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This report describes an Equity Lens Protocol and its use to guide partners’ systematic reflection on harms and mitigation strategies of the COVID-19 response in a local public health system. This process evaluation tool is based on the Guidance document for assuring an equitable response to COVID-19 prepared by the Pan American Health Organization. We used a participatory approach to engage public health partners in systematically reflecting on harms, mitigation strategies, and lessons learned and implications for practice. Outputs from using this tool included identified: (a) specific harms (e.g., loss of income and challenges to learning) related to particular COVID-19 response measures (e.g., home confinement and school closure) and (b) mitigation strategies implemented to reduce harms. In response to the protocol’s guiding questions, partners also identified lessons learned and practice recommendations for strengthening equity work in public health responses (e.g., an equitable response requires an investment in people, structures, and relationships before a crisis). This report—and accompanying protocol—illustrates use of a practical method for systematic reflection on public health responses through an equity lens.

Energy intake is the product of portion size (PS)—the energy content of an ingestive event—and ingestive frequency (IF)—the number of ingestive events per unit time. An uncompensated alteration in either PS or IF would result in a change in energy intake and body weight if maintained over time. The objective of this meta-analysis was to assess the independent effects of PS and IF on energy intake and body weight among healthy adults in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). A total of 9708 articles were identified in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and CINAHL databases. The articles were divided among 10 researchers; each article was screened for eligibility by 2–3 independent reviewers. Exclusion criteria included: populations 65 y, unhealthy populations (i.e. participants with an acute or chronic disease), assessments

Nineteenth-century ethnohistoric sources describe rituals and beliefs related to the exploitation of walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) on the islands of the Bering Sea and the coast of Chukotka. These small-scale rites practiced by St. Lawrence Islanders, Siberian Yupiget, and Chukchi were intended to thank walrus and ensure future hunting success. Rituals conducted by walrus boat captains also facilitated integration of walrus hunting crews and their families. Archaeological evidence for the antiquity of walrus-related ritual is provided by concentrations of walrus skulls in structures and deposition of walrus bones in cemeteries. The centrality of walrus to subsistence, material culture, and ritual life of coastal peoples deserves more scholarly attention in both archaeological and historical reconstructions of Yupik and Chukchi multispecies pasts., Les sources ethnohistoriques du XIXe siècle décrivent les rituels et les croyances liés à l’exploitation du morse (Odobenus rosmarus) dans les îles de la mer de Béring et de la côte de la Tchoukotka. Ces rites à petite échelle pratiqués par les habitants du l’île Saint-Laurent, les Yupiget de Sibérie et les Tchouktches avaient pour but de remercier les morses et d’assurer le succès de la chasse à l’avenir. Les rituels menés par les capitaines de bateaux de morses ont également facilité l’intégration des équipes de chasseurs de morses et de leurs familles. Les preuves archéologiques de l’antiquité du rituel du morse sont fournies par des concentrations de crânes de morse dans des structures et par le dépôt d’os de morse dans des cimetières. La centralité du morse pour la subsistance, la culture matérielle et la vie rituelle des peuples côtiers mérite une plus grande attention de la part des érudits dans les reconstructions archéologiques et historiques des « passés multispécifiques » des Yupiget et des Tchouktches.

OBJECTIVES: Higher red meat intake is associated with increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases, but causation of this relationships is unclear. This umbrella systematic review qualitatively assessed causality between red meat intake and cardiometabolic diseases. METHODS: Two researchers independently screened and crosschecked 524 articles from MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL up to November 25,2019. Articles included were systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational or experimental studies using healthy subjects aged 19+ years; included red meat (RM) intake [total (TRM), unprocessed (URM), or processed (PRM)] as an a priori independent variable; and reported outcomes or risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Causality was assessed using Bradford Hill's Causation Criteria: 1) strength (relative risk, RR ≥1.2), 2) consistency (≥67% of assessments), 3) specificity, 4) temporality, 5) biological dose-response gradient 6) plausibility, 7) coherence, 8) experimental evidence and 9) analogy. RESULTS: In total, 22 articles (16 with CVD data; 11 with T2D data) were included. While TRM and URM were statistically positively associated with CVD incidence and mortality, these associations were consistently weak (RR

