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Metronidazole (MNZ) is a nitroimidazole derivative antibiotic that has been generally used in the treatment of rosacea. However, it has low molecular weight and lipophilicity, limiting the effectiveness of MNZ in the topical treatment of rosacea. This study reports an MNZ-loaded solid lipid microparticle (SLM) gel formulation with sustained drug release effects required in the treatment of rosacea. SLM was formulated using the double emulsification method with five different concentrations of glyceryl monostearate (GMS) as a solid lipid used to encapsulate MNZ. All the MNZ-loaded SLM formulas were extensively characterized by various analytical tools. After optimized MNZ-loaded SLM formulation was obtained, then formulated into gel preparation. To obtain a gel formula with good physical characteristics and drug release in the development of topical therapy, the SLM-loaded gel was further evaluated, covering various parameters such as pH, viscosity, rheology, spreadability, extrudability, skin occlusivity, gel strength, permeation and retention ex vivo, as well as hemolysis tests and antioxidant activity. The evaluation results showed that the SLM formulations had desired properties with optimum encapsulation efficiency. Moreover, the gels prepared from carbomer possessed desired characteristics and were found to be hemocompatible. In addition, the gel formula with a carbomer concentration of 1.25 % can provide better drug release with the highest MNZ retention after 24 h of 2.35 ± 0.05 mg. Notably, the formulation of MNZ into SLM and hydrogel did not affect the antioxidant activity. Thus, it can provide continuous drug release, which could potentially be useful in increasing efficacy in rosacea therapy. The results obtained also showed a significant difference (p 0.05) compared to the control formula and other formulas. Therefore, this study has proven a new approach to developing drug delivery systems for rosacea treatment.

The use of lemon juice and yogurt can provide good care for facial skin, so have the potential to be formulated into a mask to overcome skin problems. The study aimed to produce a mask dosage froms formula pharmaceutically stable and not irritating. The lemon juice extract was obtained by using freeze-drying, and optimization of anionic emulgator (TEA-Stearate) and nonionic emulgator (Tween-Span 60) are carried out. The formulation was continued with the variations in lemon extract concentrations of 0.5; 1; and 2% w/v by evaluating the physical characteristics and stability with parameters including organoleptic examination (smell, color, and consistency), centrifugation, homogeneity, pH, type of emulsion, drying time, dispersion, viscosity, and determination of flow type before and after conditions are forced at 5 o C and 35 o C for the 10 cycles for irritation testing using test rabbits. The results showed that the formula with an anionic emulgator (TEA-stearic) of 1:2% b/v with a lemon extract concentration of 1% was a pharmaceutically stable formula and the irritation the results showed that the formula with a lemon extract of 0.5% and 1% b/v did not cause any irritation.

Background: Chitosan has biocompatibility, non-toxic, biodegrade ability, and polyelectrolyte properties. It has been shown to be antimicrobial and accelerate wound healing. Chitosan gel from the waste of white shrimp head can be a new innovation which is effective to inhibit periodonto-pathogenic bacteria and to accelerate wound healing. Aim: To determine the potential of chitosan gel from white shrimp head (Litopenaeus vannamei) waste to inhibit periodonto-pathogenic bacteria and to accelerate wound healing in white mice (Mus musculus). Method: The research was experimental laboratory research. The design of this study was post-test only with control group design. Research on bacterial inhibition was done by 6-team, 5 times repetitions, and 5 treatments;1%, 2%, 3% chitosan gel positive control (Metronidazole disk) and negative control. The subjects of this wound healing research were 24 white mice (Mus musculus) with incisions on the back. They was divided into treatment groups and control groups with glycerol. Clinical and histological observations were carried out on days 1, 3, and 7. Result: The Mann Whitney test results showed a significant difference in inhibition of 1%, 2%, 3% chitosan gel against the Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans bacteria (p

