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Antioxidant capacity (AC) was determined by the ABTS method and DPPH, and total phenol content (TPC) in dehydrated plant material, in infusions and in residues (plant material after preparing the infusion) of white, black, red, green, spearmint, stevia, lemon grass and chamomile teas to which stevia leaves were added or not added; addition of processed stevia powder was also tested. Three independent experiments were set up: with dehydrated plant material, with infusions and with residues. For the case of dehydrated plant material, white tea had the highest TPC (10813.5 mg GAE/100g) and AC by the ABTS method (1183.3 µM TE/g) and DPPH method (1525.0 µM TE/g). In infusions, black tea had higher TPC (180.82 µg GAE/ml) and AC by the methods ABTS and DPPH (0.6114 and 2.5983 µM TE/ml, respectively). In residues, TPC was higher in white tea, while green tea had the highest AC values. AC of dehydrated plant material increased when stevia leaves were added, according to the DPPH and ABTS methods, but not in residues by ABTS. Addition of stevia leaves in infusions increased AC in white, lemon grass, chamomile and stevia teas by the ABTS method and in spearmint, black, red, and green teas with the DPPH method.

Stevia is an important non-caloric sweetener that has health-beneficial properties. The objective is to evaluate growth, development, and rooting of stevia plants during different seasons of the year using growth hormones. Eight experiments were set up in Ciudad Guzman, Jalisco, Mexico, with three treatments (T): T1, indol-3 butyric acid (IBA) 7.4 mM, T2, alphanaphthylacetamide (ANA) 6.4 mM + IBA 0.3 mM, and T3, control. The variables evaluated were rooted plantlets, plant height, root length, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, root dry weight, leaf area, shoot biomass, total biomass, as well as development and growth indexes. Four samplings were conducted in each experiment. The results show that the most appropriate months for propagating stevia cuttings are February, March, April, May, and July, when 96% to 99% of the cuttings rooted. The hormones had the best results related to production of root development. The control was outstanding only in variables related to production of shoot biomass and not to root development. It is concluded that stevia can be propagated vegetatively using cuttings treated with IBA 7.4 mM or ANA 6.4 mM + IBA 0.3 mM, preferable in the period from February to July, with the exception of June.

El nardo (Polianthes tuberosa L.) es una planta ornamental producida en todo el mundo, principalmente como flor de corte. Una limitante de la producción de nardo es el control del tiempo de floración, para lo cual se han estudiado diferentes estrategias, una de estas es el pretratamiento de los cormos con temperaturas. En el presente estudio, cormos de nardo se sometieron a dos temperaturas de almacenamiento (4 y 27 °C) por 4, 5, 6 y 7 semanas, además de dos testigos: cormos mantenidos a temperatura ambiente (T0) y cormos con pretratamiento con AG3 (200 ppm). Las variables evaluadas fueron el largo del meristemo (LM), ancho del meristemo (AM), días a la brotación (DAB), días a floración (DAF), longitud del tallo floral (LT), diámetro del tallo (DT), longitud de la espiga (LE) y número de flores (NF). El mayor crecimiento y diferenciación del meristemo se presentaron después del establecimiento de los cormos en invernadero; los tratamientos a 27 °C adelantaron la brotación de las primeras hojas. Los tratamientos de 27 °C por 6 semanas y de 4 °C por una semana presentaron menores días a floración (100.8 y 104.0 respectivamente). En general, los cormos tratados a 27 °C presentaron mayor homogeneidad en la curva de cosecha sin afectar el resto de las variables evaluadas, lo cual es importante porque tales tratamientos pueden usarse para controlar la floración de nardo sin afectar la calidad.

