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CNRS 4, FNEGE 3, HCERES B; International audience; Research literature on blockchain technology is starting to emerge. Blockchain technology is primarily associated with cryptocurrencies, raising interest in an application in other business sectors, thanks to its characteristics. The decentralized nature of blockchain creates the new concept of a token economy, which can help to trace and valorize intellectual property - one of the essential challenges in co-creation. This paper considers how blockchain technology and tokenization can solve challenges in co-creation projects consisting of large companies, startups and entrepreneurial accelerators. The paper proposes an exploratory analysis based on interviews conducted with French companies and startups. The findings include a framework of (1) challenges, lack of operating rules, trust, and traceability, and (2) the potential benefits of blockchain and tokenization to solve issues that arise. The findings can be useful for both startups and large companies as a starting point for understanding and adopting blockchain technology.

Highlights • Technology contributes to peace in democracies but may not in non-democracies. • E-voting provides benefits but also raises concerns and conflicts. • Blockchain transparency and traceability can reduce concerns about e-voting. • The benefits of peace engineering in elections depend on human factors. • Trust in both tool and system is key for adopting disruptive technologies., In recent decades, several countries have faced political tensions due to citizens’ perceptions that their elections are fraudulent; some electors have even chosen not to vote because they believe that the results may be falsified. Thus, electoral fraud is a major issue. E-governance and e-voting are now being used in many countries, some of which are investigating blockchain solutions. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential contributions of blockchain technology to peace on a worldwide level by securing voting systems. Unfortunately, this technology is complex and could potentially generate conflict between actors in elections. Taking an exploratory approach, the authors chose a qualitative method to address this specific topic. Election observers and blockchain experts were interviewed to identify the technology's strengths and weaknesses. Our results emphasize the importance of trust and human factors in the voting process.

Open Innovation is widely explored, and many technologies are developed to support the involvement of stakeholders in its distributed co-design process, i.e. when actors work asynchronously and at a geographical distance. One of the fundamental parameters for the success of distributed collaborative approaches is the trust that the actors have in each other, in the current process and in technology. However, practitioners make little use of trust as a parameter for piloting and supporting co-creation of value. The lack of understanding of the mechanisms involved seems to explain this situation. Using a multiple-case-study analysis of co-design in the field of energy, this paper proposes to identify the levers in Living Lab favouring the trust between stakeholders. In addition to practical illustration, this paper provides a first co-design project management framework for practitioners, through the development of the “Co-coon Matrix”. JEL Codes: O31, O33, L17

L'Innovation Ouverte est un champ de recherche largement explore et de nombreux dispositifs technologiques sont developpes pour soutenir l'implication des usagers, ou autres acteurs exterieurs d'une entreprise, dans son processus de co-creation distribuee, i.e. lorsque les acteurs travaillent de maniere asynchrone et a distance geographique. Un des parametres fondamentaux au succes de demarches collaboratives distribuees est la confiance que les acteurs s'accordent entre eux, dans le processus en cours et aux technologies auxquels ils sont confrontes. La notion de confiance reste neanmoins encore peu utilisee comme parametre de pilotage et de soutien au deploiement de projet de co-creation. Le manque de comprehension des mecanismes en jeu semble expliquer cette situation. A travers l'analyse de deux etudes de cas de co-creation appliquee au domaine de l'energie, cet article propose d'identifier les leviers, notamment technologiques, favorisant la confiance entre les parties et par extension l'agilite du processus. En complement d'un eclairage des pratiques, cet article fournit un premier cadre de pilotage de projet de co-creation pour les praticiens a travers la conception du modele « co-con ».

International audience