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The occurrence of suicidal behaviors increases during adolescence. Hypersensitivity to negative social signals and deficits in cognitive control are putative mechanisms of suicidal behaviors, which necessitate confirmation in youths. Multidomain functional neuroimaging could enhance the identification of patients at suicidal risk beyond standard clinical measures. Three groups of adolescents (N = 96; 78% females, age = 11.6–18.1) were included: patients with depressive disorders and previous suicide attempts (SA, n = 29); patient controls with depressive disorders but without suicide attempt (PC, n = 35); and healthy controls (HC, n = 32). We scanned participants with 3T-MRI during social inclusion/exclusion (Cyberball Game) and response inhibition (Go-NoGo) tasks. Neural activation was indexed by the blood-oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) of the hemodynamic response during three conditions in the Cyberball Game (“Control condition”, “Social Inclusion”, and “Social Exclusion”), and two conditions in Go-NoGo task (“Go” and “NoGo” blocks). ANCOVA-style analysis identified group effects across three whole-brain contrasts: 1) NoGo vs. Go, 2) Social inclusion vs. control condition, 3) Social inclusion vs. control condition). Normalized contrasts in significant clusters were used to train a support vector machine-based classifier with a stratified 5-fold cross-validation, and diagnostic performance was assessed. In line with previous adult studies, we found that SA had lower activation in the left insula during social inclusion vs. control condition compared to PC and HC. We also found that SA compared to PC had higher activity in the right middle prefrontal gyrus during social exclusion vs. control condition, and in bilateral precentral gyri during NoGo vs. Go conditions. Task-related measures (Self-reported emotional reactivity in the Cyberball Game, response times and number of errors in the Go-NoGo Task) did not discriminate between groups. Moreover, while clinical data (Self-reported depression and impulsivity scores) yielded moderate accuracy (Accuracy: 70%/ Area Under Curve: 0.81), activity during Go-NoGo (81%/0.90), Cyberball Game (89%/0.90), or a combination (88%/0.95) significantly enhanced identification of past suicidal behaviors. In conclusion, adolescent suicidal behaviors are likely associated with neural alterations across multiple domains. Alterations in the processing of social perception and response inhibition may underlie the development of suicidal crises, from onset with social triggers to susceptibility to act out. Neuroimaging should be further tested as a tool to predict suicidal behavior.

Selon les modèles de contagion sociale, les adolescents fréquentant des pairs ayant décroché dans leur réseau seraient plus à risque de quitter l’école avant l’obtention d’un diplôme. Cette étude se penche sur ce phénomène en considérant l’ensemble des pairs significatifs (amis, partenaires amoureux, fratrie) pouvant influencer la décision de décrocher. Les analyses portent sur un échantillon d’adolescents (N = 545) issus d’écoles secondaires québécoises de milieux défavorisés où les jeunes à risque de décrochage sont surreprésentés. Tel qu’attendu, les adolescents dont le réseau de pairs comporte des pairs ayant décroché récemment sont plus à risque de décrocher, surtout lorsque plus d’un type de pair significatif a décroché., Social contagion models suggest that adolescents in relationships with same-age high school dropouts are at greater risk of dropping out themselves. This study provides a comprehensive view of dropout contagion by considering occurrences of dropout among friends, siblings, and romantic partners. The data comes from 12 low-income public high schools in Quebec, Canada. Results are based on a sample of 545 adolescents from Quebec disadvantaged where youths at risk of dropping out are overrepresented. As predicted, adolescents were at greater risk of dropping out when a member of their network had recently left school, especially if it was the case for more than one type of same-age significant peer., Según los modelos de contagio social, los adolescentes que frecuentan a otros pares que han abandonado actividades de su entorno tendrían un mayor riesgo de abandonar los estudios antes de la obtención del diploma. Nuestro estudio se interesa por este fenómeno, considerando el conjunto de pares significativos (amigos, parejas, hermanos) que pueden influir en la decisión de abandonar los estudios. Los análisis consideran una muestra de adolescentes (N = 545) de diferentes escuelas secundarias quebequenses en entornos desfavorecidos, donde hay una sobre-representación de jóvenes bajo riesgo de abandono. Como esperado, los jóvenes que tienen una red de pares donde hay pares que han abandonado recientemente, tienen mayor riesgo de abandono, en particular cuando hay más de un tipo de par significativo que ha abandonado.

Introduction : Although the risk of suicide is high in first-episode psychosis (FEP), little is known about the course of suicidal ideation and its relation with suicide attempts. Therefore, we aimed to identify five-year trajectories of suicidal ideation and associated factors in FEP and compare how suicide attempts were distributed across these identified trajectories. Methods This five-year prospective study assessed suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and potentially associated factors through research interviews, chart review and coroners’ reports in 382 FEP patients [mean age = 23.53(SD = 3.61)] admitted to two five-year early psychosis services in Montreal, Canada. Trajectories were identified using a semiparametric mixture model, and associated factors with multinomial logistic regression. Results Three suicidal ideation trajectories were identified: low and decreasing (85.08%); early decline, then increasing (7.85%), and persistent suicidal ideation (7.07%). Suicidal ideation prior to admission (OR = 2.85,p p early decline, then increasing suicidal ideation trajectory. Persons with prior suicide ideation (OR = 4.33,p p p persistent suicidal ideation trajectory, and to attempt suicide during follow-up. Conclusion Our study highlights heterogeneity in the course of suicidal ideation over five years and the importance of ongoing assessment of suicidal risk in FEP patients, particularly during periods of transition to other services and for patients who persistently report suicidal ideation, as they are likelier to engage in suicide attempts. Patients with factors associated with increased or persistent suicidal ideation trajectories should be targeted for suicide prevention interventions.

