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Abstract Background The integration of sex and gender aspects into the research process has been recognized as crucial to the generation of valid data. During the coronavirus pandemic, a great deal of research addressed the mental state of hospital staff, as they constituted a population at risk for infection and distress. However, it is still unknown how the gender dimension was included. We aimed to appraise and measure qualitatively the extent of gender sensitivity. Methods In this scoping review, we searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL PsycINFO and Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) from database inception to November 11, 2021. All quantitative studies with primary data published in English, German, or Spanish and based in the European Union were selected. Included studies had to have assessed the mental health of hospital staff using validated psychometric scales for depression, anxiety, PTSD symptoms, distress, suicidal behavior, insomnia, substance abuse or aggressive behavior. Two independent reviewers applied eligibility criteria to each title/abstract reviewed, to the full text of the article, and performed the data extraction. A gender sensitivity assessment tool was developed and validated, consisting of 18 items followed by a final qualitative assessment. Two independent reviewers assessed the gender dimension of each included article. Results Three thousand one hundred twelve studies were identified, of which 72 were included in the analysis. The most common design was cross-sectional (75.0%) and most of them were conducted in Italy (31.9%). Among the results, only one study assessed suicidal behaviors and none substance abuse disorders or aggressive behaviors. Sex and gender were used erroneously in 83.3% of the studies, and only one study described how the gender of the participants was determined. Most articles (71.8%) did not include sex/gender in the literature review and did not discuss sex/gender-related findings with a gender theoretical background (86.1%). In the analysis, 37.5% provided sex/gender disaggregated data, but only 3 studies performed advanced modeling statistics, such as interaction analysis. In the overall assessment, 3 papers were rated as good in terms of gender sensitivity, and the rest as fair (16.7%) and poor (79.2%). Three papers were identified in which gender stereotypes were present in explaining the results. None of the papers analyzed the results of non-binary individuals. Conclusions Studies on the mental health of hospital staff during the pandemic did not adequately integrate the gender dimension, despite the institutional commitment of the European Union and the gendered effect of the pandemic. In the development of future mental health interventions for this population, the use and generalizability of current evidence should be done cautiously.

Introduction Parental Reflective Functioning (PRF) refers to parents’ ability to view their children’s and their own behavior by considering internal mental states, such as thoughts, desires, and intentions. Depression has been described as compromising reflective functioning in female samples, whereas other studies have not detected differences in RF between depressed and non-depressed mothers. Objectives We aim to study whether a group intervention focused on postpartum depression, which we have already observed to cause significant changes in the mother-child bond and the severity of depressive, also improves parental reflective functioning. Methods To that end, we analyzed pre-post data from two different groups (N=12), composed of mothers who had been clinically diagnosed with postpartum depression. They received the 6-week Mothers & Babies Program© and completed the Parental Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ), the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ) before and after group therapy. Pre-post data from the PRFQ were analyzed using the repeated measures t-test. The correlation between changes in the three questionnaires was also analyzed using Pearson’s correlation test. Results Significant changes were observed in the Pre-Mentalization Modes (pre=2.37±.457, post=2.03±.520, t=2.0206, p=0.027) and Certainty About Mental States (pre=2.87±1.141, post=3.68±.908, t=-2.814, p=0.010) subscales of the PRFQ, with no significant changes in the Interest and Curiosity subscale (t=-.516, p=0.309). A significant correlation was also observed between pre-post change in EPDS scores and pre-post change in the Certainty About Mental States subscale of the PRFQ (r=-.640, p

En el 2008 entró en vigor la reforma del sistema de nivelación fiscal y del marco de distribución competencial entre la Federación y los cantones suizos. Esta reforma es considerada una de las más relevantes y trascendentes de la historia reciente del federalismo suizo. El artículo plantea un doble objetivo. En primer lugar, analiza las bases de la reforma del sistema de nivelación fiscal de Suiza, tanto en lo que respecta a la forma y el procedimiento como al contenido, objetivos y resultados de esta. Teniendo en cuenta las características del modelo de gobernanza y democracia suiza, el estricto sistema de frenos y contrapesos, y los puntos de veto institucional que tuvo que superar para ser aprobada, el artículo concluye que la clave del éxito de la reforma no estribó tanto en las cuestiones técnicas, sino en una acertada gestión de la dimensión política e institucional. En segundo lugar, pretende servir como fuente de inspiración para el proceso de renovación pendiente del sistema de financiación autonómico; especialmente, para extraer lecciones acerca de los elementos facilitadores de naturaleza política e institucional que ejerzan de palanca para desatascar contextos de bloqueo, inmovilismo y custodia del statu quo.

