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The efficient induction of peony embryogenic callus is of great significance to the improvement and establishment of its regeneration technology system. In this study, the in vitro embryos of ‘Fengdanbai’ at different developmental stages were selected as explants, the effects of different concentrations and types of plant growth regulator combinations on the induction and proliferation of embryonic callus at different developmental stages were investigated, and comparative transcriptome analysis of callus with different differentiation potentials were performed to explore the molecular mechanisms affecting callus differentiation. The results showed that the germination rate of 90d seed embryo was the best, which was 94.17%; the 70d and 80d cotyledon callus induction effect was the best, both reaching 100%, but the 80d callus proliferation rate was higher, the proliferation rate reached 5.31, and the optimal induction medium was MS+0.1 mg·L–1NAA+0.3 mg·L–1TDZ+3 mg·L–12,4-D, the callus proliferation multiple was 4.77. Based on the comparative transcriptomic analysis, we identified 3470 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the callus with high differentiation rate and low differentiation rate, including 1767 up-regulated genes and 1703 down-regulated genes. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that the “Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis” metabolic pathway was significantly enriched, which is associated with promoting further development of callus shoots and roots. This study can provide reference for genetic improvement and the improvement of regeneration technology system of peony.

In order to investigate the causes of the differences in heat tolerance (‘Lu He Hong’ and ‘Zhi Hong’), we studied the physiological changes, photosynthetic properties and regulatory mechanism of the two peony cultivars at high temperature. The results showed that the physiological changed of different peony cultivars varied significantly under high temperature stress. With the extension of high temperature stress time, MDA content of 'Lu He Hong' increased,while 'Zhi Hong' rised first and then decreased, SOD activity of 'Lu He Hong' rised first and then decreased, that of 'Zhi Hong' kept rising, POD activity of 'Lu He Hong' kept decreasing, while 'Zhi Hong' rised. The photosynthetic instrument records the change of peony photosynthesis parameters at high temperature; the chlorophyll A (Chla) fluorescence transient is recorded using the plant efficiency analyzer (PEA), analyzed according to the JIP test (O-J-I-P fluorescence transient analysis), and several parameters were derived to explain the photosynthetic efficiency difference between different peony cultivars. The tested cultivars responded differently to the survey conditions, and the PCA analysis showed that the ‘Zhi Hong’ was more well tolerated and showed better thermal stability of the PSII. The reduced efficiency of the ‘Lu He Hong’ PSII antenna leads to higher heat dissipation values to increase the light energy absorbed by unit reaction center (ABS/RC), the energy captured by unit reaction center (TR0/RC), and the energy dissipated by unit reaction center (DI0/RC), which significantly leads to its lower total photosynthetic performance (PItotal). The light capture complex of the variety ‘Zhi Hong’ has high connectivity with its reaction center, less damage to OEC activity, and better stability of the PSII system. The results show that ‘Zhi Hong’ improves heat resistance by stabilizing the cell membrane, a strong antioxidant system, as well as a more stable photosynthetic system. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the screening of heat-resistant peonies suitable for cultivation in Jiangnan area and for the selection and breeding of heat-resistant cultivars.

To investigate the effects of high-temperature stress on the chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics of peony and to determine indicators for the rapid screening of varieties responding to high temperatures, three four-year-old peony variety, ‘Fengdanbai’, ‘Huhong’, and ‘Yinhongqiaodui’, were selected as materials. The photosynthetic curves (Pn-PAR) and fast chlorophyll fluorescence curves (OJIP curves) of peony leaves were measured at different times under high-temperature stress conditions (40 °C), the changes in the photosynthetic characteristics of different peony varieties under high-temperature stress were analyzed, and the heat tolerance of peony was evaluated. The results showed that ‘Huhong’ grew well within 16 days, while all of the other varieties showed obvious wilting at 6–9 days. High temperatures damaged the structure and function of the photosystem of peony leaves, indicating that the maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pnmax), apparent quantum efficiency (AQE), maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), and photosynthetic performance index (PIABS) all tended to decrease under high-temperature stress, while the rate of closing the PS II reaction center (Mo) and the absorption per reaction center (ABS/RC), the capture (TRo/RC), and the dissipation (Dio/RC) of light energy per reaction center showed an overall increasing trend. The ability to cope with high-temperature stress differed among varieties, and the heat tolerance was determined to be in the descending order of ‘Fengdanbai’ < ‘Yinhongqiaodui’ < ‘Huhong’. The correlation analysis among the parameters and the analysis of the morphological change patterns in peony leaves concluded that PIABS, Dio/RC, and Mo could be used as indicators of peony tolerance to high-temperature stress. The results of the study can provide a basis for the screening of heat-tolerant peony species and peony heat defense in the Jiangnan area.

This study explored the changes in the photosynthetic characteristics of the Fengdan peony under high-temperature stress to provide a reference for understanding the tolerance of peony plants under heat stress. In this study, the effects of high-temperature stress (40 °C) on the photosynthetic characteristics of the Fengdan leaves were studied. At 25 °C, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration rate (Tr) of the leaves decreased gradually with the increase in heat stress time, and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) decreased first and then increased. High-temperature stress reduced the light energy absorption (ABS/RC) and capture (TRO/RC), light energy for electron transport (ETO/RC), and heat dissipation (DIO/RC) per unit leaf area. The maximum photochemical efficiency (FV/FM), leaf photochemical performance index (PIabs), the probability that captured excitons can transfer electrons to other electron acceptors in the electron transport chain beyond QA (ψO), and the quantum yield for electron transport (φEo), decreased gradually. The results showed that high temperatures damaged the photosynthetic capacity of the peony leaves and destroyed the photosynthetic apparatus of leaves. This study provides a reference for understanding the photosynthetic characteristics and tolerance of peony plants under heat stress.