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Addiction is the state of being addicted to any activity, substance, object or behavior in a way that excludes other activities of one's life or causes physical, mental or social harm to oneself and others. In addition to many and various types of addiction, it seems that an important type of addiction is technology addiction. Today, the dizzying development of technological developments and their inclusion in every aspect of our lives has made it necessary for us to rethink the concepts of far and near. With the rapid development in mobile phone technology, the standard mobile phones used in the past to call someone or send a message to someone have been replaced by state-of-the-art smartphones that make our daily lives much easier. However, on the other hand, it is seen that addiction to smartphones, which have become an integral part of life, is on the rise, and this goes back to pre-school periods. In this context, the aim of the research was determined to examine whether the smartphone usage level of students studying in secondary and high schools affiliated to the National Education Directorate of Tunceli province Hozat district in the 2022-2023 academic year varies significantly according to some demographic characteristics of the students. Within the scope of quantitative research, the data of the research designed in the general survey model were collected by applying the "Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Form (ATBÖ-SF)", developed by Kwon et al. and adapted to Turkish by Noyan et al., face to face between May and June 2023. The scale, for which validity and reliability studies were conducted, was found to be suitable for the use of parametric tests, and in addition to test analyzes such as frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean, T Test and One-Way Variance Analysis were used to determine the significance of the difference using statistical data analysis techniques. As a result of the analysis, the average smartphone addiction level being below 3 was interpreted as the students not having smartphone addiction, but the measurements being just below the average indicating a risk factor, while the difference between the dependent and independent variables was not significant (p<0.005). According to the research findings, the smartphone addiction level of students at the lower limit of addiction carries a risk factor, in this respect the findings are warning, and it is recommended that parents, society, and especially schools and relevant institutions and organizations take precautions against the apparent danger.

The aim of this research is to develop a scale for determining pre-service teachers' attitudes towards recycling. The research was carried out using a quantitative research design. The research was carried out in the education faculties of two state universities located in the east and west of Türkiye. 284 pre-service teachers (62 males, 222 females) who were selected by the easily accessible sampling method participated in the research. During the scale development process, an item pool consisting of 56 statements was created. The draft scale, which was prepared after the expert opinion, was applied to the pre-service teachers. After validity and reliability analysis, three factors with 32 items were obtained, which explained 42.456% of the total variance. The factors were named "Responsibility and Behavior," "Consciousness and Awareness," and "Economic Value", respectively. The Cronbach"s Alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.893 for the "Responsibility and Behavior" factor, 0.785 for the "Consciousness and Awareness" factor, and 0.801 for the "Economic Value" factor. In addition, Cronbach's Alpha was calculated as 0.884 for the overall scale. According to the findings, it can be said that this scale developed in the research is sufficient in terms of validity and reliability. However, in future studies, similar scales with confirmatory factor analysis can be developed and applied to large samples to examine participants' attitudes toward recycling.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of argumentation-based teaching carried out with secondary school 7th grade students on students' scientific process skills. The sample of the study consists of 7th grade students in two different branches studying at a public school in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey in the 2018-2019 academic year. The study was carried out with the participation of 36 students, 18 in the experimental group and 18 in the control group, and lasted approximately 12 weeks. Mixed method was used as the research model in the study. In the quantitative part of the research, the semi-experimental pretest-posttest paired control group design was used, and in the qualitative part, the semi-structured interview form developed by the researcher was used. The "Scientific Process Skills Scale" was applied to the experimental and control groups as a pre-test and post-test. At the end of the process, the scores of the students from the related test were analyzed. As a result of the research, no significant difference was found between the scientific process skill levels of the experimental and control groups.