Background and purpose: Polysaccharide sulfate is a major active phytochemical constituent of Caulerpa racemosa, whereas the Eleutherine americana (Aubl) Merr has antioxidant properties. The aim of this research was to investigate the combined effect of polysaccharide sulfate that was isolated from C. racemosa and E. americana on the macrophage activity. Experimental approach: The phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of E. americana extracts in water and various ethanol concentrations were studied using the Folin-Ciocalteu and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl- hydrate (DPPH) methods, respectively. Polysaccharide sulfate was isolated from C. racemosa by precipitation method. To assess the macrophage activity, mice were treated orally for 14 days with either a combination of polysaccharide sulfate and E. americana 96% ethanol extract at a specific ratio or with each extract alone. Macrophages were isolated and the phagocytic activity was measured by assessing the ability of the macrophages to phagocytose latex particles and nitric oxide (NO) levels were assessed using a colorimetric assay. Findings / Results: The E. americana crude extract in water exhibited the highest yield (13.04%), compared with the extract in 96% ethanol, which had the highest phenolic content (6.37 ± 0.16 mg/g gallic acid equivalent) and the strongest antioxidant activity (IC50, 22.63 ± 1.09 μg/mL). The combination of extracts, when both extracts were administered at 65:65 mg/kg BW, resulted in the highest increases in phagocytosis activity (62.73 ± 5.77%) and NO levels (16.43 ± 1.37 μmol/L). Conclusion and implications: The results of this study confirmed the non-specific immunostimulant properties of the combination of polysaccharide sulfate and E. americana and justified their use in traditional medicine. The observed increase in macrophage activity appeared to be correlated with the increased ability of mice to fight infection.

Ekstrak etanol Bawang dayak (Eleutherine americana (Aubl) Merr.) diketahui memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang kuat sehingga berpotensi untuk dikembangkan menjadi sistem penghantaran nanopartikel. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi konsentrasi kitosan – tripolifosfat (TPP) terhadap karakteristik fisik dari nanopartikel. Ekstrak bawang dayak diformulasi dalam bentuk nanopartikel dengan metode gelasi ionik dengan variasi konsentrasi polimer kitosan : tripolifosfat yaitu 0,5% : 0,5% (F1), 0,75% : 0,5% (F2), dan 1% : 0,5% (F3). Parameter pengujian meliputi penentuan ukuran dan indeks polidispersitas nanopartikel menggunakan particle size analyzer, pengamatan morfologi menggunakan scanning electron microscopy, pengukuran efisiensi penjerapan, dan disolusi in vitro. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nanopartikel F1, F2, dan F3 memiliki ukuran masing-masing sebesar 256,30 nm, 376,28 nm dan 419,18 nm dengan distribusi ukuran yang relatif homogen dan efisiensi penjerapan masing-masing sebesar 69,54%, 77,51% dan 79,79%. Pengamatan morfologi dari nanopartikel menunjukkan bentuk partikel yang mendekati spheris (bulat) dengan permukaan yang kasar. Profil pelepasan obat dari nanopartikel F1, F2, dan F3 pada jam ke-8 masing-masing sebesar 71,19 % (F1), 74,97% (F2) dan 80,55% (F3). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak bawang dayak dapat diformulasi dalam ukuran nanopartikel dengan karakteristik fisik yang bervariasi tergantung pada konsentrasi kitosan dan tripolifosfat yang digunakan. Kata Kunci: Bawang dayak (Eleutherine americana (Aubl) Merr.), antioksidan, nanopartikel, kitosan, tripolifosfat, gelasi ionik. ABSTRACT Bawang dayak (Eleutherine americana (Aubl) Merr.) ethanol extract had been known to have excellent antioxidant activity that has the potential to be developed into a nanoparticle delivery systems. This study aims to determine the effect of varying concentrations of chitosan - tripolyphosphate (TPP) to the physical characteristics of nanoparticles. Bawang dayak extract formulated in the form of nanoparticles with an ionic gelation method and and using polymers chitosan - tripolyphospate varying concentration as 0.5% : 0.5% (F1), 0.75% : 0.5% (F2), and 1% : 0.5% (F3). The measured parameters were determinating particle size and polydispersity index using particle size analyzer, observation of particle morph using scanning electron microscopy, measurement of entrapment efficiency and dissolution in vitro. The result showed that the average size of nanoparticle F1, F2, and F3 respectively is 256.30 nm, 376 nm and 419.18 nm with entrapment efficiency respectively is 69.54% (F1), 77.51% (F2) and 79.79% (F3) with a relatively homogenous size distribution and entrapment efficiencies respectively is 69.54%, 77.51% and 79.79%. Observation of morphology of the nanoparticles shows the particle shape is almost sphere (spherical) with a rough surface. The profile of drug release from the nanoparticles F1, F2, and F3 in 8 hours respectively is 71.19% (F1), 74.97% (F2) and 80.55% (F3). Based on this study, it was concluded that the etanol extract of bawang dayak can be formulated into nanoparticles with different physical characteristics based on the ratio of polymer chitosan and tripolyphosphate used. Keywords: Bawang dayak (Eleutherine americana (Aubl) Merr.), nanoparticles, chitosan, tripolyphosphate, ionic gelation.

