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Denna studie centrerar kring en lärares resa för att förändra sin undervisning, sitt tänkande och sina förhållningssätt i en formativ riktning. Syftet med studien är att stödja och dokumentera denna process. Det primära fokus kommer att ligga på lärarens erfarenheter, tankar och reflektioner kring denna omvandling. För att kunna hjälpa läraren och komma dennes upplevelser nära så användes en aktionsforskningsinspirerad metod. Denna metod utgör dessutom studiens sekundära fokus, där aktionsforskning som metod för utvecklingsarbete inom skolan diskuteras. Aktionsforskning där praktikern själv bedriver forskningen utgör alltså en central del av uppsatsen. Det är en integrerad del av projektet som inte bara ger data för resultat och analys för studien utan även förändrar lärarens tänkande. Metoden innebar att vi tillsammans efter etablerad litteratur konstruerade en formativ undervisning som sedan läraren bedrev. I samband med denna metod samlades det in datamaterial i form av uppgifter, ett flertal inspelade samtal och semistrukturerade intervjuer samt observation av lektionerna. Studiens resultat visar att projektet resulterat i ett kombinerat tänkande där både formativa och summativa ideal samsas hos läraren. Denna process beskrivs genom en cyklisk utvecklingsmodell där läraren ständigt omförhandlar sina metoder i ljuset av nya erfarenheter och ny kunskap. Några av de teman som läraren betonade i sin förändringsprocess var en förändrad flexibilitet där arbetet försköts i förmån för mer förarbete, att styrdokumentens skiftande fokus gällande djup mot bredd skapade bekymmer och en gränsdragningsproblematik med nyckelbegrepp som enkelt och välgrundat. Aktionsforskning har dessutom genom studien visat sig vara ett bra instrument för att utveckla sin egen undervisning.

This paper focus on decision making in the domain of vehicle driving, and the goal is to find out what train-drivers have in common with officers of high-speed ferries in terms of general domain properties. Such properties may be important to identify because they can say something about what constraints these rather diverse work domains may have in common. Consequently, design ideas within one domain can be transferred to another, bearing in mind that tasks, strategies as well as domain-specific knowledge and worker competencies, still have to be introduced in the final design of any artefact. A new information acquisition method called collegial verbalisation is used to study vehicle drivers of trains and high speed ferries. Central properties of the vehicle operators' work are identified, and a comparison is made between the two very different types of vehicles. Three specific topics from the results are discussed in detail, and some conclusions are made about the generality of them with respect to other domains in transportation. Two of the topics, operators' spatial division and temporal perspective, are also discussed in relation to the concept of situation awareness.

Tomorrow's train traffic systems requires new strategies and solutions for efficient train traffic control and utilization of track capacity, especially in traffic systems with a high degree of deregulated and mixed traffic. There are many different goals associated with the traffic control tasks and the work of the traffic controllers (dispatchers). Examples are safety, efficiency of the traffic with regard to timeliness and energy consumption, good service and information to passengers and customers etc. Today's traffic control systems and user interfaces do not efficiently support such goals. In earlier research we have analyzed important aspects of the traffic controller's tasks, strategies, decision making, use of information and support systems etc. Based on this research we, together with Banverket (Swedish Rail Administration), have designed prototype systems and interfaces that better can meet future goals and contribute to more optimal use of infrastructure capacity.

Tomorrow’s train traffic systems requires new strategies and solutions for efficient traintraffic control and utilization of track capacity, especially in traffic systems with a highdegree of deregulated and mixed traffic. There are many different goals associated withthe traffic control tasks and the work of the traffic controllers (dispatchers). Examples aresafety, efficiency of the traffic with regard to timeliness and energy consumption, goodservice and information to passengers and customers etc. Today’s traffic controlsystems and user interfaces do not efficiently support such goals. In earlier research wehave analyzed important aspects of the traffic controller’s tasks, strategies, decisionmaking, use of information and support systems etc. Based on this research we,together with Banverket (Swedish Rail Administration), have designed prototypesystems and interfaces that better can meet future goals and contribute to more optimaluse of infrastructure capacity. These prototype systems have now been developed into afully operational system which has been tested during 6 months, for control of train trafficin a section of the Swedish rail system. The evaluation shows that the system efficientlysupports control tasks and is well accepted by the involved traffic controllers.

