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Bullying is a persistent problem in schools today, with developmental and socioemotional consequences. Multi-tiered interventions, such as School-wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (SW-PBIS), have been developed to decrease bullying by improving school climate. However, effects of SW-PBIS are stronger in elementary school than middle and high school, and effects are weaker for marginalized student groups. Aligning SW-PBIS with adolescent developmental needs and promoting systems change through youth participatory action research (YPAR) may improve the developmental fit of SW-PBIS for middle and high school students and strengthen its equity impact. In YPAR, youth conduct research on areas that are important to them and take data-driven action to improve their lives. In this paper, we utilize a qualitative instrumental multiple case study approach to identify similarities between YPAR and SW-PBIS and the value added of YPAR to SW-PBIS implementation. The two cases are from school districts chosen for their unique implementation of YPAR with SW-PBIS in middle and high schools. We used a general inductive approach to analyze field notes, documents, and interviews with school and district staff. We found that YPAR enhanced SW-PBIS implementation at the middle and high school level through alignment with adolescent developmental needs. Youth participatory action research also promoted equity through youth-led or youth–adult partnered assessment and data-driven decision-making, providing YPAR with the opportunity to improve the challenges SW-PBIS faces in decreasing disproportionality in academic outcomes for marginalized students. We provided examples to integrate YPAR with SW-PBIS at Tiers One through three.

Historically, there has been wide variation among hospital policies for donation after circulatory death (DCD) processes. With more DCD donors as well as more organs from DCD donors being utilized, it is time to revisit the variability in DCD hospital policies.Collection of hospital characteristics, DCD referrals and completions, and DCD policies from the Southwest Transplant Alliance Donor Service Area. Content analysis of DCD hospital policies.We found variability in referral requirements, discussion elements for authorization, pre-mortem interventions and process elements. Most policies allow prepping and draping (84.7% [83 of 98]) and premortem heparin administration (78.6% [77 or 98]). A minority allow femoral cannulation prior to extubation (19.4% [19 of 98]) or during the hands-off period (15.3% [15 of 98]).We recommend a national effort to achieve consistency and clarity in DCD hospital policies based on our findings of continued variability in DCD hospital policies.