Background Suicidal behaviours are a major source of mortality and morbidity among adolescents. Given the maturational changes that occur in cortical and subcortical structures during adolescence, we tested whether atypical brain structural measurements were associated with a history of suicide attempt. Methods We assessed 3 groups of adolescents (n = 92; 79% female, mean age 15.9 years, range 11.6-18.1 years): patients with a depressive disorder and a history of suicide attempt (n = 28); patient controls, who had a depressive disorder but no history of suicide attempt (n = 34); and healthy controls (n = 30). We derived regional cortical thickness and surface area, and subcortical volumes, from T1-weighted anatomic MRI scans acquired at 3 T. Results We found significant group differences in surface area in the prefrontal, temporal and parietal regions, as well as in the volume of several subcortical nuclei (pFDR ≤ 0.05), but not in cortical thickness. Post hoc analyses indicated that morphological alterations primarily differentiated patients with a history of suicide attempt from healthy controls, but not from patient controls. However, patients with a history of suicide attempt exhibited positive correlations between age and cortical thickness in the temporal cortices and right insula, and between age and right putamen volume (i.e., thicker regional cortex and larger subcortical volumes with age). These correlations were negative in both patient controls and healthy controls (i.e., thinner regional cortex and smaller subcortical volumes). Limitations Sample sizes, cross-sectional findings and psychiatric heterogeneity were limitations of this study. Conclusion Macroscopic structural differences in several brain regions differentiated adolescents with a history of suicide attempt from healthy controls, but not from patient controls. However, adolescents with a history of suicide attempt may present with atypical maturation of specific cortical and subcortical regions that might contribute to the risk of suicidal behaviour.

Social contagion theories suggest that adolescents in relationships with same-age high school dropouts should be at a greater risk of dropping out themselves. Yet, few studies have examined this premise, and none have considered all potentially influential same-age intimates, focusing instead on only either friends or siblings. Moreover, a key influence in adolescents’ social worlds, romantic partners, has been ignored. The goal of this study was to provide a comprehensive view of dropout contagion by considering occurrences of dropout among friends, siblings, and romantic partners. Data came from a sample of Canadian adolescents (N = 545) comprising one third of high school dropouts; a second third of carefully matched at-risk but persevering schoolmates; and a last third of average, not-at-risk students. As predicted, adolescents were at greater risk of dropping out when a member of their network had recently left school (i.e., in the past year, OR = 3.11; 95% CI [1.78, 6.27]), with independent associations of nontrivial sizes for occurrences of dropout among friends, romantic partners, and siblings (ORs between 1.97 [95% CI 1.25, 3.41] and 3.12 [95% CI 1.23, 11.0]). Moreover, adolescents seemed particularly at risk of quitting school (OR = 4.88; 95% CI [2.54, 12.5]) when their networks included more than one type of same-age intimate (e.g., a friend and a sibling) who had recently dropped out. Findings suggest that social contagion of dropout is a pervasive phenomenon in low-income schools and that prevention programs should target adolescents with same-age intimates who have recently left school. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

Suicide and suicidal behaviors represent a leading cause of morbidity and mortality during adolescence. While several lines of evidence suggest that suicidal behaviors are associated with risky decisions and deficient cognitive control in laboratory tasks in adults, comparatively less is known about adolescents. Here, we systematically reviewed the literature on the association between these neurocognitive variables and adolescent suicidal behaviors. The online search strategy identified 17 neurocognitive studies examining either cognitive control or decision-making processes in adolescents with past suicidal behaviors. Several studies have reported that adolescents with a history of suicidal behaviors present neuropsychological differences in the cognitive control (using Go/NoGo, suicide Stroop Test, continuous performance test, suicide/death Implicit Association Test), and decision-making (Iowa Gambling Task, Cambridge Gambling Task, cost computation, delay discounting, loss aversion tasks) domains. Due to a lack of replication or conflicting findings, our systematic review suggests that no firm conclusion can be drawn as to whether altered decision-making or poor cognitive control contribute to adolescent suicidal behaviors. However, these results collectively suggest that further research is warranted. Limitations included scarcity of longitudinal studies and a lack of homogeneity in study designs, which precluded quantitative analysis. We propose remediating ways to continue neuropsychological investigations of suicide risk in adolescence, which could lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets and predictive markers, enabling early intervention in suicidal youth.

