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Cordia verbenacea DC (Boraginaceae), popularly known as “Erva Baleeira,” has been widely studied with respect to its chemical and pharmacological properties, and its anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-ulcerogenic activities have been demonstrated. The objective of this study was to determine the essential oil content with regard to time of collection of leaves and to evaluate the antibacterial activity and antibiotic-modifying activity of the oil, sabinene and sabinene hydrate against multidrug-resistant strains. GC/MS analysis showed that in samples of the essential oil obtained at different times over one year, there was qualitative and quantitative variation in chemical composition, with statistical significance (p

Medicinal plants are often the only therapeutic resource for many communities and ethnic groups. Cordia verbenacea DC., "Erva-baleeira," is one of the species of plants currently used to produce a phytotherapeutic product extracted from its leaves. The present study aimed to establish its chemical profile, antibacterial activity and resistance-modulating potential. The C. verbenacea extracts were prepared from fresh leaves using solvents as methanol and hexane. Ethyl Acetate was used for the preparation of the fraction. Phytochemical screening was carried out using HPLC-DAD for determination and quantification of the secondary metabolites present in the fractions. Antibacterial and resistance-modulation assays were performed to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using a microdilution assay. The data were subjected to statistical analysis with two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni posttests. Results of phytochemical prospecting and HPLC analysis of the fractions were in agreement with the literature. The natural products presented moderate antibacterial activity when considering the clinical relevance of a MIC of 256 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 512 μg/mL against P. aeruginosa. However, when the fractions were combined with antibiotics we observed a synergic effect, as natural products enhanced the antibacterial effect of aminoglycosides, significantly decreasing the MIC of antibiotics at 12.5%-98.4%. We believe that the data obtained from phytochemical analysis and from antibacterial and resistance modulation assays of C. verbenacea extracts new can open perspectives in the search for new alternatives for the treatment of bacterial infections and stimulate the renewed use of antibiotics with reduced effectiveness due to resistance.

Croton campestris A., popularly known as “Velame do campo” (Euphorbiaceae), is a shrub originating from Brazil, mainly present in the Southeast and Northeast regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract (EECC), hexane (HFEECC) and dichloromethane fractions (DFEECC), obtained from the ethanol extract of Croton campestris A. leaves. Antibacterial and modulating activity (on bacterial resistance) was determined by micro dilution method to identify the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration). In the antibacterial activity tests the fractions showed a MIC of ≥ 1024 µg/mL (where ≤ 128 µg/mL for MIC is considered clinically relevant). In regards to modulation of bacterial resistance, all products showed synergism when combined with antibiotic against bacterial strains. It was observed that all products potentiated the antibiotic action of all antibiotics assayed against all bacterial strains. The results indicate that the extracts and fractions obtained fr...

Species of the genus Cordia, Boraginaceae, are widely studied with regard to the various ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological aspects. They are found principally in tropical and subtropical regions of the American, Asian and African continents, where they occur in various countries. In the genus Cordia, there are many species cultivated for ornamental plants, wood and medicinal applications, where they are extensively utilized by traditional communities. In the last decades, scientific studies of Cordia species have intensified, demonstrating the great interest in phytochemical, biological and pharmacological studies. In this review, we describe the principal botanical aspects, ethnopharmacological information and evaluation of the bioactive and pharmacological properties of Cordia, its phytochemical constituents and the most common classes of secondary metabolites identified. The information reported in this work contributes scientifically to recognizing the importance of the genus Cordia as a target in the search for new biotechnological investments. Keywords: Bioactivity, Cordia, Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemical, Flavonoids, Terpenes

Introduction “Erva-baleeira,” Cordia verbenacea DC. (Boraginaceae), is one of the species of plants currently exploited for the purpose of producing a phytotherapeutic product, which is extracted from the leaves. Methods Extracts of C. verbenacea were prepared from fresh leaves, and chloroform fractions were obtained from the different extracts for evaluation. Phytochemical screening was performed and the phytochemicals were quantified by HPLC-DAD. The microdilution assay was used to determine antibiotic and aminoglycoside-modifying activities (2.4–2500 μg/mL), and the results were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-test. Results Phytochemical screening and HPLC analysis of the fractions were in agreement with the literature, which describes the presence of several tannins and flavonoids in C. verbenacea leaves. The fractions showed moderate antibacterial activity when considering clinical relevance with a MIC of 128 μg/mL against a resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus and 512 μg/mL against a resistant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, when they were combined with antibiotics, synergism was observed, significantly lowering the MIC of the antibiotics by 12.5 (P Conclusions Our results indicated that the fractions of C. verbenacea, when combined with an antibiotic, demonstrated significant synergistic activity. Due the extensive use and sale of products derived from C. verbenacea may exert pressure on the populations of this species. The development of management plans for rational and sustainable use of the species and more studies with emphasis on the use of such fractions in the treatment of other diseases are necessary.

Introduction The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of methanol (MFEECC) and ethyl acetate (AFEECC) fractions, obtained from the ethanol extract of Croton campestris A. leaves. Methods Antibacterial and modulating activity (on bacterial resistance) was determined by micro dilution method to identify the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration), performed in triplicate and statistical significance tested by ANOVA (two-way) with Bonferroni post hoc test ( p Results In the antibacterial activity tests the fractions showed a MIC of ≥1024 μg/mL. In regards to modulation of bacterial resistance, MFEECC showed synergism when combined with antibiotic against bacterial strains. In the modulation tests, AFEECC potentiated the effects of amikacin against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa but had an antagonistic effect against Escherichia coli . AFEECC combined with gentamicin displayed antagonism against S. aureus and E. coli and an antagonistic effect against P. aeruginosa. When AFEECC was combined with Neomycin it resulted in antagonism against P. aeruginosa but did not affect S. aureus and E. coli . Conclusions The results indicate that the extracts and fractions obtained from C. campestris leaves could represent an alternative source of natural products capable of modifying and interfering with bacterial resistance to aminoglycosides.

