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Bakgrund: Studien undersöker hur CSRD tvingat några företag att anpassa sitt arbete med hållbarhetsfrågor. CSRD syftar till att harmonisera hållbarhetsrapporteringen med finansiell rapportering, och att driva företag mot en mer hållbar framtid. CSRD innebär nya utmaningar, exempelvis krav på revision och hantering av en stor mängd hållbarhetsdata. Syfte: Studien ska visa hur några företag anpassar sitt arbete gentemot hållbarhetsfrågor till följd av ett påtvingande direktiv och vad de gjort för att klara av direktivets påtvingande effekter. Studien avser även att identifiera och undersöka de utmaningar och problem som uppstår i implementeringsprocessen av CSRD. Genom att studera CSRD:s implementation och förändring av ett existerande styrsystem syftar studien till att bidra teoretiskt inom hållbarhet- samt styrlitteraturen samt praktiska implementerings-utmaningar av CSRD. Metod: En intervjustudie har varit till grund för empiri-insamlingen. Totalt har tolv respondenter intervjuats, varav tio ansvariga för anpassningen mot CSRD på ett publikt företag och två var en pilotstudie. Dessutom granskades årsredovisningar 2022/2023 från de berörda företagen för att komplettera intervjudata och stödja analysen. Slutsats: Studiens slutsats är att några företag har gjort anpassningar i sina styrsystem för att uppfylla CSRD:s krav. Anpassningarna inkluderar integration av hållbarhetsmål i strategisk planering, och prestationsmätning samt utveckling av nya prestationsmått, som täcker både finansiella och icke-finansiella aspekter. Företagen har också behövt förbättra sina IT-system, för att effektivt hantera och rapportera hållbarhetsdata. Studien bidrar teoretiskt genom att visa hur företagen anpassar sina interna styrsystem för att integrera hållbarhetsmål, och praktiskt genom att ge insikter i hur anpassningar kan genomföras effektivt., Background: The study examines how the CSRD has forced some companies to adapt their work with sustainability issues. The CSRD aims to harmonize sustainability reporting with financial reporting and drive companies towards a more sustainable future. The CSRD introduces new challenges, such as requirements for auditing and the management of a large amount of sustainability data. Purpose: The study aims to show how some companies are adapting their work regarding sustainability issues in response to a mandatory directive and what they have done to cope with the directive's mandatory effects. The study also intends to identify and investigate the challenges and problems that arise in the implementation process of the CSRD. By studying the implementation of the CSRD and the changes it brings to an existing management system, the study seeks to contribute theoretically to sustainability and management literature, as well as to the practical challenges of implementing the CSRD. Method: The empirical data collection was based on an interview study. In total, twelve respondents were interviewed, ten of whom were responsible for adapting to the CSRD in a public company, and two were part of a pilot study. Additionally, the 2022/2023 annual reports from the relevant companies were reviewed to complement the interview data and support the analysis. Conclusion: The study concludes that some companies have made adjustments to their management systems to comply with the requirements of the CSRD. These adjustments include the integration of sustainability goals into strategic planning and performance measurement, as well as the development of new performance metrics that cover both financial and non-financial aspects. Companies have also had to enhance their IT systems to efficiently manage and report sustainability data. The study contributes theoretically by demonstrating how companies adapt their internal management systems to integrate sustainability goals, and practically b

Predicting the future is an essential element in many fields, as it can lead to significant cost savings due to more efficient resource allocation. Modern Cloud systems are composed of large numbers of processing and storage resources, giving the potential to dynamically scale the resources provided to workloads throughout the day. If the amount of resources required is known in advance, proactive scaling can be implemented, with the aim that only the required amount of resources are allocated, resulting in optimal performance and cost efficiency. This study aims to accurately and efficiently forecast the workload of a financial system, characterized by high frequency, noise, and unpredictability. Based on the dataset describing the historical workload for individual tasks within the market system, a model within each category, statistical, machine learning, and artificial neural network was implemented. The models within each category with the most promising qualities for such data were, SARIMA, XGBoost, and LSTM. These 3 models were compared on different scenarios with a focus on the trade-off between accuracy and complexity. An optimal model has a low complexity which means efficient but still has a high accuracy. The result of this study showed that the workload within this specific system can be predicted using the 3 models. The optimal model varies depending on scaling requirements, for short-term high-accuracy predictions LSTM is the best with an R2 score of 0.92, but also the most complex. XGBoost is less complex than LSTM and has an overall better accuracy on different scenarios. SARIMA, though simpler, exhibits the best accuracy for long-term predictions with an R2 score of 0.75. This study concludes that it is possible to predict certain financial workloads in advance, paving the way for further research into proactive scaling in such scenarios.