Substance use and gambling participation during adolescence are correlated, both concurrently and over time. It is unclear, however, whether this association can be explained by common underlying genetic vulnerabilities or environmental factors. The present study explored the concurrent and longitudinal associations between substance use and gambling participation and their genetic and environmental underpinnings by late adolescence. Participants were 373 pairs of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Self-reports of substance use and gambling participation were collected at Ages 17 and 19 years. Results showed concurrent associations between substance use and gambling participation as well as a small, but significant unidirectional longitudinal association over time from substance use to gambling participation. Common genetic factors largely accounted for the concurrent associations at Ages 17 and 19, as well as for the unidirectional longitudinal association between substance use and gambling participation. Substance use and gambling participation share a common genetic component that account for most of their concurrent and longitudinal links during late adolescence. However, these behaviors are also influenced by specific environmental factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Le chapitre présente les avantages de l'utilisation de la régularisation dans l'analyse de régression linéaire et logistique. Afin d'illustrer les techniques de régularisation, nous donnons un exemple de régression logistique régularisée avec validation croisée cherchant à prédire le décrochage scolaire chez des élèves du secondaire au Québec. Avec 25 variables prédictives et un échantillon simulé de 1000 cas, les résultats de la régression logistique ordinaire sont comparés avec ceux de la régression avec régularisation ridge, lasso et elastic-net.

This study used a person-centered approach to identify subgroups of adolescents who are at risk for depression and suicidal ideation. Latent class analysis was first applied to 1,290 adolescents from a Canadian cohort study in order to identify latent vulnerability subtypes based on 18 psychosocial vulnerability factors. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to study the associations between class membership and depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation 2 years later. The moderating role of sex in the associations between latent classes and depressive symptoms was explored. Five latent classes were identified: Low Vulnerability (42%), Substance Use Only (13%), Moderate Vulnerability (28%), Conduct Problems (8%) and High Vulnerability (9%). Compared with the Low Vulnerability class, the probabilities of presenting depressive symptoms were higher for the Substance Use Only class, OR = 1.93, 95% CI [1.21, 3.06], the Moderate Vulnerability class, OR = 2.96, 95% CI [2.09, 4.20], the Conduct Problems class, OR = 3.03, 95% CI [1.84, 4.98], and the High Vulnerability class, OR = 5.4, 95% CI [3.42, 8.53]. Furthermore, interaction effects with sex were identified in relation to depressive symptoms only. The probability of presenting suicidal ideation was higher only for the High Vulnerability class, OR = 4.51, 95% CI [2.41, 8.43]. This study highlights the importance of a person-centered perspective that considers both vulnerability subtypes and sex because these associations are complex rather than linear or additive.

This study investigated parental behavioral control, disciplinary style, and parent–youth conflicts in five countries: The United States, Canada, Mexico, France, and Italy. A self-report questionnaire was applied to 1,751 adolescents and their parents. Results indicate that, after controlling for possible confounding variables, parenting in the United States and Canada was characterized by reduced requirements and rules and a disciplinary style marked by induction and negotiation. A higher level of control, and a disciplinary approach more punitive and coercive characterized parents in Mexico and France. Mexican adolescents reported the highest levels of conflict, while the United States stands out with the lowest rate of conflict. Generally, Italy was at a middle position. Regression analyses indicated that harsh parental disciplinary measures are associated with conflicts in all countries. Results are discussed in light of the ethnocultural perspectives developed in cross-cultural psychology.

Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are increasingly implemented in school settings to alleviate psychological distress in elementary and high school students. Recently, authors have brought forward the fact that the focus and aims of MBIs in clinical settings are largely placed on reducing negative variables and symptoms associated to mental health disorders. Thus, these may not allow us to fully understand how and in which contexts MBIs can be useful in adult populations. As MBIs aim to help people bring focus to the present moment and awareness to all aspects of experience, both the positive and the negative, it appears relevant to study their potential to improve on positive variables, such as happiness. This paper aims to engage in a reflection on the relevance of incorporating a positive psychology framework within MBI research in youth. Specifically, the importance of measuring the impact of MBIs on positive variables such as happiness are discussed. In order to do so, a case study in which the impact of a MBI on happiness was evaluated on Mike, a third-grade elementary school student with major depressive disorder, is presented. Ten assessment time-points were used in this project (3 pre-intervention, 4 during the intervention and 3 post-intervention). In accordance with our initial hypothesis, the MBI had a positive impact on Mike’s happiness scores at follow-up, although he still met the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder at post-intervention. In light of these results, it is possible that the MBI was more useful in allowing Mike to live in the present moment and to notice positive events in his life, leading him to increased happiness levels, rather than impacting directly on his depressive symptoms. Results from this case study lend support to this hypothesis and underlies the relevance of incorporating both negative and positive variables when studying the impact of MBIs in youth.

Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) have been increasingly implemented in schools to foster better emotional regulation skills for students with special education needs such as learning disabilities (LDs). This pilot study aimed to evaluate the impact of a MBI on the need satisfaction of elementary students with severe LDs. A prospective quasi-experimental design involving one group and two time points was employed. A sample of 14 elementary school students from a severe LDs special education class participated in this project. Repeated-measures ANOVAs were conducted and revealed a significant reduction in need satisfaction, with a large effect size (η2 = .35). Contrary to our hypothesis, the MBI appeared to be negatively related to need satisfaction among participants. These results indicate that MBIs could be linked with better self-evaluation skills in students with severe LDs, which, in turn, may change (or increase the accuracy of) the perception that children have of their own need satisfaction.