Difficulty in heating tumors with high spatial selectivity while protecting surrounding healthy tissues from thermal harm is a challenge for cancer photothermal treatment (PTT). To mitigate this problem, PTT mediated by photothermal agents (PTAs) has been established as a potential therapeutic technique to boost selectivity and reduce damage to surrounding healthy tissues. Various gold nanoparticles (AuNP) have been effectively utilized as PTAs, mainly using strategies to target cancerous tissue and increase selective thermal damage. Meanwhile, imaging can be used in tandem to monitor the AuNP distribution and guide the PTT. Mainly, the parameters impacting the induced temperature can be determined using simulation tools before treatment for effective PTT. However, accurate simulations can only be performed if the amount of AuNPs accumulated in the tumor is known. This study introduces Photo-Magnetic Imaging (PMI), which can appropriately recover the AuNP concentration to guide the PTT. Using multi-wavelength measurements, PMI can provide AuNP concentration based on their distinct absorption spectra. Tissue-simulating phantom studies are conducted to demonstrate the potential of PMI in recovering AuNP concentration for PTT planning. The recovered AuNP concentration is used to model the temperature increase accurately in a small inclusion representing tumor using a multiphysics solver that takes into account the light propagation and heat diffusion in turbid media.

This work aims to determine the effect of the travel preferences of domestic and foreign tourists visiting Gaziantep province in Türkiye and their participation in destination food and travel activities, as well as examining the mediating role of destination familiarity. The research model includes three sub-factors for travel lifestyle: preference for proximity and comfort, interest in new and local culture, and preference for activities and adventures. While preference for destination food activities has two sub-factors: interest in food activities and tasting local flavors. Additionally, destination familiarity and preference for destination travel activities are the measures used in the research model. The research sample consists of domestic and foreign tourists visiting Gaziantep between March and April 2022; 418 questionnaires were filled in by participants chosen by random sampling. Data analysis was made using SPSS and SmartPLS. As reflective and formative scales were used together in the data analysis, the partial least squares method (PLS-SEM) was used. The research results suggest that preference for proximity and comfort, interest in new and local culture, preference for activities and adventures, and destination familiarity have a positive significant effect on interest in food activities. While interest in the new and local culture and preference for activities and adventures, have a positive significant effect on tasting local flavors; preference for proximity and comfort and destination familiarity do not have such an effect. It was also found that preference for proximity and comfort, interest in the new and local culture, preference for activities and adventures, and destination familiarity have a positive and significant effect on preferences for destination travel activities. Lastly, interest in new and local culture and preference for activities and adventures have a positive significant effect on destination familiarity while preference for proximity and comfort do not.

The tourism industry significantly contributes to a country’s economic growth and creates a positive image of the destination. This study assesses the impact of corruption on international tourism demand. It employs two-dimensional analyses using the gravity model and a pooled ordinary least square estimator to provide a unique recognition of international tourism demand. The study utilized a conditional quantile regression technique to analyze a dataset of 200 destination countries from 1995 to 2022. The empirical results demonstrate a mixed effect of corruption on international tourism demand. The analysis reveals a non-linear relationship between corruption and international tourism demand, with the inverted-U relationship being statistically significant only at the 50th–75th quantiles and not holding at the upper and lower quantiles. The research confirms that income has a positive impact on tourism across quantiles, but the impact is disproportionate. The sub-period of 2006–2022 experienced a significant decline in gross domestic product (GDP) due to the global financial crisis and its aftershocks, which severely impacted the attractiveness of destination countries for tourists. These valuable insights can inform national tourism policies and businesses.

Abstract Engineering multilayer networks that efficiently connect sets of points in space is a crucial task in all practical applications that concern the transport of people or the delivery of goods. Unfortunately, our current theoretical understanding of the shape of such optimal transport networks is quite limited. Not much is known about how the topology of the optimal network changes as a function of its size, the relative efficiency of its layers, and the cost of switching between layers. Here, we show that optimal networks undergo sharp transitions from symmetric to asymmetric shapes, indicating that it is sometimes better to avoid serving a whole area to save on switching costs. Also, we analyze the real transportation networks of the cities of Atlanta, Boston, and Toronto using our theoretical framework and find that they are farther away from their optimal shapes as traffic congestion increases.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the general characteristics of geriatric cases aged ≥65 years, who presented at the Forensic Medicine Clinic due to trauma, and the severity of injury using trauma scoring systems. Methods: The study included all trauma cases over 65 years with a forensic report prepared in the Forensic Medicine Clinic between 2015 and 2021. Evaluations were made using the chi-square, Mann- Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis (post-hoc: Dunn-Bonferroni) tests. A value of p75 years were higher than in those aged ≤75 years (p

