks, en regeringsaanwysers soos oudituitkomste en diensleweringsdata in vyf beplan-ningsstreke van die Noord-Kaap provinsie. Hierdie artikel beklemtoon dat 'n toestand van dinamiese stabiliteit en veerkragtigheid meer haalbaar is deur beleidsinmenging gefokus op hierdie drie meganismes, tesame met gedetaill eerde streeksanalise. Die artikel beklemtoon ook dat 'n kennisryke streek minder afhanklik sal wees van 'n enkele sektor deur 'n fokus op ekonomiese diversifikasie. Hierdeur kan 'n streek in 'n nuwe ontwikkelingsfase van sekondêre en tersiêre sektorfokus inbeweeg. Die kwesbaarheid van die streek vir eksterne skokke en versteurings sal verminder en streekuitsluiting word voorkom. Ter ondersteuning hiertoe, sal institu-sionele kollektiewe optrede deur 'n reaktiewe en verantwoordbare plaaslike en streeksregering wat buite hul funk-sionele perke werk, die ontwikkeling van die periferiese streek versterk en kwesbaarheid vir eksterne skokke verminder. Boikaraelo ba maano a tikoloho mabapi le kholo ea botsitso ba tikoloho bo ananeloa hohle, empa boinahano holima tsusumetso ea maano ena, haholo-holo, tikolohong e meeling ea naha, e ea fokola. E le ho arabela hona, sengoloa sena se hlahloba mekhoa e meraro ea mantlha, eleng sebopeho sa lekala la moruo, boqapi le marang-rang a tsebo, hammoho le litsi tsa mmuso e le lisebelisoa tsa maano bakeng sa ho eketsa botsitso ba tikoloho meeling ea naha ea Afrika Boroa. Karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea mekhoa ena e lekantsoe le ho lekanyetsoa ka lits'oants'o tse boletsoeng joalo ka GVA, Tress Index le ICT Access Index, le lits'oants'o tsa mmuso tse kang liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea libuka le tlhaiso-leseling ea phano ea litsebeletso libakeng tse hlano tsa meralo ea profinse ea Kapa Leboea. Sengoliloeng sena se totobatsa hore ho matlafatsa boemo ba botsitso ba tikoloho ho ka khonahala ka ho sebelisa maano a tsepamisitseng maikutlo mekhoeng ena e meraro, hammoho le tlhaiso-leseling ea moruo oa tikoloho. Se boetse se totobatsa hore sebaka se ruileng tsebo ha sea itsetleha nts'etsopeleng ea lekala le le leng la moruo, empa se ikitlaetsa nts'etsopeleng ea moruo ka makala a 'maloa, mekhahlelong e fapaneng, ele ho fokotsa litsisinyeho le litsitiso tse tsoang kantle. Ho ts'ehetsa sena, khato e nkiloeng ka kopanelo ke mmuso mmoho le mafapha a mang ele ho hatiselletsa boikarabello le ts'ebetso ea puso ea libaka le lebatooa, o tla matlafatsa le ho holisa nts'etsopele tikolohong e mathokong a naha.

Purpose While placemaking is a multi-disciplinary concern, it is a key focus within the discipline of spatial planning. This paper aims to explore the development of theoretical trends with regard to placemaking in spatial planning since 1975 to identify current emerging theoretical perspectives. Special attention is given to differences in perspectives between the Global North and the Global South. Design/methodology/approach The study used an integrative literature review (ILR) to analyse placemaking literature over a period of 41 years and five months. The ILR followed the basic review stages: scoping; planning and review protocol; identification/availability; searching; and screening. ILR differs from other reviews as quality appraisal, data gathering, analysis and synthesis rely on coding, thematic content analysis and synthesis. Findings Initially, the planning/review protocol resulted in 59 contributions on placemaking in various disciplines (excluding publications in other languages that English). Contributions included spatial and design disciplines (29 contributions), social sciences (14 contributions) and other disciplines (16 contributions). The literature review proceeded with a selection of 23 spatial planning contributions (20 from the Global North and three from the Global South). Theoretical trends include placemaking theorised as a physical construct, a social construct, an economic construct (absent in literature from the Global South), a tool for empowerment, a psychological dimension and an environmental management tool. Practical implications The most recent theoretical perspectives in literature suggest placemaking as an enabling tool in which people share knowledge and learn new skills to transform their own environment. This empowering process creates a linkage between planning theory and practice. Originality/value This paper contributes to the current theories of placemaking in spatial planning. It provides a simplified view of an exhaustive list of existing literature. This paper reports on the current trends and the development of placemaking theory.

