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Multi-machine empirical scaling predicts an extremely narrow heat exhaust layer in future high magnetic field tokamaks, producing high power densities that require mitigation. In the experiments presented, the width of this exhaust layer is nearly doubled using actuators to increase turbulent transport in the plasma edge. This is achieved in low collisionality, high confinement edge pedestals with their gradients limited by turbulent transport instead of large-scale, coherent instabilities. The exhaust heat flux profile width and divertor leg diffusive spreading both double as a high frequency band of turbulent fluctuations propagating in the electron diamagnetic direction doubles in amplitude. The results are quantitatively reproduced in electromagnetic XGC particle-in-cell simulations which show the heat flux carried by electrons emerges to broaden the heat flux profile, directly supported by Langmuir probe measurements., Comment: 8 pages, 11 figures

This document presents the initial scientific case for upgrading the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at Jefferson Lab (JLab) to 22 GeV. It is the result of a community effort, incorporating insights from a series of workshops conducted between March 2022 and April 2023. With a track record of over 25 years in delivering the world's most intense and precise multi-GeV electron beams, CEBAF's potential for a higher energy upgrade presents a unique opportunity for an innovative nuclear physics program, which seamlessly integrates a rich historical background with a promising future. The proposed physics program encompass a diverse range of investigations centered around the nonperturbative dynamics inherent in hadron structure and the exploration of strongly interacting systems. It builds upon the exceptional capabilities of CEBAF in high-luminosity operations, the availability of existing or planned Hall equipment, and recent advancements in accelerator technology. The proposed program cover various scientific topics, including Hadron Spectroscopy, Partonic Structure and Spin, Hadronization and Transverse Momentum, Spatial Structure, Mechanical Properties, Form Factors and Emergent Hadron Mass, Hadron-Quark Transition, and Nuclear Dynamics at Extreme Conditions, as well as QCD Confinement and Fundamental Symmetries. Each topic highlights the key measurements achievable at a 22 GeV CEBAF accelerator. Furthermore, this document outlines the significant physics outcomes and unique aspects of these programs that distinguish them from other existing or planned facilities. In summary, this document provides an exciting rationale for the energy upgrade of CEBAF to 22 GeV, outlining the transformative scientific potential that lies within reach, and the remarkable opportunities it offers for advancing our understanding of hadron physics and related fundamental phenomena., Comment: Updates to the list of authors; Preprint number changed from theory to experiment; Updates to sections 4 and 6, including additional figures

The lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) enzymes boost polysaccharide depolymerization through oxidative chemistry, which has fueled the hope for more energy-efficient production of biofuel. We have recently proposed a mechanism for the oxidation of the polysaccharide substrate (Hedeg{\aa}rd & Ryde, Chem. Sci. 2018, 9, 3866). In this mechanism, complexes with superoxide, oxyl, as well as hydroxyl (i.e. [CuO2]+, [CuO]+ and [CuOH]2+) cores were involved. These complexes can have both singlet and triplet spin states, and both spin-states may be important for how LPMOs function during catalytic turnover. Previous calculations on LPMOs have exclusively been based on density functional theory (DFT). However, different DFT functionals are known to display large differences for spin-state splittings in transition-metal complexes, and this has also been an issue for LPMOs. In this paper, we study the accuracy of DFT for spin-state splittings in superoxide, oxyl, and hydroxyl intermediates involved in LPMO turnover. As reference we employ multiconfigurational perturbation theory (CASPT2)., Comment: 29 pages, 5 figures, 5 tables

The ILL experiment, one of the "reactor anomaly" experiments, is re-examined. ILL's baseline of 8.78 m is the shortest of the short baseline experiments, and it is the experiment that finds the largest fraction of the electron anti-neutrinos disappearing -- over 20%. Previous analyses, if they do not ignore the ILL experiment, use functional forms for chisquare which are either totally new and unjustified, are the magnitude chi-square (also termed a "rate analysis"), or utilize a spectral form for chi-square which double counts the systematic error. We do an analysis which utilizes the standard, conventional form for chi-square as well as a derived form for a spectral chi-square. Results for the ILL, Huber, and Daya Bay fluxes are given. We find that the implications of the ILL experiment in providing evidence for a sterile, fourth neutrino are significantly enhanced. Moreover, we find that the ILL experiment provides a set of choices for specific values of the mass squared difference. The value of the mass square difference for the deepest minimum and its statistical significance, using the flux independent spectral chi-square and the Huber or Daya Bay flux are 0.92 eV$^2$ and 2.9 $\sigma$; for the conventional chi-square and the Daya Bay flux are 0.95 eV$^2$ and 3.0 $\sigma$; and for the conventional chi-square and Huber flux are 0.90 eV$^2$ and 3.3 $\sigma$. These probabilities are significantly larger than the 1.8 $\sigma$ found for the ILL experiment using a rate analysis., Comment: 17 pages, 4 figures, and 2 Tables