In preclinical research, fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) is the most sensitive imaging modality to interrogate whole-body and provide 3D distribution of fluorescent contract agents. Despite its superior sensitivity, its mediocre spatial-resolution has been the main barrier to its clinical translation. This limitation is mainly due to the high scattering of optical photons in biological tissue together with the limited boundary measurements that lead to an undetermined and ill-posed inverse problem. To overcome the limitations of FMT, we previously introduced a novel method termed, Temperature Modulated Fluorescence Tomography (TMFT). TMFT utilizes thermos-sensitive fluorescent agents (ThermoDots) as a key component and localizes them with high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). Scanning the focused HIFU beam having a diameter Ø = 1.3 mm across the tissue while monitoring the variation in the measured fluorescence signals reveals the position of the ThermoDots with high spatial accuracy. We have formerly built a prototype TMFT system that uses optical fibers for detection. In this paper, we present an upgraded version using a CCD camera-based detection that enables non-contact imaging. In this version, the animal under investigation is placed on an ultrasound transparent membrane, which eliminates the need for its immersion in optical matching fluids that were required by the fiber-based system. This CCD-based system will pave the way for convenient and wide-spread use of TMFT in preclinical research. Its performance validation on phantom studies demonstrates that high spatial-resolution (∼1.3 mm) and quantitative accuracy in recovered fluorophore concentration (

Purpose – This paper examines the effect of the attractive motivational factors of archaeotourism on the intention to participate in archaeotourism. Methodology- The statistical program SmartPLS was used for data analysis. Design- The population consists of tourists who visited Çorum/Turkey, and convenience sampling method was applied. Four hundred and seventy tourists participated in the research between July and August 2022. Findings – Core archeological attractions, historical-cultural knowledge, leisure activities and archeotourism’development of the destination have a positive effect on the intention to participate in archaeotourism. On the other hand, additional archeological attractions and participatory archeological activities do not significantly influence the intention to participate in archaeotourism.” Originality of the research – The study includes exceptional variables to demonstrate the impact of attractive motivational factors on the intention to participate in archaeotourism. Furthermore, the statistical analysis provides desirable motivational factors for archaeotourism to determine the intention to visit archaeotourism sites. Thus, the research enables the determination of visitation intention for a destination in the context of archaeotourism and attempts to bridge the gap between tourists’ decisions and their visits. By modeling the effects of archaeotourism incentives on tourists’ visitation intentions, evidence and knowledge gaps in the literature are also addressed.

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of science course which is based on inquiry based learning approach on seventh grade students' scientific process skill levels. Both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods were used in the study. Considering that both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods were used, the study involved a mixed-method design. The research process was carried out according to the simultaneous transformational mixed research design. The study group consisted of 40 students at seventh grade who were studying in public schools in a district in the western part of Turkey in the 2016- 2017 academic year. The data analysis was carried out with Scientific Process Skills Scale and Semi-Structured Interview Form. The obtained data were analyzed using statistical methods. As a result of the study, it was determined that the scientific process skill levels of the students in the experimental group increased statistically significantly compared to the students in the control group. Additionally, the results obtained in the analysis of qualitative data support the results obtained from the quantitative data.

In this study, it is aimed to determine the environmental literacy of primary school teachers in terms of some variables. In this study which employs a descriptive method, the study group is composed of 371 primary school teachers working in state primary schools in the province of Afyonkarahisar, Turkey in the academic year of 2016-2017. Environmental behavior scale, attitude scale towards environmental problems and environment knowledge test were used as data collection tools in the study. The data obtained were analyzed by using the SPSS 20 statistical program. Independent-samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance and simple linear correlation statistics were used in the analysis of results obtained from this study. As a result of the research, it can be argued that the environmental literacy levels of the primary school teachers are at moderate level. In addition, the findings of the research show that both primary school teachers' environment behavior levels and their environmental knowledge levels are moderate and their attitudes towards about environmental problems are high. Finally, it was concluded that there was a positive and significant relationship between attitude and behavior, a positive and significant relationship between attitude and knowledge, and a positive and significant relationship between knowledge and behavior.

