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In this essay, the concept of online and fourth wave feminism is enhanced through a study of the TikTok-trend #servingcvnt (serving cunt). This study builds on the engagement of contemporary forms of feminist culture with the ever changing dynamic of social media platforms. It offers insight into the otherwise inscrutable world of a TikTok subculture and discloses the mechanisms and practices behind the culturally tinged feminism taking place within it. Combining Muted Group Theory and the conceptual framework of recent feminist media studies, the process of reclaiming is explained and analyzed in terms of feminist humor and shamelessness as resistance tactics. The analysis uses material collected through digital ethnography, encoded through content analysis, that results in detailed studies of video material as well as a portrayal of the digital environment. The study showcases a digital environment tainted by feminine confidence, solidarity and a mentality of shamelessness and humor. #servingcvnt is a subculture constructed by females for females in which they encourage, support and inspire each other to take up space and emancipate from a shaming culture wherein to serve cunt is to reject ideas about how women “should not” be. By constructing their own culture and language, women form a safe sphere in which their own rules and norms apply and reign dominant. This study shows how feminist resistance is injected with a newfound power and possibilities enabled through TikToks media logic and affordances. Hence, this essay should be considered a study of the old phenomenon of reclaiming within a contemporary format of the social media platform TikTok. It is argued that the results and analysis of this study contributes valuable insights to contemporary feminist characteristics, tactics and environments, usable for other future researchers.

This study focuses on sexual violence in Goma and aims to study the significance of women, and perpetrators' mentality. To conduct this study, I have used a narrative method, and collected my data through several interviews and healthcare documents. The data consisted of narratives from rape survivors in Goma. This study has answered two research questions, RQ1: Do the women convey their stories in such a manner that gives indications of insignificance? RQ2: Could this mentality have existed before the First Congo War starting in 1996, and not only, as a consequence of the conflict? These questions are based on two hypotheses, H1: Women’s lives in Goma are seen as insignificant and H2: The mentality of seeing women as insignificant in Goma, existed before the First Congo War in 1996. Based on my data, I have concluded that these hypotheses have evidence to be true, with H1 having the most evidence. That said, there is still evidence that H2 is true, but I believe that further research is required to gather more detailed and reliable evidence. Previous research focused on the mentality during the conflict in Goma, and argued that this mentality emerged as a consequence of the conflict, whereas I have argued that the mentality existed before. The rapes in Goma are complex, and there is reason to believe that the topic is in a need of a study that will, at a fundamental level, analyse the lived lives of the women, and when a mentality that claims them not to have it, emerged. Therefore, the hypotheses and research questions were studied based on three main concepts: insignificance, lived life and mentality.

It is unknown how rifampicin resistance in staphylococci causing a periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) affects outcomes after debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR). We thus aimed to compare the risk of relapse in DAIR-treated early PJI caused by staphylococci with or without rifampicin resistance. In total, 81 patients affected by early PJI were included, and all patients were treated surgically with DAIR. This was repeated if needed. The endpoint of relapse-free survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and Cox regression models were fitted to assess the risk of infection relapse for patients infected with rifampicin-resistant bacteria, adjusted for age, sex, type of joint, and type of index surgery. In patients with rifampicin-resistant staphylococci, relapse was seen in 80% after one DAIR procedure and in 70% after two DAIR procedures. In patients with rifampicin-sensitive bacteria, 51% had an infection relapse after one DAIR procedure and 33% had an infection relapse after two DAIR procedures. Patients with rifampicin-resistant staphylococcal PJI thus had an increased adjusted risk of infection relapse of 1.9 (95% CI: 1.1–3.6, p = 0.04) after one DAIR procedure compared to patients with rifampicin-sensitive bacteria and a 4.1-fold (95% CI: 1.2–14.1, p = 0.03) increase in risk of infection relapse after two DAIR procedures. Staphylococcal resistance to rifampicin is associated with inferior outcomes after DAIR. These findings suggest that DAIR may not be a useful strategy in early PJI caused by rifampicin-resistant staphylococci.

Objective Diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) can be challenging. The ability to distinguish between septic and aseptic failure of a joint prosthesis is crucial for treatment strategy optimisation and prognosis prediction. Preoperative tissue cultures are included in many diagnostic algorithms; however, studies report different degrees of concordance (63%-85%) with intraoperative cultures. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic performance of tissue biopsies in the preoperative diagnostic process with the 2018 International Consensus Meeting criteria as a reference and to describe the concordance between microbiological findings in pre- and intraoperative biopsies. Methods This observational retrospective study included 44 patients requiring revision surgery of a total hip or knee arthroplasty, where the diagnostic workup included biopsies of periprosthetic tissue. The accuracy of preoperative biopsies was calculated, and concordance between microbiological findings in pre- and intraoperative biopsies was described. Results The accuracy was 59%, with a sensitivity of 50% and specificity of 79%. Full concordance between microbiological findings in pre- and intraoperative biopsies was found in 64% of the cases. Conclusion An open biopsy of periprosthetic tissue cannot reliably confirm or exclude PJI, and, therefore, should not be performed.