Suicide and suicidal behaviors represent a leading cause of morbidity and mortality during adolescence. While several lines of evidence suggest that suicidal behaviors are associated with risky decisions and deficient cognitive control in laboratory tasks in adults, comparatively less is known about adolescents. Here, we systematically reviewed the literature on the association between these neurocognitive variables and adolescent suicidal behaviors. The online search strategy identified 17 neurocognitive studies examining either cognitive control or decision-making processes in adolescents with past suicidal behaviors. Several studies have reported that adolescents with a history of suicidal behaviors present neuropsychological differences in the cognitive control (using Go/NoGo, suicide Stroop Test, continuous performance test, suicide/death Implicit Association Test), and decision-making (Iowa Gambling Task, Cambridge Gambling Task, cost computation, delay discounting, loss aversion tasks) domains. Due to a lack of replication or conflicting findings, our systematic review suggests that no firm conclusion can be drawn as to whether altered decision-making or poor cognitive control contribute to adolescent suicidal behaviors. However, these results collectively suggest that further research is warranted. Limitations included scarcity of longitudinal studies and a lack of homogeneity in study designs, which precluded quantitative analysis. We propose remediating ways to continue neuropsychological investigations of suicide risk in adolescence, which could lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets and predictive markers, enabling early intervention in suicidal youth.

Gender differences in exposure and reactivity to specific stressful life events (SLE) contribute to explaining adolescent boys’ and girls’ differential susceptibility to common adjustment difficulties like depression and behavioral problems. However, it is unclear whether these gender differences are also relevant to understanding another key marker of adolescent maladjustment: high school dropout. A state-of-the-art interview protocol was used to assess recent SLE in a sample of academically vulnerable Canadian adolescents (N = 545, 52% boys). The sample was comprised of three groups in approximately equal proportions: 1) students who had recently dropped out; 2) matched students at risk of dropping out but who persevered nevertheless; and 3) “normative” students with an average level of risk. When SLE of all types were considered together, overall exposure was similar for adolescent boys and girls, and the SLE-dropout association did not vary as a function of gender. However, gender differences emerged for specific events. Boys were especially exposed to SLE related to performance (e.g., school failure, suspension) and conflicts with authority figures (e.g., with teachers or the police), whereas girls were particularly exposed to SLE involving relationship problems with family members, peers, or romantic partners. In terms of specific SLE-dropout associations, one consistent result emerged, showing that performance/authority-related SLE were significantly associated with dropout only among boys. It therefore seems that considering gendered exposure and sensitivity to SLE is important for understanding the emergence of educational difficulties with long-ranging consequences for future health and well-being.

Few prospective studies spanning early childhood to early adolescence have examined separately the contribution of inattention and hyperactivity to academic achievement. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the developmental trajectories of inattention and hyperactivity symptoms during early and middle childhood are independently associated with academic achievement at age 12 years. The independent associations between inattention and hyperactivity trajectories during early and middle childhood and academic performance at age 12 years were examined in a population-based longitudinal birth cohort (n = 2120). In adjusted analyses, high early childhood inattention trajectories were associated with teacher-rated academic performance in reading, writing and mathematics and with government exam score in writing. High and moderate inattention trajectories during middle childhood predicted lower performance on both teacher-rated academic performance and government exam scores in reading, writing, and mathematics. Hyperactivity was not a consistent predictor of educational outcomes. Childhood inattention symptoms rather than hyperactivity carry risk of poor educational outcomes at age 12 years. Children with high levels of inattention can be identified during the preschool years. Prevention programs supporting the development of attentional capacities and executive functions could help reduce the negative consequences of inattention.

In winter sports, the high injury rate among adolescents raises questions about the way they practice their sport. It also raises interrogations on the impact of an injury on their behavior on the slopes. The few studies that looked at the relationship between previous injury and subsequent risk taking in sports ranged from no correlation (Kontos, 2004) to a positive correlation (Thomson et al., 2012). This study aimed to investigate the relationship between previous injuries and subsequent risk taking among adolescent snowboarders and alpine skiers, controlling for possible effects of beliefs related to risk taking and personality traits. We analyzed cross-sectional from 683 Canadian adolescents snowboarders and alpine skiers (367 boys, 316 girls), aged 14 to 17 years. Participants provided self-reported informations that evaluated risk-taking, impulsivity, sensation seeking, physical aggression. Different aspects of their sport practices, riskrelated beliefs, and their sports-related injuries were assessed. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that the severity of snowboarding- or alpine-skiing-related injuries that had occurred in the previous 12 months was associated with greater risk taking, especially among impulsive adolescents. The regression model explained 57.4% of the variance of the risk-taking scale. The association between injury severity and risk taking remained after controlling for sex, risk-related cognitive beliefs (perceived skills, risk estimation, and valorization of injuries), and personality traits (sensation seeking impulsivity, and physical aggression).. Injury might act as positive reinforcement for risk taking among some adolescent snowboarders and alpine skiers.