In most vehicle domains within the transportation sector, traffic is increasing and vehicles are becoming more technologically advanced. In addition to this, drivers are faced with conflicting goals, such as punctuality, maintaining safety, minimizing fuel consumption, ensuring passenger comfort, etc. When accidents occur, the drivers' actions and mishaps are often in focus, even though the work environment, the organization behind the drivers, and the educational level may provide equally important explanations for incidents and actions. In this thesis, factors influencing operators' behaviour are acknowledged and attempts are made to understand how these factors affect vehicle operators in their daily work. Even though modern vehicles are equipped with new technology that supposedly aids drivers, studies of actual work typically reveal that these tools are not necessarily suited for their purpose. In a larger perspective, it is necessary not only to improve this technology, but to redesign how vehicle drivers perform their work. In practice, also traditional processes for development of technology affect how the operators work, although then simply a side effect of technology being introduced. Based on a deep understanding of the operators' work, the long-term goal here is to instead design new ways of working that allows the operators to use their skills to do meaningful driving tasks supported by technology. To acquire this understanding of how the operators work, a new method of information acquisition has been developed and tested within the rail and marine domains. These studies resulted with an understanding of what train and high-speed ferry operators are occupied with during their journeys, as well as insights into why they perform in certain manners and how they think and reason about these tasks.

Solid phase synthesis has become an increasingly important tool in the synthesis of oligopolymers and small organic molecules. This thesis covers three important areas in the solid phase synthesis technique: linker strategies, reduction methods and novel routes to complex heterocycles. The synthesis of the OMPPA [4-(3-hydroxy-4-metylpentyl)phenyl acetic acid] linker is described. This linker is compatible with the Boc/Bzl protective group strategy, and yields peptide acids upon cleavage from solid support. The OMPPA linker is stable towards “low-acid” treatment and is self-scavenging during final cleavage of the peptide product from solid support. These properties are beneficial for peptide purity and yields. The synthesis of the HMPPA [3-(4-hydroxymethylphenylsulfanyl)propanoic acid] linker is described. This safety catch linker is compatible with both Fmoc/tBu- and Boc/Bzl protective group strategies in solid phase peptide synthesis. The HMPPA linker is stable towards super acids yet final cleavage from solid support is performed by a relatively mild reductive acidolysis method, yielding peptide acids. It is suggested that this linker may be useful when synthesizing cyclic peptides on solid support. A new facile method for reducing cystine moieties is described. Adding metallic zinc to cystine containing peptides and proteins dissolved in slightly acidic aqueous and/or non-aqueous solutions, results in rapid disulfide reduction. This method is compatible with functional groups commonly present in peptides and proteins. The solid phase synthesis of oxygen-bridged tetrahydropyridones via a multi-component condensation reaction is described. Expected products were obtained in reasonable yields using both aromatic- and aliphatic ketones. This class of compounds has the general physico-chemical properties that are typical for drugs with high pharmacological activity.

A new safety catch linker, 3-(4-hydroxymethylphenylsulfanyl)propanoic acid (HMPPA), is described for use in solid phase peptide synthesis. The linker is readily synthesized from commercially available chemicals in a more cost efficient way compared to similar reported linkers. The HMPPA linker is easily attached to an amino derivatized solid support followed by on-resin oxidation of the thioether to sulfoxide, thereby making the linker very stable towards strong acid treatment. Final resin cleavage is performed by reductive acidolysis.

There are many moral aspects to the introduction of new technology, such as car navigation systems, and there are different approaches to deal with these. Here we do not use normative moral theory to argue about what is morally right or wrong, in fact we do not even attempt to find an answer. The primary purpose is not to generate answers to particular problems, but rather to acquire a comprehensive view of the problem at hand and also to document the information on which one base the decision making. No matter what the final decision is, this method summarises all aspects considered during the decision-making process. A successful inclusion of moral aspects in car navigation systems analysis, decision making and decision application can easily fail. The cause of this failure may be found in the way thinking, problem solving and decision making are performed by, for example, a car manufacturer. People use different ways to handle moral problems. Psychological theory and research differentiate between two different moral functions, heteronomy and autonomy, which decide a person’s ability to handle moral problems. In this paper we suggest a tool that can aid people, who are not informed about ethical theories, when making decisions related to ethical aspects. This tool can increase the level of ethical competence before a decision is taken, by simply describing all relevant values and aspects for all involved parts in a structured way. By iteratively considering how each possible action or decision affects each possible value for each involved person, company, organisation, etc, a broader and more complex view of the moral dilemma is achieved. The output from this tool works both as a decision support, but also as a kind of documentation for future reference, for continuous dialog and for argumentation reasons. If someone later questions a decision then the documentation can work to explain it, or if additional aspects of the dilemma are revealed then the documentatio

A solid-phase approach for the synthesis of oxygen-bridged tetrahydropyridones has been developed. A diamine is attached to Trt-Cl resin and condensed with different aliphatic or aromatic ketones and coumarin-3-carboxylic acid for 20 h and cleaved with 5% TFA in DCM, resulting in tri or tetracyclic products in moderate to high yield.