As neutrino oscillation data becomes ever more precise, the use of approximate formulae for the oscillation probabilities ${\mathcal P}_{\alpha\beta}$ must be examined to ensure that the approximation is adequate. Here, the oscillation probability ${\mathcal P}_{ee}$ is investigated in the context of the Daya Bay experiment; the oscillation probability ${\mathcal P}_{\mu\mu}$ is investigated in terms of the T2K disappearance experiment; and the probability ${\mathcal P}_{\mu e}$ is investigated in terms of the T2K appearance experiment. Daya Bay requires ${\mathcal P}_{ee}$ in vacuum and thus the simple analytic formula negates the need for an approximate formula. However, improved data from T2K will soon become sensitive to the hierarchy, and thus require a more careful treatment of that aspect. For the other cases, we choose an expansion by Akhmedov et al. which systematically includes all terms through second order in $\sin\theta_{13}$ and in $\alpha =: \Delta_{21}/\Delta_{31}$ ($\Delta_{jk} =: m^2_j - m^2_k$). For the T2K disappearance experiment the approximation is quite accurate. However, for the T2K appearance experiment the approximate formula is not precise enough for addressing such questions as hierarchy or the existence of CP violation in the lepton sector. We suggest the use of numerical calculations of the oscillation probabilities, which are stable, accurate, and efficient and eliminate the possibility that differences in analyses are emanating from different approximations., Comment: Submitted to AHEP, Through Neutrino Eyes: The Search for New Physics (2014); 6 pages, 6 figures

Dynamic unary encoding takes unary encoding to the next level. Every n-bit binary string is an encoding of dynamic unary and every n-bit binary string is encodable by dynamic unary. By utilizing both forms of unary code and a single bit of parity information dynamic unary encoding partitions 2^n non-negative integers into n sets of disjoint cycles of n-bit elements. These cycles have been employed as virtual data sets, binary transforms and as a mathematical object. Characterization of both the cycles and of the cycle spectrum is given. Examples of encoding and decoding algorithms are given. Examples of other constructs utilizing the principles of dynamic unary encoding are presented. The cycle as a mathematical object is demonstrated., Comment: Seven pages of text, two pages of flow charts and two pages of data. Introduces an encoding scheme and a mathematical object

The only experimentally observed phenomenon that lies outside the standard model of the electroweak interaction is neutrino oscillations. A way to try to unify the extensive neutrino oscillation data is to add a phenomenological mass term to the Lagrangian that is not diagonal in the flavor basis. The goal is then to understand the world's data in terms of the parameters of the mixing matrix and the differences between the squares of the masses of the neutrinos. An outstanding question is what is the correct ordering of the masses, the hierarchy question. We point out a broken symmetry relevant to this question, the symmetry of the simultaneous interchange of hierarchy and the sign of $\theta_{13}$. We first present the results of an analysis of data that well determine the phenomenological parameters but are not sensitive to the hierarchy. We find $\theta_{13} = 0.152\pm 0.014$, $\theta_{23} = 0.25^{+0.03}_{-0.05} \pi$ and $\Delta_{32} = 2.45\pm 0.14 \times 10^{-3}$ eV$^2$, results consistent with others. We then include data that are sensitive to the hierarchy and the sign of $\theta_{13}$. We find, unlike others, four isolated minimum in the $\chi^2$-space as predicted by the symmetry. Now that Daya Bay and RENO have determined $\theta_{13}$ to be surprisingly large, the Super-K atmospheric data produce meaningful symmetry breaking such that the inverse hierarchy is preferred at the 97.2 % level., Comment: to appear in Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Fission and Neutron Rich Nuclei (ICFN5), (Sanibel Island, Florina, Nov. 4-10, 2012).10 pages, 8 figures

The coupling between superconductivity and othorhombic distortion is studied in vapor-grown FeSe single crystals using high-resolution thermal-expansion measurements. In contrast to the Ba122-based (Ba122) superconductors, we find that superconductivity does not reduce the orthorhombicity below Tc. Instead we find that superconductivity couples strongly to the in-plane area, which explains the large hydrostatic pressure effects. We discuss our results in light of the spinnematic scenario and argue that FeSe has many features quite different from the typical Fe-based superconductors.