OBJECTIVES: Total energy intake is the product of portion size (PS), the energy content of an ingestive event, and ingestive frequency (IF), the number of ingestive events per unit time. An alteration in either portion size or ingestive frequency, that is not compensated by the other, must result in a change in energy intake and, if maintained over time, body weight. The primary objective of this meta-analysis was to assess the independent effects of PS and IF on dietary energy intake and body weight among healthy adults in randomized controlled trials. METHODS: 8,614 articles (duplicates removed) published through 2018 with no date restriction were identified with PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and CINAHL databases. The articles were divided among ten researchers and each article was screened for eligibility by two to three independent reviewers. Exclusion criteria included: populations 65 y, unhealthy, assessment 50%). Consuming smaller portion sizes was associated with lower 24 h energy intake [–135 kcal (–249, –21), n = 15; WMD (95% CI), n = comparisons]. In contrast, IF was not associated with a difference in 24 h energy intake [–103 kcal (–230, 24), n = 5], but was positively related to body weight in trials ≥6 wk duration [0.40 kg (0.70, 0.11), n = 4]. CONCLUSIONS: Results from RCTs support that greater PS but not IF is associated with higher daily energy consumption. However, IF is positively associated with increased body weight over time. FUNDING SOURCES: NA

Archaeological and ethnohistoric evidence from the coast of western Alaska and St. Lawrence Island indicate that human inhabitants over the past 1500–2000 years incorporated birds into their diets,...

This chapter identifies multiple lines of evidence for human–dog relations at sites in Northwest Alaska, on the islands in the Bering Sea, and along the coast of Chukotka. Sometime between ad 700 and 1000, relations between humans and dogs in Northwest Alaska began to intensify. While dog traction and consumption are perennial issues in North American Arctic archaeology, dogs also served as sources of raw materials. Dogs took on new roles in travel and transportation by providing traction. Though dog traction was a critical component of Thule and early historic Eskimo lifeways in Northwest Alaska, it represents only one facet of a complex set of human–animal relations manifest in technology, subsistence, and cosmology. The rarity of dog burial in Northwest Alaska and the adjacent coast of Chukotka makes the finds at mortuary sites such as Ipiutak, where dogs and dog elements were found in multiple contexts, particularly noteworthy.

Gout and pseudogout are crystalline arthropathies commonly seen in primary care. It is important to understand their pathophysiology to facilitate recognition and appropriate treatment. Prompt gouty arthritis treatment relieves short-term suffering. Long-term treatment with urate-lowering therapy prevents recurrent attacks and is generally well-tolerated though flare risk is increased during treatment initiation. When anti-inflammatory medications are prescribed, the flare risk is low. Pseudogout acute treatment is similar to acute gouty arthritis treatment. There is no standard regimen for long-term chronic therapies of pseudogout. This article enhances the recognition and treatment of these diseases in the primary care setting.

In this article, I discuss the ways in which animals act as ontological subjects — as other-than-human persons and as agents in myth and ritual. First I outline how humans conceive of and behave with animals and their remains in indigenous cosmologies using ethnographic and ethnohistoric examples from the Arctic, Subarctic and Amazonia. I then explore the archaeological evidence for indigenous ontologies along the coasts of Chukotka and Alaska, arguing that prehistoric hunters interacted with animals as agential persons, engaging in social practices intended to facilitate hunting success and avoid offending prey. Two forms of ritual activities are discussed: the use of hunting amulets and the caching of animal bones and antlers. I conclude that focusing on shamanism in the study of hunter-gatherer belief obscures the roles of hunters and their wives. Their thoughts and actions established and maintained relationships with prey animals and may be more productively conceptualized as dynamic social behaviours embedded within the context of daily life than as privileged ritual acts.

Anxiety disorders are among the most common psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Most empirically supported treatments (ESTs) for pediatric anxiety disorders include various cognitive-behavioral methods. Although demonstrated efficacious in controlled and clinic settings, there are barriers to implementing these types of therapies in social work settings due to beliefs about the usefulness of ESTs in community settings; limitations of treatment manuals; time constraints of implementing ESTs; fidelity and flexibility of implementing ESTs; and limited training opportunities. This article provides an overview of ESTs for childhood anxiety disorders, highlighting options for overcoming common barriers to implementing ESTs. Collaborative multi-method approaches to advance implementation of ESTs in social work practice are suggested.

The Moche of Peru (AD 100–800) practiced two forms of bodily transformation: human sacrifice and dismemberment. The sacrificial process converted the body into a sacred object and imbued it with meaning. The second transformation – dismemberment – partitioned the cathected body into ritually efficacious body parts suitable for use as offerings to the supernatural. In contrast to classic perspectives on sacrifice, which focus on the act of immolation, I expand this perspective to include post-sacrifice transformations, including dismemberment, consumption, and distribution.