The crystal structure, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties, and the critical behavior of representative compounds in the pseudo-ternary NdxGd3−xCoNi series have been investigated (x = 0.15, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5). All these phases are isotypic with the parent compound Gd3CoNi, crystallizing with the monoclinic Dy3Ni2-type (mS20, C2/m, No. 12). All samples present a paramagnetic to ferromagnetic (PM-FM) second order phase transition with decreasing Curie temperature as the Nd concentration is increased (TC = 171, 150, 120, and 96 K, respectively) and, at lower temperatures, there is a spin reorientation, which leads to a complex magnetic ground state. The critical exponents (β, γ, and δ) have been retrieved for the PM-FM transitions. On the one hand, in x = 0.15, 0.5, and 1.5 the value of γ ≈ 1 indicates that the magnetic interactions are long-range order while the values of β point to a certain deviation from the 3D-Heisenberg universality class; on the other hand, NdGd2CoNi has a particular critical behavior, as β is close to the mean field model while γ is close to the uniaxial 3D-Ising one. Concerning the magnetocaloric properties, the magnetic entropy change and refrigerant capacity present competitive values, interesting for cryogenic applications. Finally, the thermal diffusivity values of these compounds are extremely good for practical magnetocaloric refrigeration systems, as they are in the range 1.5–3 mm2/s.

Using new and original nineteenth-century sources, we analysed the epidemiology, clinical features and virology of the 1889 pandemic, which was referred to at the time as ‘Russian flu’ or ‘Asiatic flu’. However, we rejected this identification of the disease as an ‘influenza’, which we believe to have been based on insufficient knowledge of the causative agent and instead posit that the pandemic was caused by a coronavirus. We provide a new account of the 1889–1893 pandemic, with a more detailed chronology that included at least four epidemiological waves. At the end of 1889, a new virus appeared in Europe, which could be identified as the coronavirus HCoV-OC43, causing crude death rates of 1.3 per 1000 population in St Petersburg; 2.1 per 1000 in Paris; 2.8 per 1000 in Bilbao and on the French–Spanish border; between 2.9 and 5.2 per 1000 in small towns in the Basque Country; and 5.8 deaths per 1000 in Madrid, which had the highest death rate. The clinical features of the disease differed from classical influenza pandemics in terms of the latency phase, duration, symptomatology, convalescence, immunity, age and death rates. Another factor to be considered was the neurotropic capacity of the disease. The most frequent form of the 1889 pandemic was the ‘nervous form’, with specific symptoms such as ‘heavy headache’ (céphalalgie gravative), tiredness, fever and delirium. There are strong parallels between the 1889–1894 pandemic and the COVID-19 pandemic, and a better understanding of the former may therefore help us to better manage the latter.

Introduction Parental Reflective Functioning (PRF) refers to parents’ capacity to view their child’s and their own behavior considering inner mental states, like thoughts, desires, and intentions. It has been related to attachment, mentalizing capacities, and psychopathology in children. An association between adult attachment style and reflective functioning has been described. Studies have also suggested that parental insecure attachment is related to lower levels of PRF. Objectives We aim to study the association between specific adult attachment styles (anxious [Anx] and/or avoidant [Av]) and specific PRF modes (pre-mentalizing [PM], certainty about mental states [CMS] and/or interest and curiosity [IC]). Methods A sample of 238 parents (228 mothers and 34 fathers) of 263 children aged 0 to 5 years old were recruited through informal difussion of the study in social media. These parents completed the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) and the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire-18 (PRFQ-18) online. Sex and age of parents and children were also gathered. In the first place, Pearson’s correlation was conducted to study the association between the ECR-R and the PRFQ-18 subscales. In a second step, general linear models were used to control for the effect of sex and/or age, when necessary. Results Mothers’ mean age was 35,59±4,55 and fathers’ 38,26±4,47. Among children, a total of 119 were girls (45,2%) and 140 (53,2%) boys; in 4 (1,5%) cases the sex was not specified. The association between attachment and PRF subscales is shown in Table 1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Parent age - Parent sex -0,196 ** - Child age 0,273 ** 0,054 - Child sex 0,062 0,014 0,041 - PRFQ PM 0,120 -0,059 0,072 -0,001 - PRFQ CMS -0,109 0,135 * 0,137* 0,015 -0,256 ** - PRFQ IC -0,099 0,163 ** 0,121 -0,069 -0,072 0,078 - ECR-R Anx 0,115 -0,138 * -0,027 0,006 0,410 ** -0,232 ** -0,035 - ECR-R Av 0,137* -0,049 0,007 -0,091 0,186 ** -0,049 -0,103 0,279 ** ** p