Introdução: A resistência bacteriana tem crescido significativamente nos últimos tempos, tornando-se imprescindível a busca por novos alvos terapêuticos. Nesse contexto, compostos bioativos presentes em algumas plantas medicinais podem apresentar várias atividades biológicas, como ação antimicrobiana. Allium cepa conhecida popularmente como cebola é utilizada de maneira etnofarmacológica há muito tempo para o tratamento de diversas enfermidades: tuberculose, diabetes, hipertensão, reumatismo e assim por diante. Objetivo: O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana e modulatória dos extratos metanólico e hexânicoda das folhas A. cepa frente às cepas de bactérias padrões e multirresistentes. Materiais e métodos: Pelos métodos e microdiluição e modulação com antibióticos. Resultados: Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram uma variação no cim (Concentração Inibitória Mínima) de 128 a ≥ 1024 μg/mL dos extratos metanólico de A. cepa (emac) e hexânico de A. cepa (ehac). Na modulação com os aminoglicosídeos (amicacina e gentamicina) observaram-se efeitos sinérgicos e antagônicos dos extratos ehac e emac frente às cepas Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus de linhagem multirresistente. Novas pesquisas são necessárias para uma possível utilização das plantas medicinais combinadas com os antimicrobianos frente às linhagens patogênicas. Conclusão: Através desses resultados sugere-se que os produtos naturais representam fontes promissoras no combate à resistência bacteriana.

espanolIntroduccion: la resistencia bacteriana ha crecido significativamente en los ultimos anos, por lo que es necesaria la busqueda de nuevas dianas terapeuticas. En este contexto, los compuestos bioactivos presentes en algunas plantas medicinales pueden tener diversas actividades biologicas, tales como la accion antimicrobiana. Allium cepa, conocida como la cebolla, es utilizada, popularmente de forma etnofarmacologica para el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades tales como la tuberculosis, la diabetes, la hipertension, el reumatismo y asi sucesivamente. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana y moduladora de extractos de metanol yhexano de Allium cepa frente a las cepas de bacterias y normas multirresistentes. Materiales y metodos: por los metodos microdilucion y modulacion con antibioticos. Resultados: los resultados mostraron una variacion de mic (concentracion minima inhibitoria) de 128 a ≥ 1024μg /mL dos extractos metanolicos A. cepa (emac) y hexano de A. cepa (ehac). En la modulacion con aminoglucosidos (amikacina y gentamicina), se observaron efectos sinergicos y antagonicos deehac y emac, frente a las cepas de Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus multirresistente. Se necesitan nuevas investigaciones para un posible uso de plantas medicinales combinadas con la cara antimicrobiana de las cepas patogenas. Conclusion: a partir de estos resultados, se sugiere que los productos naturales son fuentes prometedoras en la lucha contra la resistencia bacteriana. EnglishIntroduction: Bacterial resistance has grown significantly in recent years, making the search for new antibiotics imperative. Bioactive compounds in some medicinal plants may exhibit various biological activities as antimicrobial activity. Allium cepa, popularly known as onion, is ethnopharmacologically used for treating various diseases, such as tuberculosis, diabetes, hypertension and rheumatism; it is also considered a powerful bactericide. Objective: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and modulating activity of methanol and hexane extracts of A. cepa against the strains of ultiresistant bacteria. Materials and methods: Microdilution and modulation of antibiotics. Results: The results showed a variation in the mic (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) from 128 to ≥ 1024μg / mL between A. cepa methanol (emac) and A. cepa hexane (ehac) extracts. Modulation with aminoglycosides (gentamicin and amikacin) have proved to have antagonistic effects of the extracts sinergicose ehac and emac against strains of multiresistant Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Further research is needed related to the use of medicinal plants combined with antimicrobials against pathogenic strains. Conclusion: Through these results it can be inferred that natural products could constitute a promising source for combating bacterial resistance. portuguesIntroducao: A resistencia bacteriana tem crescido significativamente nos ultimos tempos, tornando-se imprescindivel a busca por novos alvos terapeuticos. Nesse contexto, compostos bioativos presentesem algumas plantas medicinais podem apresentar varias atividades biologicas, como acao antimicrobiana. Allium cepa conhecida popularmente como cebola e utilizada de maneira etnofarmacologicaha muito tempo para o tratamento de diversas enfermidades: tuberculose, diabetes, hipertensao, reumatismo e assim por diante. Objetivo: O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividadeantimicrobiana e modulatoria dos extratos metanolico e hexânicoda das folhas A. cepa frente as cepas de bacterias padroes e multirresistentes. Materiais e metodos: Pelos metodos e microdiluicaoe modulacao com antibioticos. Resultados: Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram uma variacao no cim (Concentracao Inibitoria Minima) de 128 a ≥ 1024 μg/mL dos extratos metanolico de A. cepa (emac) e hexânico de A. cepa (ehac). Na modulacao com os aminoglicosideos (amicacina e gentamicina) observaram-se efeitos sinergicos e antagonicos dos extratos ehac e emac frente as cepas Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus de linhagem multirresistente. Novas pesquisas sao necessarias para uma possivel utilizacao das plantas medicinais combinadas com os antimicrobianos frente as linhagens patogenicas. Conclusao: Atraves desses resultados sugere-se que os produtos naturais representam fontes promissoras no combate a resistencia bacteriana.