The development of novel ornamental cultivars requires phenotypic and genetic variation. Interspecific hybridization is an important tool to achieve this variation. Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinner, commonly known as lisianthus, has gained importance among ornamental crops, as cut-flower or potted plant, due to the shape of its flowers, which after several years of breeding resembles those of the rose; however, the color of lisianthus flowers ranges from white to purple, including greenish, rose and blue, and many forms with colored eyes, rings and brushes. The genus is endemic to America, and it distributes from the southern United States to Central America, including the Caribbean islands. E. grandiflorum is restricted to the southern United States and to northern Mexico. E. exaltatum (L.) Salisb. Ex G. Don distributes from central Mexico to Central America. Lisianthus breeding began around 50 years ago, and due to an indirect selection, many of the available cultivars nowadays, are susceptible to high temperatures, and if the plantlets are exposed to temperatures above 25°C they might rosette. In this respect, in order to achieve genetic variation and produce heat tolerant Eustoma cultivars, we conducted a breeding program, which includes interspecific hybridization among E. grandiflorum and E. exaltatum, the last being found in its natural habitat at an average temperature above 25°C during summer. Many crosses were performed in both directions, and F1, BC1 and S1 generations were achieved, showing outstanding ornamental traits, such as different color patterns, stem and flower size and heat tolerance. Furthermore, chromosome counts and chromosome identification were possible through in situ hybridization of rDNA and retrotransposon probes to metaphasic chromosomes in both species.

Preparations that contain well-spread metaphase chromosomes are critical for plant cytogenetic analyses including chromosome counts, banding procedures, in situ hybridization, karyotyping and construction of ideograms. Chromosome spreading is difficult for plants with large and numerous chromosomes. We report here a technique for obtaining cytoplasm-free, well-spread metaphases from two Amaryllidaceae species: Sprekelia formosissima (2n = 120) and Hymenocallis howardii (2n = 96). The technique has three main steps: 1) pretreatment to cause chromosome condensation, 2) dripping onto tilted slides coated with a thin layer of pure acetic acid and 3) application of steam and acetic acid to produce cytoplasmic hydrolysis, which spreads the chromosomes.

Tuberose is an ornamental plant of economic importance produced worldwide due to the elegant shape and fragrant flowers. Despite its commercial importance, one of the limitations of tuberose production is control of flowering time, which has not been determined at present. In our research, the flowering time has been evaluated in corms of Agave amica cv. Double, during two production cycles (2017 and 2018) using different times of storage of the corms (4, 5, 6 and 7 weeks) at variable temperatures (4 °C, 12 °C, 27 °C, RT). Also, we studied the development of the corms to determine which changes occur in the meristem during floral transition and how the flower quality is affected. The results showed that meristematic differentiation occurred 30-45 days after establishment (DAE) in both culture cycles, although there was no temperature treatment that clearly affected the meristem growth. However, some floral characters were affected, the earliest sprouting occurred in the treatment of six and seven weeks of storage at 27 °C at 20 DAE in 2017 and 10 DAE in 2018, respectively. In addition, the shortest time to flowering occurred in the treatment of seven weeks of storage at 27 °C at 79 days in 2017 and at 100.6 days in 2018, a value that is 30 days earlier than that obtained with the treatments of six weeks of storage at 12 °C, which delayed meristem transition, sprouting and flowering time. In contrast, treatments at 4 °C and GA3 were not statically different from the control in both years.

Pomegranate has become very popular because of organoleptic and nutraceutic qualities derived from its antioxidant properties. This study was conducted to characterize morphologically the genotypes of southern Jalisco. During a period of three fruiting cycles, 14 genotypes were collected, and their physical and biochemical characteristics were measured. The data were analyzed under a completely randomized two factorial design. The results showed that production environment greatly influenced the variables assessed. At lower rainfall and temperature, fruits are heavier but have a smaller edible proportion, and the juice is more acid. There is broad diversity among the genotypes evaluated: in fruit weight (187.6–393.9 g), aril weight per fruit (102.8–209 g), seeds weight (33.6–67.4 g), rind and membrane weight (62.2–192.4 g), number of seeds (414.8–823.9 g), diameter at equator (7.13–9.46 cm) and fruit length (6.78–10.51 cm), length and width of arils (0.817–1.008 and 0.549–0.697 cm, respectively) and rind thickness (2.86–7 mm). Fruits of nine of 14 genotypes evaluated had 41–53.4 g per 100 g rind, 32–48.2% juice with 13.86–17.17 °Brix, pH 2.59–3.38, and 14.7–23.7% seed. The genotype that can be used for fresh consumption with minimum processing is “El Tio”, and for juice “El Tio Criolla”.