BackgroundThe monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene has been shown to moderate the impact of maltreatment on antisocial behaviour. Replication efforts have, however, yielded inconsistent results.AimsTo investigate whether the interaction between the MAOA gene and violence is present across the full distribution of violence or emerges at higher levels of exposure.MethodParticipants were 327 male members of the Québec Longitudinal Study of Kindergarten Children. Exposure to violence comprised retrospective reports of mother's and father's maltreatment, sexual and physical abuse. Conduct disorder and antisocial personality symptoms were assessed in semi-structured interviews and partner violence, property-violent crimes and arrest were self-reported.ResultsNon-linear interactions between the MAOA gene and violence were detected, suggesting that the genetic moderation may come about once a certain level of violence is experienced.ConclusionsFuture studies should investigate the mechanisms translating substantial violence exposure, which could, subsequently, trigger the expression of genetically based differences in antisocial behaviour.

Objective. Students with severe learning disabilities often show signs of anxiety, depression, and problem behaviors such as inattention and conduct problems. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) in school settings constitute a promising option to alleviate these co-occurring symptoms. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the impact of an MBI on symptoms and behaviors of elementary school students with severe learning disabilities. Method. A one-group pretest-posttest design was used. The sample comprised 14 students aged 9 to 12 years with special education needs. Both student-report and teacher-report of the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition were used. Results. Repeated-measures analyses of variance revealed a significant impact of the MBI on symptoms and behaviors such as anxiety, depression, inattention, aggression, and conduct problems. Effect sizes for all variables were considered large (partial η2 = .31-.61). Conclusion. These preliminary results indicate that MBIs can reduce the frequency of symptoms and problem behaviors often found in children with learning disabilities in elementary schools. Further multiple baseline experimental trials with a long-term follow-up are warranted to establish more robustly the effect of MBIs for children with learning disabilities.

A growing body of research has documented the psychological impact of cancer on adolescents (such as symptoms of depression, anxiety and withdrawal). Findings from the adult literature suggest that mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are a promising treatment option for helping individuals manage cancer and alleviate the associated psychological symptoms. The aim of the present pilot study was to assess the feasibility and acceptability of a MBI for adolescents with cancer and examine its potential positive impact on sleep, mood, and quality of life. Over 9 months of recruitment, 481 youth were screened for participation in this project. Of these, 418 (86.9 %) were excluded because they lived further than 1 h from the intervention site, had no history of cancer, had died or were not reachable by telephone. Of the 63 who were contacted, only 7 (1.4 %) agreed to participate, gave their consent, and provided a complete dataset. A prospective quasi-experimental pretest–posttest design with two groups (experimental; n = 7 and no treatment; n = 7) was used to assess the MBI. Only participants from the experimental group completed follow-up measures at 6 months. Repeated-measure ANOVAs were conducted to assess the impact of the intervention. No significant differences between or within groups were found pre to post assessment and at follow-up. A narrow pool of eligible participants, a high refusal rate, school scheduling conflicts and absenteeism had a significant impact on the final sample size. Suggestions to conduct future trials are presented. Larger randomized-controlled trials are necessary to assess whether MBIs have significant beneficial effects in teenagers with cancer.

Background and Aims: The Pathways Model of Problem Gambling suggests the existence of three developmental pathways to problem gambling, each differentiated by a set of predisposing biopsychosocial characteristics: Behaviorally Conditioned (BC), Emotionally Vulnerable (EV), and Biologically Vulnerable (BV) gamblers. This study examined the empirical validity of the Pathways Model among adolescents followed up to early adulthood. Design: A prospectivelongitudinal design was used, thus overcoming limitations of past studies that used concurrent or retrospective designs. Setting: Two samples were used: a) a population sample of French-speaking adolescents (N = 1,033) living in low socio-economic status (SES) neighborhoods from the Greater Region of Montreal (Quebec, Canada), and b) a population sample of adolescents (N = 3,017), representative of French-speaking students in Quebec. Participants: Only participants with at-risk or problem gambling by mid-adolescence or early adulthood were included in the main analysis (n = 180). Analyses: Latent Profile Analyses were conducted to identify the optimal number of profiles, in accordance with participants’ scores on a set of variables prescribed by the Pathways Model and measured during early adolescence: depression, anxiety, impulsivity, hyperactivity, antisocial/aggressive behavior, and drug problems. Findings: A four-profile model fit the data best. Three profiles differed from each other in ways consistent with the Pathways Model (i.e., BC, EV, and BV gamblers). A fourth profile emerged, resembling a combination of EV and BV gamblers. Conclusions: Four profiles of at-risk and problem gamblers were identified. Three of these profiles closely resemble those suggested by the Pathways Model.