Treatment with second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) can cause obesity and other cardiometabolic disorders linked to D2 receptor (DRD2) and to genotypes affecting dopaminergic (DA) activity, within reward circuits. We explored the relationship of cardiometabolic alterations with single genetic polymorphisms DRD2 rs1799732 (NG_008841.1:g.4750dup -> C), DRD2 rs6277 (NG_008841.1:g.67543C>T), COMT rs4680 (NG_011526.1:g.27009G>A), and VNTR in both DRD4 NC_000011.10 (637269-640706) and DAT1 NC_000005.10 (1392794-1445440), as well as with a multilocus genetic profile score (MLGP). A total of 285 psychiatric patients treated with SGAs for at least three months were selected. Cardiometabolic parameters were classified according to ATP-III and WHO criteria. Blood samples were taken for routinely biochemical assays and PCR genotyping. Obesity (BMI, waist (W)), high diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) were present in those genetic variants related to low dopaminergic activity: InsIns genotype in rs1799732 (BMI: OR: 2.91 [1.42–5.94]), DRD4-VNTR-L allele (W: OR: 1.73 [1.04–2.87]) and 9R9R variant in DAT1-VNTR (W: OR: 2.73 [1.16–6.40]; high DBP: OR: 3.33 [1.54–7.31]; HTG: OR: 4.38 [1.85–10.36]). A low MLGP score indicated a higher risk of suffering cardiometabolic disorders (BMI: OR: 1.23 [1.05–1.45]; W: OR: 1.18 [1.03–1.34]; high DBP: OR: 1.22 [1.06–1.41]; HTG: OR: 1.20 [1.04–1.39]). The MLGP score was more sensitive for detecting the risk of suffering these alterations. Low dopaminergic system function would contribute to increased obesity, BDP, and HTG following long-term SGA treatment.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2020 5(3), 1425-1434 | European Forum Insight of 27 January 2021 | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. The organisation and management of the EU Customs Unions. - III. The undervaluation fraud case of textile and footwear imports from China to the United Kingdom. - IV. Conclusions. | (Abstract) The EU customs management system is based on uniform legislation that is implemented on a decentralised basis by the Member States. In theory, the Customs Union should operate as if it were one single administration. In practice, the non-harmonised and uncoordinated application of the common customs legislation disrupts the proper functioning of the Customs Union. The objective of this Insight is to analyse and assess the current model of customs administration in the European Union, focusing on the shortcomings of the system and its consequences in the form of customs fraud. The Insight uses as a case study the undervaluation fraud case concerning textile and shoes imported from China via the United Kingdom between 2011 and 2017, still pending before the Court of Justice of the European Union.

El Jurado Mixto de Utilidades entró en funcionamiento en 1927 con el objetivo de garantizar el cumplimiento del principio de territorialidad en la aplicación del Impuesto de Utilidades en el marco del Concierto Económico. Además de ser un elemento novedoso en el ámbito de las relaciones tributarias entre el Estado y el País Vasco, el régimen de jurados mixtos incidió directamente sobre el marco de reparto de las bases imponibles en el Impuesto de Utilidades. El objetivo de este artículo es cuantificar el impacto fiscal y presupuestario que produjo la implantación del Jurado Mixto de Utilidades. El artículo demuestra que en términos fiscales y presupuestarios, la implantación del régimen de jurados benefició mayormente al Ministerio de Hacienda.

A Mobile Monitoring System (MMS) has been designed taking into account the use of technology with high sensor accuracy and the ability to be installed easily and quickly in different cardinal locations, distribution spaces, volumes and at different heights of a tertiary in-use building located in Leioa (Bilbao). Two types of MMS have been designed with the objective of carrying out two types of analysis; one intended to do a global indoor air temperature uncertainty analysis and the other focused on doing a global outdoor air temperature uncertainty analysis.Eight tripods make up the interior MMS with twenty sensors at different heights, which have been installed in different offices in the building to collect indoor air temperature measurements at different heights and locations. In addition, eight sensors make up the exterior MMS to collect data from outdoor air temperature measurements around the building envelope. Both MMS have been integrated into the existing Building Automation System (BAS) of the tertiary building; some other data collected by the BAS has also been taken into account for the uncertainty analysis of indoor and outdoor air temperature.The interior and exterior MMS datasets have been compiled based on a rigorous data collection process, with the potential to use the data to study the spatial air temperature behavior, taking into account the impact of solar radiation, the heating system and the electrical energy consumption. Furthermore, it enables the global uncertainty of indoor and outdoor air temperature measurements on an in-use building to be estimated and to break it down into the different uncertainty sources, such as the sensor accuracy, vertical and horizontal temperature variability, solar radiation, occupancy and heating system effects. Finally, it enables the optimization of monitoring and control systems for BAS, heating and HVAC systems, as well as any monitoring system implemented in research tests using indoor and/or outdoor temperature measurements as key variables.

One of the most important steps in the retrofitting process of a building is to understand its pre-retrofitting stage energy performance. The best choice for carrying this out is by means of a calibrated building energy simulation (BES) model. Then, the testing of different retrofitting solutions in the validated model allows for quantifying the improvements that may be obtained, in order to choose the most suitable solution. In this work, based on the available detailed building drawings, constructive details, building operational data and the data sets obtained on a minute basis (for a whole year) from a dedicated energy monitoring system, the calibration of an in-use office building energy model has been carried out. It has been possible to construct a detailed white box model based on Design Builder software. Then, comparing the model output for indoor air temperature, lighting consumption and heating consumption against the monitored data, some of the building envelope parameters and inner building inertia of the model were fine tuned to obtain fits fulfilling the ASHRAE criteria. Problems found during this fitting process and how they are solved are explained in detail. The model calibration is firstly performed on an hourly basis for a typical winter and summer week; then, the whole year results of the simulation are compared against the monitored data. The results show a good agreement for indoor temperature, lighting and heating consumption compared with the ASHRAE criteria for the mean bias error (MBE).