Herbal cream formulation that contain yoghurt and black rice (Oryza sativa L.) combination investigation has been done, used anionik amin soap (stearic acid and triethanolamin), nonionik (tween 80), anionik detergent (Sodium lauryl sulfate) as the emulgator. An investigation purpose was to have a herbal cream formulation most optimum in stability. Stability evaluation performed before and after accelerated condition in 5 o C and 35 o C for 10 cycles. Organoleptis, creaming volume, viskositas, emulsion type, homogenitas and dispersed globul then observed. The results showed parameters of organoleptic testing, kriming volume, homogeneity, and the type of emulsion drops dispersed in the ninth formula obtained no change before and after strees conditions . But the viscosity measurements showed formulas that use anionic emul gator such us amin soap ( formula I - III) or detergents (Formula VII - IX) results do not change viscosity (α = 5%) after being kept in conditions that are imposed. So it can be concluded the formula I - III and VII - IX produces a more stable Herbal cream physically.

Background and purpose: Polysaccharide sulfate is a major active phytochemical constituent of Caulerpa racemosa , whereas the Eleutherine americana (Aubl) Merr has antioxidant properties. The aim of this research was to investigate the combined effect of polysaccharide sulfate that was isolated from C. racemosa and E. americana on the macrophage activity. Experimental approach: The phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of E. americana extracts in water and various ethanol concentrations were studied using the Folin-Ciocalteu and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) methods, respectively. Polysaccharide sulfate was isolated from C. racemosa by precipitation method. To assess the macrophage activity, mice were treated orally for 14 days with either a combination of polysaccharide sulfate and E. americana 96% ethanol extract at a specific ratio or with each extract alone. Macrophages were isolated and the phagocytic activity was measured by assessing the ability of the macrophages to phagocytose latex particles and nitric oxide (NO) levels were assessed using a colorimetric assay. Findings / Results: The E. americana crude extract in water exhibited the highest yield (13.04%), compared with the extract in 96% ethanol, which had the highest phenolic content (6.37 ± 0.16 mg/g gallic acid equivalent) and the strongest antioxidant activity (IC 50 , 22.63 ± 1.09 µg/mL). The combination of extracts, when both extracts were administered at 65:65 mg/kg BW, resulted in the highest increases in phagocytosis activity (62.73 ± 5.77%) and NO levels (16.43 ± 1.37 mmol/L). Conclusion and implications: The results of this study confirmed the non-specific immunostimulant properties of the combination of polysaccharide sulfate and E. americana and justified their use in traditional medicine. The observed increase in macrophage activity appeared to be correlated with the increased ability of mice to fight infection.

This research was funded by Hibah Desentralisasi UPT Universitas Hasanuddin No. 4610/UN4.42/pm-17/2014.

Telah dilakukan penelitian Stabilitas Fisik Sediaan Krim Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Batang Banyuru (Pterospermum Celebiqum Miq.) Dengan Variasi Phytocream® Penelitian ini mengenai pengaruh emulgator phytocream® terhadap kestabilan fisik sediaan krim dari ekstrak etanol kulit batang banyuru (Pterospermum celebiqum Miq.). Dengan tujuan penelitian, untuk mendapatkan suatu sediaan dengan formula krim yang stabil, menggunakan emulgator phytocream® tipe M/A dari ekstrak etanol kulit batang banyuru. Ekstrak etanol kulit batang banyuru diperoleh dari hasil maserasi dengan etanol 96%. Di rotavaporasi dan liofilisasi untuk mendapatkan ekstrak kering. Ekstrak etanol kulit batang banyuru diformulasi dalam sediaan krim dalam variasi konsentrasi emulgator phytocream® 5, 7, dan 9 %. Evaluasi kestabilan fisik krim meliputi uji organoleptis, kriming, viskositas, pH dan pengukuran tetes terdispersi serta inversi fase sebelum dan setelah kondisi penyimpanan dipercepat selama 12 jam pada suhu 5°C dan 35°C. Pengamatan menunjukkan tidak ada perubahan secara organoleptis, warna dan bau pada tiga formula krim. Data penelitian menunjukkan secara signifikan tidak terjadi adanya kriming, inversi fase, perubahan viskositas, pH, dan ukuran fase terdispersi. Hasil penelitian pada tiga formula krim tipe M/A dengan variasi konsentrasi emulgator phytocream® adalah stabil secara fisik.