The Daya Bay, RENO, and Double Chooz experiments have discovered a large non-zero value for $\theta_{13}$. We present a global analysis that includes these three experiments, Chooz, the Super-K atmospheric data, and the $\nu_\mu \rightarrow \nu_e$ T2K and MINOS experiments that are sensitive to the hierarchy and the sign of $\theta_{13}$. We report preliminary results in which we fix the mixing parameters other than $\theta_{13}$ to those from a recent global analysis. Given there is no evidence for a non-zero CP violation, we assume $\delta=0$. T2K and MINOS lie in a region of $L/E$ where there is a hierarchy degeneracy in the limit of $\theta_{13}\rightarrow 0$ and no matter interaction. For non-zero $\theta_{13}$, the symmetry is partially broken, but a degeneracy under the simultaneous exchange of both hierarchy and the sign of $\theta_{13}$ remains. Matter effects break this symmetry such that the positions of the peaks in the oscillation probabilities maintain the two-fold symmetry, while the magnitude of the oscillations is sensitive to the hierarchy. This renders T2K and NO$\nu$A, with different baselines and different matter effects, better able in combination to distinguish the hierarchy and the sign of $\theta_{13}$. The large value of $\theta_{13}$ yields effects from atmospheric data that distinguish hierarchies. We find for normal hierarchy, positive $\theta_{13}$, $\sin^22\theta_{13}=0.090\pm0.020$ and is 0.2% probable it is the correct combination; for normal hierarchy, negative $\theta_{13}$, $\sin^22\theta_{13}=0.108\pm0.023$ and is 2.2% probable; for inverse hierarchy, positive $\theta_{13}$, $\sin^22\theta_{13}=0.110\pm0.022$ and is 7.1% probable; for inverse hierarchy, negative $\theta_{13}$, $\sin^22\theta_{13}=0.113\pm0.022$ and is 90.5% probable, results that are inconsistent with two similar analyses., Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, to appear in Horizons of Innovative Theories, Experiments, and Supercomputing in Nuclear Physics (New Orleans, June 4-6, 2012)

The magnetic behavior of single-crystalline CeCuGa3 has been investigated. The compound forms in a tetragonal BaAl4-type structure consisting of rare-earth planes separated by Cu-Ga layers. If the Cu-Ga site disorder is reduced, CeCuGa3 adopts the related, likewise tetragonal BaNiSn3-type structure, in which the Ce ion are surrounded by different Cu and Ga layers and the inversion symmetry is lost. In the literature conflicting reports about the magnetic order of CeCuGa3 have been published. Single crystals with the centrosymmetric structure variant exhibit ferromagnetic order below approx. 4 K with a strong planar anisotropy. The magnetic behavior above the transition temperature can be well understood by the crystal-field splitting of the 4f Hund's rule ground-state multiplet of the Ce ions.

This white paper addresses the hypothesis of light sterile neutrinos based on recent anomalies observed in neutrino experiments and the latest astrophysical data.

One goal of contemporary particle physics is to determine the mixing angles and mass-squared differences that constitute the phenomenological constants that describe neutrino oscillations. Of great interest are not only the best fit values of these constants but also their errors. Some of the neutrino oscillation data is statistically poor and cannot be treated by normal (Gaussian) statistics. To extract confidence intervals when the statistics are not normal, one should not utilize the value for chisquare versus confidence level taken from normal statistics. Instead, we propose that one should use the normalized likelihood function as a probability distribution; the relationship between the correct chisquare and a given confidence level can be computed by integrating over the likelihood function. This allows for a definition of confidence level independent of the functional form of the !2 function; it is particularly useful for cases in which the minimum of the !2 function is near a boundary. We present two pedagogic examples and find that the proposed method yields confidence intervals that can differ significantly from those obtained by using the value of chisquare from normal statistics. For example, we find that for the first data release of the T2K experiment the probability that chisquare is not zero, as defined by the maximum confidence level at which the value of zero is not allowed, is 92%. Using the value of chisquare at zero and assigning a confidence level from normal statistics, a common practice, gives the over estimation of 99.5%., Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures

An extensive calorimetric study of the normal- and superconducting-state properties of Ba(Fe1-xCox)2As2 is presented for 0 < x < 0.2. The normal-state Sommerfeld coefficient increases (decreases) with Co doping for x < 0.06 (x > 0.06), which illustrates the strong competition between magnetism and superconductivity to monopolize the Fermi surface in the underdoped region and the filling of the hole bands for overdoped Ba(Fe1-xCox)2As2. All superconducting samples exhibit a residual electronic density of states of unknown origin in the zero-temperature limit, which is minimal at optimal doping but increases to the normal-state value in the strongly under- and over-doped regions. The remaining specific heat in the superconducting state is well described using a two-band model with isotropic s-wave superconducting gaps., Comment: Submitted to Europhysics Letters