Evenemang blir en allt vanligare reseanledning och passar vårt sätt att resa; flera gånger per år, men kortare i tid. Allt fler väljer att besöka evenemang, både som deltagare och som åskådare. En stadigt växande efterfrågan och ett ökat utbud förstärks av rådande trender inom hälsa och livsstil. Ökningen av evenemang skapar glädje och gemenskap samt möjligheter genom ökad sysselsättning och tillväxt, men innebär också en ökad belastning på miljön. Inte sällan återfinns evenemang i känsliga miljöer i mer eller mindre perifera lägen, men även evenemang i stadsmiljöer påverkar miljön på olika sätt. Det är viktigt men svårt att mäta miljöeffekter av evenemang. De många tänkbara perspektiven kopplat till tid, geografi och aktörer gör att öppenhet och transparens är av största vikt. Stort fokus har legat på negativa miljöeffekter av evenemang, men rätt planerat och genomfört kan evenemang också bidra till att driva en rörelse i mer hållbar riktning. Utöver de miljömässiga effekterna är det angeläget att dessutom väga in ekonomiska och sociala aspekter. Syftet med guiden är att ge en snabb och populärvetenskaplig introduktion till miljömässiga effekter av evenemang - centrala begrepp och perspektiv. Guiden har framställts av forskare på ETOUR vid Mittuniversitetet

Many of the over 3300 churches in Sweden are only used a couple of times a week and are kept cold in between sessions. The occasional heating results in a power spike which burdens both grid and wallet in form of an increased grid fee. With the help of a battery and peak shaving, the peak can be lessened. While the battery is not used for this purpose it can instead be used to support the grid. The aim of this project was to investigate how this could be achieved. As the energy production strives towards more sustainable methods, new problems in the grid can start to show up. One problem is the lack of rotational inertia in a new wind and solar based energy system. That will lead to new problems keeping the correct frequency of 50 Hz in the grid. To keep the frequency in an acceptable range, the Swedish transmission system operator (TSO), Svenska kraftnät, buys stability services which can come from the batteries in the church. Various stability services are available such as FCR and FFR. In this report calculations were made to research the potential profit if stability services would have been sold during 2022. The result shows that the profit was quite high, the investment cost of the batteries would be paid off in just a couple of years. In addition to this the batteries can also be used to support the local grid, participating in local flexibility markets, or even helping with voltage regulation or power factor compensation if the need should arise. Under the current economic circumstances, batteries would be a beneficial investment for parishes within the Church of Sweden, both from an economical and societal point of view., Med batterier installerade i eluppvärmda kyrkor kan församlingar minska sina nätavgifter och erbjuda stödtjänster till elnätet. På grund av rekordhög ersättning för att leverera stödtjänster kan återbetalningstiden på batterierna idag kapas till några fåtal år. Många kyrkor används endast ett fåtal gånger i veckan och hålls vid låg temperatur däremellan. Innan användning måste de värmas upp och kräver då en stor effekt viket belastar både elnät och plånbok. Batteripack kan då användas för att fördela denna effekttopp över en längre tid. När batterierna inte användas för uppvärmning kan de användas för andra uppgifter såsom till exempel stödtjänster. Projektets syfte är därför att undersöka de systemnyttor som kan uppnås med batterier installerade vid eluppvärmda kyrkor, både på lokal och transmissionsnätsnivå samt de ekonomiska fördelarna med detta. Med utbyggnaden av förnyelsebara energikällor förändras dynamiken i elnätet då dessa saknar den stabiliserande rotationsmassan och planerbarheten som finns i de stora vatten- och kärnkraftverken. För att upprätthålla balansen och stabilitet i elnätet köper Svenska kraftnät stödtjänster, vilka skulle kunna erbjudas med kyrkornas eventuella batterier. Dessa tjänster kan vara frekvenshållningsreserver så som FCR-D, FCR-N eller FFR. På grund av de höga elpriserna har det varit mycket lönsamt att sälja dessa tjänster under den senaste tiden, något som kan ändras allteftersom läget i elnätet förändras. I denna rapport beräknades hur mycket kyrkan hade kunnat tjäna på att leverera stödtjänster under år 2022. Detta gjordes genom statistik från svenska kraftnät och en modell i beräkningsprogrammet Matlab. Utöver dessa stora nätomtäckande stödtjänsterna kan även batterierna användas för att på lokal nivå utjämna de effekttoppar som uppkommer mot överliggande nät, till exempel en kall vinterdag. Dessa effekttoppar kan vara ett problem bland annat då transmissionsnätet inte hinner byggas ut i samma takt som storstäderna, vilket späd