Objectives: Superficial surgical site infection (SSSI) may increase the risk of serious complications such as periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). This study aims to identify patient-related risk factors associated with SSSI and investigate their correlation with the progression of PJI. Design: In this retrospective study, 1191 elective hip and knee prostheses were included. Patients were interviewed 3-5 months after surgery to answer questions about the postoperative period. Patient records were reviewed to determine whether there had been any documentation of wound-healing difficulties or whether antibiotics were prescribed to treat an infection related to arthroplasty surgery. Setting: Uppsala University Hospital, patients treated between November 2008 and December 2012. Participants: The study population comprised 433 knees and 758 hips. Outcome measures: We studied patient-related risk factors (joint, age, sex, the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, body mass index (BMI), smoking, diabetes and rheumatic disease) to determine whether they were associated with (1) SSSI and (2) the progress from SSSI to PJI. Results: 84 (7%) patients of the total cohort developed SSSI. This infection progressed to a PJI in 24 (29%) of the patients. Factors with increased adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) for SSSIs were knee surgery (1.7; 95% CI: 1.1 to 2.7), age >= 65 years (1.7; 95% CI: 1.1 to 2.8), BMI >= 30 (1.9; 95% CI: 1.0 to 3.4) and ASA classification >= 3 (1.7; 95% CI: 1.0 to 2.9). ASA classification >= 3 was the only factor showing a significant progression from SSSI to PJI (aRR=3.3; 95% CI: 1.0 to 10.3). Conclusions: The risk of progressing from an SSSI to a PJI is high. Older patients, patients with obesity, and those with a high ASA classification considered for elective total knee arthroplasty seem to have an increased risk of developing SSSI. Patients with a high ASA classification seem to have an increased risk of progressing from SSS

This study is about the Bush-administration after the events of 9/11. Despite the fact that Israel-Palestine had no connection to 9/11 or Al-qaida, the Bush-administration changed their foreign policy regarding the Israel-Palestine issue. This thesis studies the motives behind the administration's change using a theoretical based motive analysis. The analysis intends to provide motive-based explanations with the help of international relations (IR) theory. To reduce the scope of the analysis, the thesis investigates if the security, identity and solidarity motives from the IR-theories realism and constructivism could be a possible cause for the change in policy. This study uses the Bush-administration’s own statements which were found at the White House archives, among others, to explore the motives correspondence. The analysis concludes that the motives: security,identity and solidarity, have been motives for the administration’s change in the Israel-Palestine issue and the motives have shown correspondence with reality. Both theories then show relevance for being able to study this issue and define motives from. This study also acknowledges the value of combining realism and constructivism to analyze this case.

Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a serious complication that may occur after total joint arthroplasty (TJA). In addition, PJI has a devastating impact on the patient's quality of life. Therefore, it is imperative to increase our knowledge of PJI prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Prevention of PJI through effective strategies must be taken to avoid this catastrophic complication. Diagnosing PJI is a major challenge, with no gold standard diagnostic criteria. Although there are several diagnostic algorithms available, these are not sufficiently accurate and require continuous evaluation and improvement. Treating PJI is complex and includes a combination of surgical intervention and long-term antibiotic treatment. In this thesis we investigated whether various preventive, diagnostic, and treatment methods could improve the outcome after PJI. We found that patients suffering from superficial surgical site infection (SSSI) after primary hip or knee arthroplasty had a high risk of progression to PJI. Patient-related factors such as age, high American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, and obesity were associated with a high prevalence of SSSI. High ASA classification seems to be a crucial factor in progressing from SSSI to PJI. On PJI diagnostics, our studies revealed that the measurement of alpha-defensin levels in synovial fluid play a role in the diagnostic algorithm of PJI. The diagnostic accuracy of the alpha-defensin lateral flow test is inferior to the immunoassay test. However, the rapid availability of the lateral flow test result gives this method a place in ruling in a suspected PJI intraoperatively. In preoperative diagnostics identifying causative bacteria is essential in planning the optimal treatment regime. We found that debridement antibiotics and implant retention, as the surgical choice in patients suffering from early PJI caused by Staphylococci, has a higher rate of failure if the causative Staphylococci is resistant to rifampi

This study explores how constructivism's view of we and them have affected Belgium and France in the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, as well as how their actions with a starting point in soldairty affected UN's actions during the genocide in Rwanda. With a qualitative text analysis and a constructivist reading, official documents from the UN are analysed. The analysis shows that Belgium, France and the UN based on a constructivist reading, act because the feeling of we and them, which results in Belgium recalling their troops in Rwanda as well as their cooperation with France in the humanitarian rescue of foreign citizen which were based in Rwanda in the start of the genocide. The humanitarian rescue as well as the recalling of troops, could with a starting point in constructivism, explain that they acted from a we point of view and that they saw the citizens of Rwanda as them, which they did not feel solidarity to. With no solidarity, they did not act as if Rwanda and the UN, France and Belgium represented a we with a similar identity. The study also discusses the complexity in trying to explain different causes and reasons to someone's behaviour and that the research question itself is complex and could be explained in many perspectives. But in the conclusion the study answer the research question, that a perspective with the feeling of we and them could explain why France, Belgium and the UN acted in that way in the geoncide in Rwanda.