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Species of the genus Agave are distributed originally in the tropical and subtropical areas of the American continent with about 200 taxa and 136 species, and its center of origin is probably limited to México. These kind of plants usually grow and live in extreme environmental conditions such as heat and drought where their CAM pathway for fixing CO

Virgin oil from avocados (Persea americana Mill.) is obtained by mechanical processes after pulp malaxation at temperatures that minimize oxidation and improve separation. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of time (0, 20, 30, 40, 60, 120 and 180 min) and temperature (40 and 50 °C) conditions during pulp malaxation on extraction yield, nutritional value (normalized fatty acid profile) and specific extintion (K232 and K270) of virgin oil extracted under laboratory conditions from avocados cultivated in southern Jalisco, Mexico. When pulp was malaxated for 120 min at 40 and 50 °C, a larger proportion of oil was extracted (82.9 ± 0.3% and 80.2 ± 0.8%, respectively). We observed that the normalized percentage of the fatty acids linoleic (18 ± 2%) and linolenic (1.2 ± 0.2%) decreased with mixing time, while that of palmitoleic (9 ± 1%), oleic (51.6 ± 1.2%) and stearic (0.5 ± 0.1%) remained without change. The ω-6:ω-3 ratio (15 ± 1) was higher than the recommended values but similar to those reported as favorable for health. Specific extinction (K232, 2.2 ± 0.3 and K270, 0.20 ± 0.03) indicate that the oxidation level remained low. Malaxation at 40 or 50 °C did not significantly alter the characteristics of the oil, but time significantly affected yield.

Species of the genus Agave are distributed originally in the tropical and subtropical areas of the American continent with about 200 taxa and 136 species, and its center of origin is probably limited to Mexico. These kind of plants usually grow and live in extreme environmental conditions such as heat and drought where their CAM pathway for fixing CO2 allow them to survive in conditions where other plants cannot survive. Although this kind of plants resist harsh environmental conditions, climate change is imposing stronger kinds of stress that diminish their productive potential and in some cases are cause of death. Because of this, genetic improvement becomes a need of fundamental importance in this kind of species. Despite their economic importance, Agave species have received scarce attention with regard to its genetic improvement, probably due to their unique botanical features such as plant architecture, spines, long life span, and monocarpy, among others, which make hybridization a difficult task for the intra- and interspecific gene transfer and creation of genetic variability among many other breeding techniques.The protocol here presented is a combination of a novel hybridization technique and biotechnological tools, and allows the use of several procedures for the genetic improvement of agaves such as pollen selection, clonal selection, and somatic cell selection, among others, since the rescued embryos can be used for micropropagation, for phenotype/genotype selection or the production of cell lineages for diverse genetic improvement purposes.

Supercritical fluid extracts from flowers of Polianthes tuberosa var. double were ob tained using carbon dioxide as a solvent. Yield extract obtained was 2.5%. The effects of the pressure process (18 MPa, 28 MPa, and 38 MPa) and temperature process (313 K, 323 K, and 333 K) on the volatile composition of tuberose flowers extracts were evaluated, and a significant variation in chemical composition was found. Characteristic compounds of tuberose as methyl isoeugenol, benzyl benzoate, methyl anthranilate, pentacosene, and heptacosene were obtained mainly at 18 MPa and 333 K process conditions, and could be used in the perfume or fragrance industry. Components such as geraniol, farnesol, and methyl eugenol were also obtained, these extracts could be used in the development of cosmeceutical products. This work allowed to identification of the chemical composition profile and evaluation of the changes in tuberose extracts due to the extraction process.

The genetic diversity in forty-nine Agave tequilana Weber var. Azul accessions from different regions of the Appellation of Origin Tequila, and eighteen Agave angustifolia Haw. var. Lineno accessions from the south of the state of Jalisco, were evaluated using morphological traits and RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) markers. Thirteen morphological characters and three different random 10-mer primers were used. Statistical analysis for these traits revealed that all of them were statistically different (α = 0.05). Three principal components (PC) accounted for 79.9% of the total variability. The number of teeth found in 10 cm, the distance between the last lateral and the apical spine, tooth length, tooth basal width, maximum distance between teeth and leaf width were the most important traits. Besides the wide morphological variation found in both varieties, we were able to separate A. angustifolia from A. tequilana in two main groups using the dendrogram (r = 0.82) and plot from the PCA analysis. The RAPD analysis generated 46 clear and reproducible fragments, 24 of them (52%) were polymorphic, and this polymorphism was higher in A. tequilana (35%) than in A. angustifolia (24%). The dendrogram that was based on RAPD data, revealed two main groups similar to the morphological analysis with some discrepancies. Despite the low correlation found between morphological and molecular data (r = 0.31), these analyses were able to separate the agave varieties used in this study and were informative and complementary.