External economic shocks such as the global financial crisis (GFC) affect regional economic growth in developing regions through impacting export demand and capital inflows. Resilience to these economic shocks—i.e., the ability to recover from the initial impact and prolonged effects of said shocks—is influenced by the inherent vulnerability of regional economies to their impact. The research objective is to investigate regional economic resilience policy in the context of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), and the wider perspective of trading blocs among developing countries. Central hereto is undertaking an equilibrium and econometric analysis to identify endogenous and exogenous factors of the regional economy that influence economic resilience. Analysis findings indicate that economic openness, export market dynamics and sectoral composition may influence economic resilience. SADC vulnerability may be attributed to the dependence on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and exports to higher-income markets, relatively low import tariffs and the comparative importance of tertiary activities to output. A balanced regional policy approach is required: one focused on industrialization, while incorporating elements to support economic resilience. The latter includes increased intra-regional trade anchored in the development of regional supply and value chains which support primary sector activities, and capacitated supranational institutions to oversee regional integration initiatives.

The development of sustainable urban landscapes challenges all stakeholders, including local governments as the major custodians thereof. The majority of urban ecological research done describes European and North American cities. South Africa's position in the global South underlines the potential that local research has in contributing to global knowledge. South African urban landscapes are rich in biodiversity and characterized by cultural diversity and steep socio-economic gradients. Spatial inequality, specifically access to resources and green areas, greatly influences the perceived importance and need of urban green space to citizens and policy makers. This legacy is a major challenge to the implementation of sustainability oriented contemporary urban planning and environmental management practices in South Africa. Sustainable solutions call for transdisciplinary approaches, in which the contributions of both non-academic and academic role players are integrated. Therefore, we investigated the possible interface between urban ecology, urban planning, and environmental management, within current policy and legislation frameworks and within practice in South Africa. We highlight certain aspects of the three disciplines that could contribute to transdisciplinary planning approaches, such as mapping and valuation of ecosystem services, strategic and integrated thinking, prediction and scenario building, governance, and decision-making and participatory planning. We believe that awareness of the major contributions of each discipline would refine the linkages between social and ecological issues proposed by several existing conceptual frameworks, leading to a transdisciplinary approach to plan for sustainable urban landscapes. The South African perspective presented in this paper could guide other (similar) global scenarios with regard to transdisciplinary planning approaches that could enhance the development of sustainable urban landscapes.

South Africa has a long and well-documented history with regard to the design and implementation of national development and regional policy. With the first official policy initiatives in the 1960s, it was decided by the then National Party that a policy of separate development (apartheid) of ethnic groups had to be implemented in the national space economy. In this sense, there is no doubt about the explicit nature of this policy, as it had very specific spatial objectives and implications from the national level down to neighbourhood level. With the democratisation of the Government in 1994, this negative policy connotation led to the establishment of numerous spatial development policies without any significant ‘spatial’ application. At the moment, however, numerous national government departments implement spatial investment programmes on a spatially explicit basis, with little coordination between these spheres and sectors of government. Research has shown that, on a global level, national and regional development policy increasingly has to be focused on a selected number of cities with inherent economic agglomeration benefits. This article aims to provide a scientifically based perspective on what the policy approach of the Presidency’s envisaged National Spatial Framework (RSA, 2012) should include, i.e., an explicit and spatially selective approach focused on cities with existing agglomeration economies Suid-Afrika het ‘n lang en goed-gedokumenteerde geskiedenis met betrekking tot die formulering en implementering van nasionale- en streekontwikkelingsbeleid. Die eerste amptelike beleidsinisiatiewe is in die 1960’s deur die Nasionale Party daargestel toe ‘n beleid van aparte ontwikkeling (apartheid) van die verskillende etniese groepe in die nasionale ruimte geïmplementeer is. Daar is geen twyfel aan die eksplisiete aard van dié beleid nie, aangesien dit spesifieke ruimtelike doelwitte op nasionale tot plaaslike vlak gehad het. Met die verkiesing van ‘n demokratiese regering in 1994, het die negatiewe konnotasie wat eksplisiete beleid dra, die gevolg gehad dat menige beleide intussen daargestel is sonder enige noemenswaardige ruimtelike fokus. Tans is daar egter verskeie nasionale regeringsdepartemente wat ruimtelik-eksplisiete programme implementeer, met min koördinasie tussen hierdie verskillende sfere van die regering. Navorsing toon dat, op globale skaal, nasionale en streekbeleid toenemend op ‘n beperkte aantal stede met inherente ekonomiese agglomerasievoordele gefokus moet wees. Hierdie artikel het ten doel om ‘n wetenskaplik-gefundeerde benadering daar te stel wat in die Presidensie se voorgestelde Nasionale Ruimtelike Raamwerk ingesluit kan word (RSA, 2012). Die raamwerk behoort gebaseer te wees op ‘n eksplisiete en ruimtelik-selektiewe benadering, gefokus op stede met bestaande agglomerasievoordele