The use of fixed-dose combination of antituberculosis drugs (FDC-TB) is used as firstline treatment in tuberculosis. These drugs also have side effects that can damage the liver and kidneys. This study aimed to determine the effect of the paliasa “Tea Bag” hepatoprotector preparation on ALT and AST levels in rats as a supporting therapy for the use of FDC-TB. 20 rats and were divided into 5 groups, Group I was given 1% NaCMC, group II was given FDC-TB suspension, group III was given paliasa tea, group IV was given paliasa tea, and group V was given curcuma suspension, 4 hours later in group III and IV was given FDC-TB suspension, after that 4 hours later again group IV was given paliasa tea. Treatment was given 28 days orally. After the last 24 hours of treatment, blood sampling and measurement using a humanolyzer were carried out. The results showed that the administration of Paliasa Tea Bag can be used as supporting therapy with the use of 2 times a day. It was concluded that the administration of paliasa “tea bag” showed hepatoprotective activity in reducing ALT and AST levels following administration of fixed-dose combination antituberculosis drugs for 28 days.

This study aims to determine the level of patient satisfaction on the quality of pharmacy service at Labiang Baji hospitals pharmacy Makassar. Has conducted researche about relations implementation of pharmaceutical at the Labuang Baji Baji Hospital Pharmacy Makassar with the level of patient satisfaction. Data from Labuang Baji Hospital Pharmacy from of data about the facility, and drug information service. While filling in the form of the questionnaire. There are 100 respondents who filled in the questionnaire. Respondents were taken using a method accidental. The result showed that existing facilities in inadequate wedge Labuang pharmacies, drug information service has not been fully implemented but the distribution of drug has done well. Meanwhile, from questionnaires completed by patient/families of patients obtained results that the quality of pharmaceutical services in hospital LB was satisfactory, with a value of SME (Society Satisfaction Index ) is 74.70975 to obtain the quality of service B, and categorize the performance of service units in good/satisfactory. Key Word : pharmacy services , respondents , questionnaires

As investigation has been done on cinnamomi oil gel formulation as hand clean use ca rbopol gel bases. The aim of the investigation was to select the most stable formula if cinnamomi oil through stability evaluation which done by organoleptic observation, viscosity and yield value determination. It was made three formula with several different concentration carbopol in this investigation that are 0,3 %, 0,4 % and 0,5 %. Of the result organoleptic observation there was no alternation before and after stress condition. Result statistic analyse on viscosity data shown that there was an influence of gel formula to viscosity before and after stress condition. At formula I and III shown that there was a very real influence between of before and after stress condition, while at formula II shown that there was no real influence. Result statistic analyse on yield value data shown that there was an influence of gel formula to yield value before and after stress condition. At formula I shown that there was a real influence between of before and after stress condition, at formula III shown that there was a very real influence between of before and after stress condition, while at formula II shown that there was no real influence. The conclution was formula II have the most optimal stability use concentration of carbopol 0,4 %. Key Words : Oleum Cinnamomi, Hand Clean, Carbopol

A study has been done on the formulation of ekstract etanol pericarpium cacao as tooth paste with various binder agent. the aim was to determined a stable tooth paste formulation of ekstract etanol pericarpium cacao ( Theobroma cacao L.) physically satble. Two formula have been made use different binder agent, they were Natrium Carboxymetylcellulosa and Tragakan. Then the evalution of physics stability made before and after accelerated storing at 5 o C – 35 o C in which the parameters were organoleptic, pH, viskosity and flow type. The result of organoleptic and pH test from both formula showed no different before and after accelerated storing. The statistic analysis of viscosity’s result on formula I not shown a significant difference, but formula II shown a significant difference. Rheogram’s result of formula I and II shown dilatan flow type. So we concluded that the most stable formula was formula I used Natrium Carboxymetylcellulosa binder agent because had nothing changed before and after accelerated storing. Key word s : pericarpium cacao,tooth paste

Gastritis adalah salah satu gangguan pencernaan yang secara epidemologis semakin meningkat penderitanya. Oleh karena itu, selain menerapkan pola hidup yang sehat, diperlukan bahan yang bersifat gastroprotektif untuk melindungi lambung dari kerusakan lebih lanjut. Beras ketan hitam (BKH) (Oryza sativa Linn. var glutinosa) adalah salah satu bahan pangan yang secara empiris telah dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat sebagai obat penyakit maag. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian lanjutan yang bertujuan untuk melakukan diversifikasi dan mengembangkan sediaan nutraseutikal gastroprotektif dari BKH. Koleksi sampel BKH telah dilakukan dari 3 zona iklim di Sulawesi Selatan, yaitu zona transisi (Kabupaten Tanah Toraja), zona barat (Kabupaten Jenneponto dan Pangkep), serta zona timur (Kabupaten Sinjai dan Sidrap). Pemeriksaan fisik menunjukkan seluruh varietas beras yang diteliti memiliki panjang dan L/W ratio yang berbeda tidak nyata (p