This study investigated the day-to-day deviant and nondeviant sexuality of a sample of Canadian sexual aggressors against women ( N = 160). Using latent class analysis, three latent classes were identified: internalized deviant (ID), low sexual problem (LSP), and hypersexual deviant (HD). Following the latent class analysis, the developmental, physiological, cognitive, and criminological correlates of these lifestyles were analyzed. ID ( n = 31) aggressors were characterized by sexual dissatisfaction, sexual deviance, and a bland sexual life. LSP ( n = 116) aggressors were characterized by the absence of sexual deviance or hypersexuality. HD ( n = 13) aggressors were characterized by hypersexuality and sexual deviance. Our exploratory study suggests that the day-to-day nondeviant and deviant sexual life of sexual aggressors against women appear to affect their modus operandi. Furthermore, the adult sexual lifestyles of sexual aggressors against women appear to be extensions of their adolescent sexual lifestyles. The results of this study thus suggest avenues for research—notably, the specific influence of sexual behaviours and internalized psychosexual problems on modus operandi—that could improve the clinical management of sexual aggressors against women.

To compare weight and glucose changes of long-term second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) monotherapy versus polytherapy (switching or combining SGAs) in children and adolescents.This is a 24-month retrospective study conducted between November 2005 and June 2013. From 147 antipsychotic-naive patients selected (mean age, 12.8 years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.8-15.9), 116 (78.9%) received SGA monotherapy and 31 (21.1%) SGA polytherapy for up to 24 months. Height, weight, and fasting glucose (FG) were measured at baseline and 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. Linear mixed-model analysis was used to compare weight, body mass index z score (BMI z score), and glucose changes between the 2 SGA treatment groups, with the repeated factor being the time relative to baseline at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months.Overall, after 24 months of SGA treatment, mean weight increased significantly by 12.8 kg (95% CI, 10.4-15.0), BMI z score by 0.44 (95% CI, 0.21-0.68), and FG levels by 0.29 mmol/L (95% CI, 0.11-0.47). Incidence of overweight/obesity was 22.6%, BMI z score increase over 0.5 was 9.4%, impaired fasting glucose was 9.4%, and type 2 diabetes mellitus was 3.1%. Regarding metabolic effects, no significant difference was found between the subjects taking a single SGA and those exposed to an SGA polytherapy.Our study confirms the significant increase of metabolic complications during 24 months of SGA treatment without excluding or confirming a difference between the 2 groups of treatment (mono vs. poly).

Background Difficult temperament in infancy is a risk factor for forms of later internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, including depression and anxiety. A better understanding of the roots of difficult temperament requires assessment of its early development with a genetically informative design. The goal of this study was to estimate genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in infant negative emotionality, their persistence over time and their influences on stability between 5 and 18 months of age. Method Participants were 244 monozygotic and 394 dizygotic twin pairs (49.7% male) recruited from birth. Mothers rated their twins for negative emotionality at 5 and 18 months. Longitudinal analysis of stability and innovation between the two time points was performed in Mplus. Results There were substantial and similar heritability (approximately 31%) and shared environmental (57.3%) contributions to negative emotionality at both 5 and 18 months. The trait’s interindividual stability across time was both genetically- and environmentally- mediated. Evidence of innovative effects (i.e., variance at 18 months independent from variance at 5 months) indicated that negative emotionality is developmentally dynamic and affected by persistent and new genetic and environmental factors at 18 months. Conclusions In the first two years of life, ongoing genetic and environmental influences support temperamental negative emotionality but new genetic and environmental factors also indicate dynamic change of those factors across time. A better understanding of the source and timing of factors on temperament in early development, and role of sex, could improve efforts to prevent related psychopathology.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the associations between self-reported offending and official offending whilst considering different types of offences. AIMS: The aims of the present study are to identify developmental trajectories of self-reported violent and nonviolent offending (SRVO; SRNVO) and to examine their associations with official violent and nonviolent offences (as juveniles and adults). METHODS: Developmental trajectories of SRVO and SRNVO from 11 to 17 years of age were estimated with data from the Montreal Longitudinal and Experimental Study, a prospective longitudinal study of 1037 boys from disadvantaged neighbourhoods. RESULTS: Five trajectories of SRVO (i.e. Chronic, Desisting, Delayed, Moderate and Low) and three trajectories of SRNVO (Chronic, Moderate and Low) were identified. Chronic, Desisting and Delayed trajectories of SRVO were associated with violent and nonviolent official offending in adolescence and early adulthood, over and above the trajectories of SRNVO. In comparison, trajectories of SRNVO were weakly and inconsistently associated with official offending, once controlling for their overlap with trajectories of SRVO. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals on high trajectories of violent offending during adolescence are most at risk for being exposed to the justice system both concurrently and longitudinally. Differentiating violent and nonviolent offending can help resolve part of the discordance between self-reported and official offending. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en