Ananas spp., marcadores moleculares, microsatélites, reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, germoplasma.

Se evaluó el efecto de fertilización química y Azospirillum bra-silense sobre crecimiento, desarrollo, rendimiento y calidad de fruto de fresa (Fragaria x ananassa). Se aplicaron tres tratamien-tos: T1: aplicación de A. brasilense a una dosis de log 109 uni-dades formadoras de colonias (UFC) /planta; T2: A. brasilensea una dosis de log 109fertilización química; y T4: testigo. Las variables evaluadas fue-ron: número de hojas (Nh), flores (Nfl) y frutos (Nfr); área foliar (AF), peso seco de planta (PS), longitud de la raíz (LR) altura de la planta (AL), rendimiento por planta (TF) y peso del fruto; a partir del peso seco se calculó la tasa de crecimiento relativo (TCR), tasa de asimilación neta (TAN), UFC/planta + fertilización química; T3: (RP), tamaño de fruto relación de área foliar (RAF) y relación de peso foliar (RPF). La concentración de A. brasilense empleada no tuvo efectos o inhi-bió el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo, manifestado en re-ducción del área y espesor foliar, aumentando la fragilidad de la planta por los valores más altos en área foliar especifica (AFE); así como baja producción de biomasa, provocando reducción del tamaño y peso del fruto. Comparada con A. brasilense, la fertilización química produjo mejores resultados en calidad y rendi-miento del fruto, siendo el mejor momento de respuesta para Nh, producción de biomasa, Nfl,y AF a los 35, 100, 145 y 35 dde, res-pectivamente. No hubo diferencias significativas en AL, LR, Nfr, TCR, TAN, RAF y RPF en fase alguna del crecimiento.

La sequia es el factor mas limitante de la productividad de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) en Mexico. Las dehidrinas son proteinas constitutivas o inducibles por diferentes tipos de estres, relacionadas con la proteccion a membranas y macromoleculas contra la desnaturalizacion, que evitan la perdida de funcion. En este trabajo se estudio el efecto de la sequia aplicada en diferentes etapas de desarrollo, sobre la produccion de semilla y los patrones de acumulacion de dehidrinas en hojas y vainas de frijol cv. 'Otomi', comparado con plantas irrigadas. La sequia aplicada durante el periodo de formacion de vainas y llenado de semilla (SF), redujo hasta 57 % el rendimiento. Las dehidrinas fueron identificadas con un anticuerpo que reconoce una secuencia consenso presente en la mayoria de ellas. Dehidrinas de 82 y 73 kDa fueron detectadas en hojas y en vainas en todas las condiciones evaluadas, por lo que se consideran constitutivas del cultivar 'Otomi'. Estas dehidrinas presentaron mayor expresion que el control en hojas a los 6 d de sequia aplicada en los estadios de plantula y SF, y en vainas tambien a los 6 d de sequia aplicada en SF. Estos incrementos podrian ser necesarios para brindar mejor proteccion en etapas tempranas del desarrollo de la plantula y la semilla. Incrementos en dehidrinas de 63, 36 y 22 kDa observados en vainas durante la etapa de SF, podrian ser parte del programa de desarrollo de la planta encargado de preparar a la semilla para la desecacion. En vainas se detectaron dehidrinas de 158, 54, 46 y 41 kDa a los 10 d despues de la apertura floral, como una respuesta transitoria al estres hidrico en SF. Estos resultados indican que las dehidrinas de frijol son relevantes durante el desarrollo de la planta y durante condiciones de estres por sequia

La tecnologia de liofilizacion es el mejor proceso de deshidratacion para mantener mayor vida de anaquel y conservar las propiedades nutricionales y sensoriales de la pulpa del aguacate. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si el liofilizado y condicion de produccion tienen un efecto sobre la calidad nutrimental de la pulpa de aguacate cultivado en huertas de riego y temporal. Se aplicaron 4 tratamientos: frutos de temporal no liofilizado, frutos de riego no liofilizado, frutos liofilizados de temporal y frutos liofilizados de riego. Los resultados muestran que el fruto esta compuesto por 71.39, 16 y 12.6% de pulpa, hueso y cascara respectivamente. La pulpa esta compuesta por 71.51, 19.96, 2.81, 0.51 y 1.5 % de humedad, lipidos, cenizas, fibra cruda y proteina, respectivamente. El aceite del aguacate esta constituido de 61. 18.8, 11.6 y 7% de acidos grasos oleico, palmitico, linoleico y palmitoleico, respectivamente. El liofilizado disminuyo 1.43 g/100 g de acido linoleico. Bajo condiciones de temporal se produce 4 y 13% menos grasa total y acido graso oleico que en condiciones de riego. Se concluye que la pulpa del aguacate liofilizada presenta ligeros cambios en su calidad nutrimental.