Background: Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) is increasingly common and is sometimes treated with off-label use of linezolid. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of patients with PJI caused by CoNS treated with surgical intervention and orally administrated linezolid during the period 1995-2014 (n = 28). Clinical outcomes and adverse events related to linezolid administration were evaluated. Mean time to follow-up was 4.3 years (range: 0.2-12). Results: Twenty-two of 28 patients were infection-free at follow-up. No CoNS strain was resistant to vancomycin, but 16 of 28 were resistant to rifampicin, 23 of 28 to clindamycin and 20 of 27 to quinolones. The mean duration of linezolid treatment was 4.2 weeks (range: 1-12). Eleven of 28 patients had an adverse event related to the antimicrobial treatment, and four had to discontinue linezolid, but all adverse events were reversible within 2 months after discontinuation. Conclusions: Oral linezolid administration combined with adequate surgical treatment may be useful for the treatment of PJIs caused by CoNS.

En viktig målsättning i den svenska skogspolitiken är att skogsbruket ska bedrivas på ett hållbart sätt och i Skogsvårdslagen är produktionsmålen och miljömålen jämställda. Skogsägare kan utöver detta åta sig att certifiera sin fastighet, antingen genom FSC eller PEFC. Certifiering är ett marknadsdrivet, frivilligt åtagande och handlar om att ta ett större ansvar för miljö och natur än vad Skogsvårdslagen kräver. Syftet med denna studie är att jämföra förekomst av naturvärden på certifierade fastigheter och icke-certifierade fastigheter genom fältinventering av utvalda kriterier. Kriterierna valdes utifrån mätbara och synliga indikatorer på naturvärden och utifrån faktorer som speglar variationsrikedom, hänsyn, kontinuitet, flora-och faunaobjekt och återväxt. I denna studie har vi arbetat fram en funktionell inventeringsmall i syfte att kartlägga naturvärden på fastighetsnivå. En slutsats från inventeringen var att naturens egna förutsättningar är en viktig faktor för förekomsten av naturvärden i högre grad än om fastigheten är certifierad eller inte.

Objective: Diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) can be challenging. The ability to distinguish between septic and aseptic failure of a joint prosthesis is crucial for treatment strategy optimisation and prognosis prediction. Preoperative tissue cultures are included in many diagnostic algorithms, but studies report different degree of concordance (63-85%) with intraoperative cultures. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic performance of tissue biopsies as part of the preoperative diagnostic process with the 2018 International Consensus Meeting criteria as a reference and to describe the concordance between microbiological findings in pre- and intraoperative biopsies. Methods: This observational retrospective study included 44 patients requiring revision surgery of a total hip or knee arthroplasty, where the diagnostic workup included biopsies of periprosthetic tissue. The accuracy of preoperative biopsies was calculated and concordance between microbiological findings in pre- and intraoperative biopsies described. Results: The accuracy was 59% with a sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 79%. Full concordance between microbiological findings in pre- and intraoperative biopsies was found in 64 % of the cases. Conclusion: The accuracy of preoperative tissue biopsies in diagnosing PJI should be considered mediocre, and not reliable to confirm or exclude PJI, and should therefore not be performed routinely.

Objectives: The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to investigate whether rifampicin resistance in early periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) caused by Staphylococci (Coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) or Staphyloccocus aureus (SA)) affects the treatment outcome after debridement, antibiotics and implant retention (DAIR). Patients and methods: 81 patients (42 women) with a mean age of 72 (41-93) years affected by early PJI (30 knees, 51 hips) were included. Early PJI was defined as infection diagnosed within 6 weeks after the index surgical procedure, where index procedures could be either primary or revision surgeries. The diagnosis of PJI was based on MSIS (Musculoskeletal Infection Society) criteria and all patients were treated surgically by DAIR, repeated if needed. Infection-free survival was estimated using the Kaplan Meier method, and Cox regression models were fitted to assess the risk of unsuccessful treatment outcome, adjusted for the potential confounders sex, joint (hip or knee), type of index surgery (primary or revision) and age (dichotomised into age ˂ 70 or ≥ 70). Outcome measures: The primary endpoint was to compare treatment outcome in patients with PJI caused by rifampicin-resistant or rifampicin-sensitive Staphylococci after one DAIR procedure and secondary endpoint to compare outcome after two DAIR procedures. Results: The treatment was unsuccessful in 58% of patients after one DAIR procedure and in 42% after two DAIR procedures. In the group of patients with rifampicin-resistant Staphylococci, treatment was unsuccessful in 80% after one DAIR and 70% after two DAIR procedures. In patients with rifampicin-sensitive bacteria, 49% of the patients had an unsuccessful treatment after one DAIR and 33% after two DAIR. Patients with rifampicin-resistant staphylococcal PJI had a risk of infection relapse of 1.9 (95% CI: 1.1-3.6, p=0.04) after one DAIR when compared with patients with rifampicin-sensitive bacteria, and a 4.1 (95% CI: 1