Background Few studies are grounded in a developmental framework to study proactive and reactive aggression. Furthermore, although distinctive correlates, predictors and outcomes have been highlighted, proactive and reactive aggression are substantially correlated. To our knowledge, no empirical study has examined the communality of genetic and environmental underpinning of the development of both subtypes of aggression. The current study investigated the communality and specificity of genetic-environmental factors related to heterogeneity in proactive and reactive aggression’s development throughout childhood. Methods Participants were 223 monozygotic and 332 dizygotic pairs. Teacher reports of aggression were obtained at 6, 7, 9, 10 and 12 years of age. Joint development of both phenotypes were analyzed through a multivariate latent growth curve model. Set point, differentiation, and genetic maturation/environmental modulation hypotheses were tested using a biometric decomposition of intercepts and slopes. Results Common genetic factors accounted for 64% of the total variation of proactive and reactive aggression’s intercepts. Two other sets of uncorrelated genetic factors accounted for reactive aggression’s intercept (17%) on the one hand, and for proactive (43%) and reactive (13%) aggression’s slopes on the other. Common shared environmental factors were associated with proactive aggression’s intercept (21%) and slope (26%) and uncorrelated shared environmental factors were also associated with reactive aggression’s slope (14%). Common nonshared environmental factors explained most of the remaining variability of proactive and reactive aggression slopes. Conclusions A genetic differentiation hypothesis common to both phenotypes was supported by common genetic factors associated with the developmental heterogeneity of proactive and reactive aggression in childhood. A genetic maturation hypothesis common to both phenotypes, albeit stronger for proactive aggression, was supported by common genetic factors associated with proactive and reactive aggression slopes. A shared environment set point hypothesis for proactive aggression was supported by shared environmental factors associated with proactive aggression baseline and slope. Although there are many common features to proactive and reactive aggression, the current research underscores the advantages of differentiating them when studying aggression.

Objective: Studies have shown that children growing up in socio-economically disadvantaged families have poorer cognitive scores than children growing up in more advantaged families, and that high-quality childcare services can reduce this gap. This effect may be attenuated, however, if disadvantaged families are less likely than better-off families to use childcare and if they use childcare of lower quality. The aim of this study was to identify factors related to parental decisions to use formal and informal childcare. Methods: Data were obtained from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development, a birth cohort of children born in 1997/1998 in the Canadian province of Quebec (n=1,504). Children receiving formal (e.g., family and centre) and informal (e.g., grandparents, aunt, nanny) childcare from 5 months to 4 years of age were compared to those receiving exclusively parental care on key psycho-socio-economic family factors. Results: Maternal unemployment during pregnancy, younger maternal age (at initiation of childbearing) and higher number of siblings (e.g., ≥2) were related to a lower probability of a child receiving either formal or informal childcare (compared to parental care). In addition, low levels of maternal education, higher levels of overprotection, and lower levels of home stimulation were related to a lower probability of a child receiving formal childcare, but not informal childcare. Insufficient income was not associated with childcare use.

The aim of this study was to investigate the unique and combined role of friendship quality and friends' aggression in regard to the persistence of young children's physical aggression from kindergarten to grade 2. The sample included 1555 children (808 girls) assessed annually using teacher ratings. Two theoretical perspectives (i.e., the social learning and the social bonding perspectives) served as frameworks to guide the analyses and interpret the results. In line with the social learning perspective, friends' aggression was related to a significant increase in children's physical aggression. However, in line with the social bonding perspective, good friendship quality played both a compensatory and a protective role, by, respectively, reducing children's initial level of physical aggression and by mitigating, albeit marginally, the associations between friends' and children's physical aggression. These results suggest that fostering a positive relationship between friends in the early school years may decrease physical aggression even if the friends are aggressive.

This study investigated the development of mother-son relationship quality from ages 5 to 15 in a sample of 265 low-income families. Nonparametric random effects modeling was utilized to uncover distinct and homogeneous developmental trajectories of conflict and warmth; antecedents and outcomes of the trajectory groups also were examined. Four conflict trajectory groups and 3 warmth trajectory groups were identified. Difficult temperament in early childhood discriminated both conflict and warmth trajectory group membership (TGM), and adult relationship quality in early childhood was related to warmth trajectories. In addition, conflict TGM differentiated youth antisocial behavior during adolescence, and warmth trajectories predicted adolescent peer relationship quality and youth moral disengagement. Implications for socialization processes are discussed.

Au cours des deux dernieres decennies, un nombre important d'etudes aux Etats-Unis, au Canada et en Europe ont tented'identifier les liens existants entre les caracteristiques des quartiers et les comporte- ments antisociaux des enfants et des adolescents. Malgrel'abondance des travaux, la question du choix de l'echelle spatiale a fait l'objet de peu d'attention. En effet, rares sont les etudes qui ont utiliseplusieurs e simultanement pour pouvoir identifier l'echelle la plus pertinente. L'objectif de notre etude est precisement d'identifier l'echelle spatiale la plus probante dans l'explication des comportements anti- sociaux violents et non violents (vols) au milieu de l'adolescence et de mieux comprendre si ce sont les caracteristiques de l'environnement social immediat au foyer ou celles d'un espace beaucoup plus vaste qui expliquent le mieux la frequence de ces comportements. En utilisant des donnees issues de l'Enquete Longitudinale et Experimentale de Montreal (ELEM) portant sur 1037 garcons provenant de quartiers socio-economiquement desavantages, nous avons testel'influence de differentes echelles spatiales, en definissant des zones de proximitede differentes tailles (5, 10, 15, 20 et 30 minutes de marche) a partir du lieu de residence de l'enfant. Les resultats montrent une relation significative entre le desavantage socio-economique du quartier et les comportements violents peu importe l'echelle spatiale utilisee. Toutefois, cette relation est sensiblement plus forte pour les unites spatiales de petite taille.