Background and problems: The research field of performance management and measurement has primarily focused on financial aspects for a long time, with measurement being the focus. Performance management systems integrate both the aspects of control and measurement, resulting in a broad research area. The lack of research combined regarding the role of the staff manager within the system creates a gap that needs to be explored. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to make a theoretical contribution to the field of performance management systems. The contribution is to examine the role of the staff manager in an implemented performance management system and the achievement of organizational goals. Method: To fulfill the purpose, a qualitative research method with an abductive research approach was used. The study is a case study conducted at Handelsbanken, where the empirical data collection is based on six semi-structured interviews and an internal document. Conclusion: The role of the staff manager is crucial and more central than previously believed in effectively using a performance management system and achieving organizational goals. By communicating the mission and vision and linking them to the employees' daily work, the system can be efficiently utilized. Daily work is monitored through evaluations, which serve as a fundamental control mechanism in the system. By strengthening the alignment between employees and the organization, it can result in more desirable organizational outcomes. This can be achieved through a clearer reward system and linking the employees' daily work to the achievement of office goals.

Through the lens of liveability and Buen Vivir, I explore how local actors form their acceptance of the physical impact on nature caused by a trail marathon in north-central Sweden, particularly given trail and soil erosion. With a qualitative multi-method research approach, the findings reveal that the local actors minimise the impacts by getting involved in various activities both inside and outside the event. Different knowledge and practices foster sustainability and create acceptance. While the growth of tourism creates unease and feelings of inadequate control, this event is seen as a distinct phenomenon. I show that liveability goes beyond perception and requires integration of the local environment into local practices. Current acceptance may however be eroded if more or larger events occur in the future. Policies and planning must therefore acknowledge and incorporate these local practices to create sustainability.

A modern diesel engine is a reliable and efficient mean of producing power. A way to reduce harmful exhaust and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and secure the sources of energy is to develop technology for an efficient diesel engine operation independent of fossil fuels. Renewable diesel fuels are compatible with diesel engines without any major modifications. Rapeseed oil methyl esters (RME) and other fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are commonly used in low level blends with diesel. Lately, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) produced from vegetable oil and waste fat has found its way into the automotive market, being approved for use in diesel engines by several leading vehicle manufacturers, either in its pure form or in a mixture with the fossil diesel to improve the overall environmental footprint. There is a lack of data on how renewable fuels change the semi-volatile organic fraction of exhaust emissions. In order to characterize and explain the difference in exhaust emissions from fossil diesel, HVO and RME fuels, particulate matter (PM) emissions were sampled at two exhaust positions of an experimental single cylinder Scania D13 heavy-duty (HD) diesel engine: at the exhaust manifold, and after a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC). Advanced analyzing techniques were used to characterize the composition of the organic PM. Special attention was paid to an operating point at 18% intake oxygen level with constant engine operating conditions where the emission level of nitrogen oxides (NOx) was low, and carbon monoxide (CO) and total hydrocarbon (THC) were relatively low. On-line aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) suggests that the chemical composition of the organic aerosols (OAs) was similar for HVO and diesel. However, RME both reduced the OA emissions and changed the composition with evidence for fuel signatures in the mass spectra. When the emissions were aged in an oxidation flow reactor to simulate secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in the atmosphere, it was

In 2019 the Nordic Council (Nordic parliaments) and the Nordic Council of Ministers (representing Nordic governments) of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Aaland (hereinafter referred to as the Nordic region) decided on a joint initiative aimed at giving young people in Nordic countries the possibility of influencing the development of the Global Biodiversity Framework, thereby creating ownership of, engagement in, and trust in the political processes. New goals for protecting the biodiversity and natural resources of our planet must address the opportunities and living conditions of young people both today and in the future. Young people today are those who must develop the solutions of the future and handle the challenges that previous generations have inflicted on them. The paper presents a summary of a Nordic initiative to engage Nordic youth in development and negotiations of the Global Biodiversity Framework, which was adopted in Montreal December 2022, together with an outline of the guiding principles for Nordic youth engagement to avoid tokenism, and lessons learnt.