A neutrino-oscillation analysis is performed of the more finely binned Super-K atmospheric, MINOS, and CHOOZ data in order to examine the impact of neutrino hierarchy in this data set upon the value of $\theta_{13}$ and the deviation of $\theta_{23}$ from maximal mixing. Exact oscillation probabilities are used, thus incorporating all powers of $\theta_{13}$ and $\epsilon :=\theta_{23}-\pi/4$. The extracted oscillation parameters are found to be dependent on the hierarchy, particularly for $\theta_{13}$. We find at 90% CL are $\Delta_{32} = 2.44^{+0.26}_{-0.20}$ and $2.48^{+0.25}_{-0.22}\times 10^{-3} {\rm eV}^2$, $\epsilon=\theta_{23}-\pi/4=0.06^{+0.06}_{-0.16}$ and $0.06^{+0.08}_{-0.17}$, and $\theta_{13}=-0.07^{+0.18}_{-0.11}$ and $-0.13^{+0.23}_{-0.16}$, for the normal and inverted hierarchy respectively. The inverted hierarchy is preferred at a statistically insignificant level of 0.3 $\sigma$., Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure

A three-neutrino analysis of oscillation data is performed using the recent, more finely binned Super-K oscillation data, together with the CHOOZ, K2K, and MINOS data. The solar parameters, $\Delta_{21}$ and $\theta_{12}$, are fixed from a recent analysis, and $\Delta_{32}$, $\theta_{13}$, and $\theta_{23}$ are varied. We utilize the full three-neutrino oscillation probability and an exact treatment of the Earth's MSW effect with a castle-wall density. By including terms linear in $\theta_{13}$ and $\varepsilon := \theta_{23} - \pi/4$, we find asymmetric errors for these parameters $\theta_{13}=-0.07^{+0.18}_{-0.11}$ and $\varepsilon=0.03^{+0.09}_{-0.15}$. For $\theta_{13}$, we see that the lower bound is primarily set by the CHOOZ experiment while the upper bound is determined by the low energy $e$-like events in the Super-K atmospheric data. We find that the parameters $\theta_{13}$ and $\varepsilon$ are correlated -- the preferred negative value of $\theta_{13}$ permits the preferred value of $\theta_{23}$ to be in the second octant, and the true value of $\theta_{13}$ affects the allowed region for $\theta_{23}$., Comment: 15 pages, 13 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. C

A set of key properties for an ideal dissipation scheme in gyrokinetic simulations is proposed, and implementation of a model collision operator satisfying these properties is described. This operator is based on the exact linearized test-particle collision operator, with approximations to the field-particle terms that preserve conservation laws and an H-Theorem. It includes energy diffusion, pitch-angle scattering, and finite Larmor radius effects corresponding to classical (real-space) diffusion. The numerical implementation in the continuum gyrokinetic code GS2 is fully implicit and guarantees exact satisfaction of conservation properties. Numerical results are presented showing that the correct physics is captured over the entire range of collisionalities, from the collisionless to the strongly collisional regimes, without recourse to artificial dissipation., Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures, submitted to Physics of Plasmas; typos fixed

A new atmospheric neutrino oscillation tool which utilizes full three neutrino oscillation probabilities and a full three neutrino treatment of the MSW effect is combined with a standard analysis of the K2K, MINOS, and CHOOZ data to examine the bounds on $\theta_{13}$ implied by existing data, including the recent, more finely binned, Super-K atmospheric data. In the region $L/E_\nu\gtrsim 10^4$ km/GeV, we have previously found that the sub-dominant expansion does not converge and that terms linear in $\theta_{13}$ can be significant. The current analysis confirms this and leads to the conclusion that $\theta_{13}$ is bounded from above by the atmospheric data while CHOOZ provides the lower bound. We trace the origin of this result to fully contained data in the previously mentioned very long baseline region, to a combination of a quadratic in $\theta_{13}$ term in ${\mathcal P}_{ee}$ and a linear term in ${\mathcal P}_{e\mu}$ and their contribution to $R_e$, a broad MSW resonance for the solar mass-squared difference at 180 MeV, and an increase in $\theta_{12}$ due to this resonant matter effect which alters the sign of the linear in $\theta_{13}$ term. Assuming CP is conserved in the lepton sector, we find $\theta_{13}=-0.07^{+0.18}_{-0.11}$, the asymmetry being a reflection of the importance of the linear in $\theta_{13}$ terms., Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, typos corrected, manuscript shortened