Background: Investigating the latent structure of conduct disorder (CD) can help clarify how symptoms related to aggression, property destruction, theft, and serious violations of rules cluster in individuals with this disorder. Discovering homogeneous subtypes can be useful for etiologic, treatment, and prevention purposes depending on the qualitative or quantitative nature of the symptomatology. The aim of the present study is twofold: identify subtypes of CD in young adolescents based on latent class analysis (LCA) and investigate the two-year predictive validity of CD subtypes on deviant and criminal lifestyles. Methods: Adolescent-reported CD symptoms were collected using the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth. Three cohorts of 12–13-year-olds were assessed during 1994–1995, 1996–1997, and 1998–1999 (N = 4,125). Results: Latent class analyses yielded 4 distinct subtypes: No CD (82.4%); Non-Aggressive CD (‘NACD’, 13.9%); Physically Aggressive CD (‘PACD’, 2.3%); and SevereMixed CD (‘SMCD’, 1.4%). Predictive validity at age 14–15 was non-specific, although the SMCD type had, by far, the highest odds of deviant and criminal lifestyle outcomes in comparison to youth with PACD or NACD. NACD and PACD had similar odds of deviant outcomes, even if most NACD youth were subthreshold CD (fewer than three symptoms). Conclusion: In early adolescence, CD is qualitatively and quantitatively heterogeneous, suggesting multiple developmental pathways. However, they appear to predict similarly violent and non-violent outcomes. Keywords: DSM-V, Conduct disorder, latent class analysis, adolescence, predictive validity. Abbreviations: CD: conduct disorder; NACD: nonaggressive conduct disorder; PACD: physically aggressive conduct disorder; SMCD: severe-mixed conduct disorder; DSM: Diagnostic Statistical Manual; CBCL: Child Behavior Checklist; ABQ: Antisocial Behavior Questionnaire; LCA: latent class analysis; BIC: Bayesian information criterion. Conduct disorder (CD) is a psychiatric syndrome beginning in childhood or adolescence and defined by a pattern of repetitive and persistent behavior that violates others’ rights of others and/or ageappropriate social norms and rules. This syndrome includes behavior symptoms related to heterogeneous dimensions, such as: 1) verbal or physical aggression toward people or animals; 2) destruction of property; 3) deceitfulness or theft; and 4) serious

An experimental preventive intervention nested into a longitudinal study was used to test the developmental distinctiveness of proactive and reactive aggression. The randomized multimodal preventive intervention targeted a subsample of boys rated disruptive by their teachers. These boys were initially part of a sample of 895 boys, followed from kindergarten to 17 years of age. Semiparametric analyses of developmental trajectories for self-reported proactive and reactive aggression (between 13 and 17 years of age) indicated three trajectories for each type of aggression that varied in size and shape (Low, Moderate, and High Peaking). Intent-to-treat comparisons between the boys in the prevention group and the control group confirmed that the preventive intervention between 7 and 9 years of age, which included parenting skills and social skills training, could impact the development of reactive more than proactive aggression. The intervention effect identified in reactive aggression was related to a reduction in self-reported coercive parenting. The importance of these results for the distinction between subtypes of aggressive behaviors and the value of longitudinal-experimental studies from early childhood onward is discussed.

Dans les sports alpins de glisse, la surrepresentation des adolescents panni les blesses justifie les interrogations sur leurs pratiques sportives risquees. L'objectif de cette etude est de construire et valider un questionnaire evaluant la temerite, la consommation de psychotropes et les comportements securitaires adoptes durant la pratique du surf des neiges ou du ski alpin. L'echantillon est compose de 685 adolescents (316 filles et 368 garcons) âges de 14 a 17 ans. Une analyse factorielle exploratoire par maximum de vraisemblance revele une solution de trois facteurs correspondant aux dimensions evaluees par le questionnaire et la coherence interne des echelles est generalement satisfaisante. Les correlations faibles a moderees entre les echelles indiquent qu'il s'agit de construits psychologiques distincts. Des analyses de regression multiple indiquent que les trois dimensions sont statistiquement predites par la recherche d'intensite (AISS; Arnett) et l'impulsivite (BIS-10, Barratt). Le sexe (mâle) et le type de sport pratique (surf des neiges, sports emergeants) sont associes a la temerite et a la consommation de psychotropes. Le nombre d'annees d'experience est positivement associe a la temerite et aux comportements securitaires, alors que l'estime de soi est positivement associee aux comportements securitaires. La discussion souligne l'importance de distinguer la prise de risques intentionnelle (temerite) des mesures de precautions (securite) dans les etudes portant sur la prise de risques.

This study examined how the link between neighborhood poverty and the timing of sexual initiation varies as a function of age, gender, and background characteristics. A sample of N = 2,596 predominately White Canadian adolescents from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth was used. Sexual initiations occurring between 12 and 15 years old were considered. Results showed that younger adolescent females who lived in poor neighborhoods and who had a history of conduct problems were more likely to report early sexual activity. Peer characteristics partly accounted for this susceptibility. Among adolescent males, no direct neighborhood effects were found, but those who had combined risks at multiple levels appeared more vulnerable. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.