The interest in the study of the body that is emerging in European archaeologies has not yet penetrated Americanist approaches to prehistoric iconography. Nevertheless, American materials provide an excellent data base with which to work. This article employs the complex human representational imagery of the Moche (Peruvian North Coast, c.AD 100–800) to explore how the body was situated within the context of ritual sacrifice. Employing both the Foucauldian concept of the disciplined body and the work of Mary Douglas, two forms of bodily representation are discussed: the naked male prisoner and the spread-eagled female sacrifice. These bodies are defined iconographically not only by their sex, but also by their qualities of anonymity or individuality. While the sacrificed female represents an individual who is notable because of who she is (i.e. who she embodies), the male prisoners represent an undifferentiated and anonymous group. These two examples suggest that the body can be read as an individual symbolic field (the female body) and, alternatively, can serve as an undifferentiated forum (the bodies of prisoners) for sacrificial discourse. Despite these differences in representation, both forms of the body present potentially liminal sites within the context of sacrificial ritual. This liminality is essential for the discursive re-ordering of the body politic to occur.

The nonreproductive role of religious women in the European Middle Ages presents the ideal forum for the discussion of elite family strategies within a historical context. I apply the evolutionary concept of kin selection to this group of women in order to explain how a social formation in which religious women failed to reproduce benefited medieval noble lineages. After a brief review of the roles of noble women in the later Middle Ages, I identify two benefits that nonreproductive women provided within a patrilineal inheritance system. First, spatial segregation and Christian ideology together served to curtail the production of offspring who could pose a threat to lineage interests. Second, cloistered noble women served as a strong political and economic bloc that could further lineage interests within a religious context. Finally, I discuss the evolutionary basis for the formation of groups of nonreproductive women. Using the foundation provided by animal behavioral studies, I apply the twin concepts of cooperative breeding and parental manipulation to noble lineages of the medieval period.

The application of van Gennep's Rites of Passage structure to iconography and mortuary contexts in the Late Moche period of Peru offers an original means of exploring prehistoric concepts of death.

Despite recent efforts to construct gender theory in archaeology, I assert that no methodological or theoretical breakthroughs have occurred. This lack of progress is due to several factors. First, fundamental terms such as “theory,” “gender,” and “sex” have been used inconsistently; I suggest some working definitions for these terms. Second, researchers have resorted to the use of analogical arguments that implicitly deny the role of gender in the organization of human relations. Third, feminist political agendas have been conflated with research questions. In order to address some of these issues, I suggest that the application of a multivariate approach to the study of gender can avoid the problems inherent in any one line of evidence. Finally, I argue that a consideration of the scale of gender questions is essential to the application of existing theoretical frameworks to gender archaeologically.

This paper provides an overview of literature on the subject of thimbles. Particular attention is devoted to the identification of functional categories and determining the gender and age composition of a site using thimbles. Major innovations in construction, decorative patterning, and shape are identified as well. Archaeologically, thimbles are often recovered at European domestic sites, in aboriginal burials, and as trade goods. This omnipresent artifact has considerable potential for general dating and demographic purposes.

Animal burials are often encountered in excavations in southwestern North America. This paper identifies and contextually analyzes bird and mammal remains recovered from interment contexts in northern Mexico and the southwestern United States. These data are presented in tabular form, followed by a contextual evaluation of patterns of interment. Three forms of interment are identified: 1) ceremonial trash, 2) dedicatory offerings, and 3) simple interment, including expedient disposal. While bird interments take the form of sacrifice followed by disposal as ceremonial trash, dogs are generally interred on the floors of pithouses or kivas as dedicatory offerings. Bird interments clustered around the period from A.D. 1050 to 1400; dog interments had substantially greater time depth. This contextual analysis demonstrates that patterning in animal interments can be recognized on a regional scale; similar analyses may be usefully applied to faunal data in other regions of the Americas in order to recons...

The University of Colorado-Colorado Springs conducted historical archaeology studies at the Bent Canyon Stage Station site (5LA3179) in 2000. The site was determined eligible for the National %Register of Historic Places under criteria a, b, and d at the local level. The site contained important information on stage operations and the early settlement of the Purgatoire Valley during the nineteenth century. The evaluative work at the site contributes to our understanding of the archaeology and the historic settlement and development of the Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, as well as the southeastern portion of Colorado in general.