INTRODUCTION: The number of dementia patients in Turkey is increasing, as well as all over the world. However, we do not know how much society knows about dementia. The aim of this study is to evaluate peoples concept of dementia, their awareness of dementia research and treatment, whether dementia and forgetfulness are considered normal in old age, and whether having dementia is associated with a lack of mental abilities. METHODS: A Dementia Awareness Questionnaire was created in the form of a self-report questionnaire, consisting of 20 questions and using a five-point Likert-type answering method in order to question participants information about dementia. In addition, we asked for demographic information such as age, gender, occupation, education level of the participants, as well as whether they have had relatives diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disease. The surveys were administered online. RESULTS: A total of 1551 participants from 53 cities were included in the study. Approximately half of the participants did not know the definition of dementia, 20.9% thought that dementia and Alzheimers disease were the same; 50.4% considered forgetfulness, and 55.2% considered dementia as a natural consequence of aging. While 34.5% of the participants thought that dementia patients could be dangerous, 10.3% thought they could not continue living as a part of society. While 38.5% of healthcare professionals do not know the definition of dementia, 18.5% of them say that dementia and Alzheimers disease are the same, 58.5% think that dementia patients are not fit to make their own decisions, 40.6% believe that dementia patients have criminal liability. 15.8% of healthcare professionals thought that dementia is only seen in elderly people; 21.4% thought that dementia, and 49.2% thought that forgetfulness was a result of normal aging. CONCLUSION: Our study confirms that dementia is still an unknown concept in society and among healthcare professionals. It is widely believed that forgetfulness and dementia are part of normal aging, and there is no cure for dementia. This study, which we have done in order to understand the level of dementia awareness in Turkish society, reveals the necessity for research on dementia and studies on how to increase dementia awareness.

Background and objectivesIn photothermal therapy, cancerous tissue is treated by the heat generated from absorbed light energy. For effective photothermal therapy, the parameters affecting the induced temperature should be determined before the treatment by modeling the increase in temperature via numerical simulations. However, accurate simulations can only be achieved when utilizing the accurate optical, thermal, and physiological properties of the treated tissue. Here, we propose a multi-wavelength photo-magnetic imaging (PMI) technique that provides quantitative and spatially resolved tissue optical absorption maps at any wavelength within the near-infrared (NIR) window to assist accurate photothermal therapy planning.Study design/materials and methodsThe study was conducted using our recently developed multi-wavelength PMI system, which operates at four laser wavelengths (760, 808, 860, and 980 nm). An agar tissue-simulating phantom containing water, lipid, and ink was illuminated using these wavelengths, and the slight internal laser-induced temperature rise was measured using magnetic resonance thermometry (MRT). The phantom optical absorption was recovered at the used wavelengths using our dedicated PMI image reconstruction algorithm. These absorption maps were then used to resolve the concentration of the tissue chromophores, and thus deduce its optical absorption spectrum in the NIR region based on the Beer-Lambert law.ResultsThe optical absorption of the phantom was successfully recovered at the used four wavelengths with an average error of ~1.9%. The recovered absorption coefficient was then used to simulate temperature variations inside the phantom. A comparison between the modeled temperature maps and the MRT measured ones showed that these maps are in a good agreement with an average pseudo R2 statistic of 0.992. These absorption values were used to successfully recover the concentration of the used chromophores. Finally, these concentrations are used to accurately calculate the total absorption spectrum of the phantom in the NIR spectral window with an average error as low as ~2.3%.ConclusionsMulti-wavelength PMI demonstrated a great ability to assess the distribution of tissue chromophores, thus providing its total absorption at any wavelength within the NIR spectral range. Therefore, applications of photothermal therapy applied at NIR wavelengths can benefit from the absorption spectrum recovered by PMI to determine important parameters such as laser power as well as the laser exposure time needed to attain a specific increase in temperature prior to treatment. Lasers Surg. Med. 00:00-00, 2020. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL) is an extremely severe and rare disease in childhood with a very poor prognosis, frequently transforms to acute leukemia in a few years, and once transformed median survival time is only 2 months. Here we present a 9-year-old boy with CEL, transformed to acute lymphoblastic leukemia 17 months after diagnosis and successfully treated with chemotherapy and unrelated stem cell transplantation, he is still in remission after 7 years without any chronic morbidities.