In this case study we illustrate the interplay of social-ecological factors and uncontrollable processes in an event context. We focus on trail running, the popularity of which is on the rise, and scrutinise the case of a nature-based event – the mountain trail running marathon Fjällmaraton in Sweden. We introduce pedagogical and theoretical perspectives of new materialism and the Anthropocene, building on the ontological stance of hybridity of social-cultural systems. To understand the role of events as active agents of the Anthropocene we focus on infrastructure and feral effects. By looking at the unintended consequences, we discuss the limitations of managerial frameworks, unable toaccount for processes beyond the control of event planners, entangled in the complex social-ecological systems., MISTRA Sports and Outdoors

Jämtland in Northern Sweden is one of the most tourism and eventintense regions in the country. The rise in volume of events in alpine and subarctic nature environments, and the subsequent increase in participants, requires closer scrutiny of the environmental impacts.The region is characterised by mountains, forests and a sensitive ecological environment, and shared by several land users. With this study, we aim to gain in-depth knowledge of how environmental impacts are understood and valued in the regional assessment process for nature-based events and organised outdoor recreation.We analyse permit documents from the County Administrative Board of Jämtland from 2011 to 2020. The results show that most events were approved, and none were rejected solely due to environmental concerns. Assessments were instead balanced against other considerations, such as local development and economic gains. We argue that these priorities make nature a commercial arena for events, visitors and recreationists. This paper sheds light on human use and the associated environmental effects that further increase the pressure on nature. We end with managerial implications and propose that the permit process can be improved and integrated into spatial planning.

While pollination is essential for many plant species and ecosystem functions, pollinator populations worldwide are declining. This decline is largely due to abiotic changes in the environment: climate change and other anthropogenic impacts, such as pesticides and land use change. Against this background, I investigate the effects of introducing a non-native pollinator species ("substituting invader") in a pollination network with declining resident pollinators. In particular, I ask 1) whether interspecific competition is a necessary driver for local extinctions of resident pollinator species after environmental changes; and 2) how much the pollination benefits for the resident plants differ between a pollination network including a substituting invader and a network without. To answer this, a standard Lotka-Volterra competition model is extended with terms accounting for mutualism (pollination) and adaptation to the environment. I model a community of two resident plants, as well as two resident pollinators and a substituting invader. I find that interspecific competition is a necessary driver for local pollinator extinction following an abiotic change in the environment. The competitive effect of the substituting invader on resident pollinators is therefore negative, although a minor indirect benefit is observed for one resident pollinator species. However, the resident plants benefit from the introduction of a substituting invader, which leads to a small relative change in the plant population numbers., I denna rapport innebär \textit{pollinering}, eller \textit{pollination}, att ett djur transporterar pollen från en växt till en annan växt. Djuren som utför pollineringen (ofta insekter) kallas \textit{pollinerare}, eller \textit{pollinatörer}, och växterna sägs bli \textit{pollinerade}. Det uppskattas att omkring 90\% av alla kända växtarter, och 35\% av all odling av grödor, behöver pollinering för att växterna ska kunna sprida sina fröer och föröka sig. Pollineraren får ofta näring i form av nektar från växterna, och gynnas därmed också av pollineringen. Eftersom pollinering fyller en viktig funktion, är många forskare oroade över att pollinerare världen över minskar i antal. Det antas bero till stor del på klimatförändringar och annan mänsklig påverkan, såsom bekämpningsmedel och förändrad markanvändning. I detta kandidatarbete modelleras effekterna av att introducera ej inhemska pollinerare i ekosystem där de inhemska pollinerarna minskar i antal på grund av förändringar i sin livsmiljö. Det är tänkbart att en ej inhemsk pollinerare med lämpliga egenskaper ("ersättande pollinerare") skulle kunna tillgodose en fortsatt fungerande pollinering av växterna i ekosystemet, när de inhemska pollinerarna har blivit färre. Jag skapar därför en matematisk modell för tillväxten av populationerna för växter och pollinerare. Växter och pollinerare interagerar genom pollinering, och mellan växter respektive pollinerare sker en konkurrens om resurser. Exempel på sådana resurser är lämpliga växtplatser eller pollinatörernas föda och boplatser. Modellen tillämpas på fem arter: två inhemska växter samt två inhemska pollinerare och en ersättande pollinerare. Jag jämför fallet när miljön ändras, men ingen ersättande pollinerare införs, med fallet då miljön ändras \textbf{och} en ersättande pollinerare införs. Genom denna jämförelse utreder jag 1) om konkurrens mellan pollinerande arter är nödvändig för att de ska utrotas lokalt i samband med att deras livsmiljö förändrats. Jag und