Changes in the concentration of sucrose, glucose, fructose and starch, in leaves, seeds and pods of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Otomí of determinate growth habit, were evaluated under both drought stress and non stress (irrigated) conditions. Plants were submitted to drought stress during the flowering, pod formation and seed filling stages. The stress increased the concentrations of glucose from 18 up to 196% and of fructose from 20 up to 333% in mature leaves, likely due to starch hydrolysis, while showing starch reductions from 17 up to 46% and sucrose reductions from 41 up to 70%. These changes in leaves promoted the sugar exports toward pods and seeds, since their sucrose concentration increased. In the reproduc- tive organs, the concentration of glucose and fructose of stressed plants increased 136 and 138% in pods and 83 and 73% in seeds, respectively. Contrary to the changes registered in leaves, in repro- ductive tissues the sucrose increased up to 238% in pods and up to 148% in seeds, while the starch became reduced down to 37% in pods and to 21% in seeds. The increase of hexoses in pods and seeds might be explained by in situ starch hydrolysis, whereas the increase in sucrose is probably due to an enhanced synthesis of this sugar for a higher osmotic adjustment

"El Nardo (Polianthes tuberosa), es endémico de México, las flores de los cultivares comerciales son blancas, por lo cual se ha buscado obtener nuevas variedades de colores. Con este propósito en el Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) se han realizado cruzas interespecíficas e intergenéricas; para comprobar el estatus de los híbridos obtenidos se caracterizaron usando caracteres morfológicos, citogenéticos y marcadores AFLP (Polimorfismos en la longitud de fragmentos amplificados). De los 19 caracteres morfológicos evaluados los más relevantes fueron el Diámetro de flor (DF2), Largo de hoja (LH), Ancho de escapo (AE), Largo de escapo (LE) y Ancho de hoja (AH), la mayoría de ellos asociados con el porte de las plantas. El análisis de caracteres cuantitativos y cualitativos, permitió relacionar en gran parte de los casos la progenie de las cruzas con sus respectivos parentales, sin embargo, las cruzas con especies comerciales generaron grupos que impidieron relacionar ciertos individuos con sus parentales silvestres. Con las 5 combinaciones de iniciadores usadas en los AFLP (CAG/ACA, CTA/ACC, CAT/AGG, CTA/ACA y CAG/ACC) se obtuvieron 318 bandas, juntas produjeron un 99.808% de polimorfismo, la combinación con la que se obtuvo un mayor número de bandas polimórficas fue CAG/ACA, se realizó un dendrograma de agrupamiento en el que fue posible generar grupos mayormente homogéneos, corroborando el estado híbrido de los individuos. Se seleccionaron poblaciones con características estándares para el cultivo ornamental; tres de maceta; P. tuberosa var. simple por el híbrido Prochnynathes mexicana por P. geminiflora var. clivícola, P. plathyphylla por P. howardii, P. geminiflora var. clivícola por Prochnyanthes mexicana y tres corte: P. tuberosa va. simple por P. montana, P. tuberosa var. simple por P. howardii y P. tuberosa var. doble por Manfreda elongata. Este estudio ofrece información para darle continuidad al programa de mejoramiento antes mencionado, permitiendo el uso del material y los marcadores más útiles aquí analizados."

Se analizó el desarrollo de meristemos apicales en el bulbo presentado inducción e iniciación floral en el interior del bulbo del nardo al pasar de almacenamiento térmico y la organogénesis hasta llegar a los 30 dds. Los cambios de concentración de GA4 y GA7 sugieren que las giberelinas participan parcialmente en la etapa de floración del nardo. Con base en estos resultados se sugiere que los tratamientos térmicos tienen un efecto positivo en la floración de P. tuberosa