Urban nature conservation issues in South Africa are overshadowed by the goal to improve human well-being, which focuses on aspects such as poverty, equity, redistribution of wealth and wealth creation. The growing need for urban employment is closely associated with the increase of squatting and informal settlements along the urban fringe, which contributes to habitat fragmentation and sprawling of cities. This increasing urbanisation is one of the main threats to biodiversity in the Grassland biome as the natural vegetation in and around cities in the North-West Province of South Africa is destroyed at an alarming rate. The lack of detailed ecological data is a major problem in the implementation of conservation-orientated policies in urban planning and management. This paper gives a brief overview of urban nature conservation in the world, the obstacles to implementation in South Africa and the importance of socio-economics and environmental legislation. We focus specifically on projects involving phytosociological studies and biotope mapping in cities in the western Grassland Biome of the North West Province. The visible presence of native vegetation is essential and integral to urban nature conservation. There is a vital need to present urban environmental data in a format that is convincing and useful to decision makers. We propose an integrated approach towards urban ecological studies culminating in effective urban nature conservation.

Thesis (M.Art. et Scien. (Town and Regional Planning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007

Because of its recently acquired world heritage status and the anticipated influx of tourists into the area, the Vredefort Dome World Heritage Site in South Africa is currently experiencing pressure for development. Sudden and radical changes to the spatial environment may have a detrimental effect on local inhabitants who have a long history with the site and who have developed a strong place identity. Intangible aspects, such as the sense of place of an area, are currently not integrated in spatial planning in South Africa. This paper aims to explore personal and symbolic meanings, as part of the sense of place of local inhabitants in the Vredefort Dome World Heritage Site. An interdisciplinary and mixed-method research approach was followed in this study to explore and understand what constitutes a sense of place for local inhabitants in the area. In essence, the qualitative study revealed that inhabitants have a deep and personal relationship with and within the area, which contributes signif...

This paper explores the sense of place in the Vredefort Dome World Heritage site, South Africa, as an essential input for the formulation of spatial planning proposals for the area. Intangible aspects such as personal and symbolic meanings of sites are currently not integrated in spatial planning in South Africa. This may have a detrimental effect on local inhabitants who have a long history with the site and built up a strong place identity. Involving local inhabitants at an early stage of the planning process and incorporating their attitudes and opinions in future intervention in the area, may also contribute to the acceptance of the legitimacy of future policy. An interdisciplinary and mixed-method research approach was followed in this study in order to identify possible ways to anchor spatial planning proposals in the identity of the place. In essence, the qualitative study revealed that inhabitants reflect a deep and personal relationship with and within the area, which contributes significantly to their sense of emotional security and selfidentity. Results include a strong conservation-orientated attitude with regard to the natural rural character of the site, especially in the inner core., {"references":["UNESCO. (2007, May 8). World Heritage: Vredefort Dome. Available:\nhttp://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1162","FAIR TRADE IN TOURISM SOUTH AFRICA. (2007, May 10). Fair trade in tourism South Africa-s contribution to post apartheid transformation. Available:\nhttp://www.fairtourismsa.org.za/news/messages/23052005.html","G.E. Holmes, J.R. Patterson & J.E. Stalling, \"Sense of place: issues in\ncounseling and development,\" Journal of Humanistic Counseling,\nEducation and Development, vol. 42, pp 238-251, 2003.","B. 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Da die photographischen Emulsionen aus einer Gelatineschicht mit eingebetteten AgBr-Kornern bestehen, laufen bei der Entwicklung, Fixierung und Trocknung komplizierte Quellungs- und Schrumpfungsprozesse ab, die dazu fuhren, das die Schicht ein Dickenprofil aufweist und an den belichteten Stellen dicker ist. Dies fuhrt aber neben der Amplitudenschwachung der durchlaufenden Welle auch zu einer Phasenschiebung. Es interessiert daher die Frage, inwieweit diese Phasenschiebung die Intensitat des Beugungsdiagrammes beeinflust und eventuell die Intensitatsverhaltnisse der Reflexe verschieden hoher Ordnung verfalscht. Denn man weis von der optischen Beugung an einem Strichgitter, das bei einer sinusformigen Amplituden-modulation nur ein einziger Beugungsreflex ± 1. Ordnung auftritt, bei einem sinusformigen Phasengitter dagegen auch hohere Ordnungen.

Da das Fraunhofersche Beugungsbild die Fouriertransformation der Objekttransparenz darstellt, sollen die wichtigsten Gesetzmasigkeiten abgeleitet und an der Beugung an Modellobjekten erlautert werden. Obwohl es sich bei diesen Modellversuchen um Schwarz-Weis-Objekte handelt, lassen sich die Ergebnisse jedoch ohne weiteres auf periodische Objekte mit Grautonen ubertragen. Auserdem ist dann fur eine quantitative Auswertung auch noch die Phasenschiebung in der Photoplatte zu berucksichtigen (§ 4.1).