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Study objective Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited hematologic disorder that affects approximately 100,000 US individuals and results in greater than 200,000 emergency department (ED) visits annually in the United States, with pain being the most common complaint. The objective of this retrospective study is to determine the effect of implementing individualized pain plans in the treatment of patients with SCD in the ED on time to first opioid, length of stay, and disposition. Methods At The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, a multidisciplinary group including hematologists and ED physicians was formed and enacted a protocol for using individualized pain plans, with the goal of decreasing time to treatment for patients with SCD who presented to the ED with chief complaint of pain. In this retrospective study, data from the year before through the year of implementation were gathered. Generalized linear models were fit to compare time to first opioid, length of stay, and disposition before and after protocol implementation. Results Data showed a 48% decrease in time to first opioid and a 22% decrease in length of ED stay after protocol implementation. No significant change was found in disposition or length of inpatient admission before and after protocol initiation. Conclusion The use of individualized pain plans in the treatment of patients with SCD in the ED is a useful method of not only ensuring rapid and adequate treatment but also decreasing use of health care resources.

Assess time to hemodynamic stability (HDS) in obese patients with septic shock who received30 vs. ≥30 ml/kg of initial fluid resuscitation based on actual body weight (ABW).Multicenter, retrospective, cohort analysis of 322 patients.Overall 216 (67%) patients received30 ml/kg of initial fluid resuscitation. Initial fluid received was lower in the30 ml/kg vs. ≥30 ml/kg group (16 vs. 37 ml/kg). The ≥30 ml/kg group had shorter time to HDS (multivariable p = 0.038) and lower riskof in-hospital death (multivariable p = 0.038). An exploratory subgroup analysis (n = 227) was performed, classifying patients by dosing strategy [ABW, adjusted body weight (AdjBW), ideal body weight (IBW)] based on fluid received at 3 h divided by 30 ml/kg. ABW dosed patients had a shorter time to HDS (multivariable p = 0.013) and lower risk of in-hospital death (multivariable p = 0.008) vs. IBW. Similar outcomes were observed between ABW vs. AdjBW.Obese patients given ≥30 ml/kg based on ABW had a shorter time to HDS and a lower risk of in-hospital death. Exploratory results suggest improved outcomes resuscitating by ABW vs. IBW; ABW showed no strong benefit over AdjBW. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm the optimal fluid dosing in obese patients.

Pulmonary hypertension is a disease process affecting the pulmonary vasculature and right heart with a high morbidity and mortality. Increases in pulmonary vasculature pressures cause both diastolic and systolic dysfunction of the right ventricle. The resulting preload-dependent output of the right ventricle makes patients sensitive to small fluid losses. The dilation of the right ventricle also causes increases in fluid volume to overstretch the right ventricle and reduce contractility. As a result, pulmonary hypertension patients live within a narrow margin of fluid balance. To aid right heart function many patients are continuously infused medication to reduce pulmonary resistance and right ventricle afterload. However, this also comes with complications, especially when there is an abrupt failure in the delivery of these medications. Overall, these are difficult patients to manage during acute episodes of decompensation due to their marginal cardiac function, hypersensitivity to changes in volume status, and limited usefulness of many exam findings or tests used to assess volume status.

Background Accurate and timely review of microbiological test results is a core component of antimicrobial stewardship. There is documented success of these programs in the inpatient setting; however, emergency department (ED) patients are typically not included in these initiatives. Objectives To assess the impact of an emergency medicine pharmacist (EMP)–facilitated review process of positive microbiological test results from patients discharged from the ED as measured by time to positive result review and number of indicated interventions completed. Methods This was a retrospective study that compared EMP-facilitated to ED charge nurse (CN)–facilitated physician review of randomly selected positive microbiological test results. Groups were compared concurrently within the time frame of July 1, 2012 through December 31, 2012. Results One hundred seventy-eight positive microbiological test results were included (EMP, n = 91; CN, n = 87). The median (IQR) time to initial review was 3 (1.0–6.3) hours for the EMP and 2 (0.3–5.5) hours for the CN group ( p = .35). Four percent (1/25) of indicated interventions were not completed in the EMP group versus 47% (14/30) in the CN group ( p = .0004). Conclusion An EMP was significantly less likely to miss an intervention when indicated with no difference in time to review of positive microbiological results. These findings support the role of the EMP in antimicrobial stewardship in the ED.

Objective Emergency Department Observation Units (Obs Units) provide a setting and a mechanism for further care of Emergency Department (ED) patients. Our hospital has a protocol-driven, type 1, complex 20 bed Obs Unit with 36 different protocols. We wanted to understand how the different protocols performed and what types of care were provided. Methods This was an IRB-approved, retrospective chart review study. A random 10% of ED patient charts with a “transfer to observation” order were selected monthly from October 2015 through June 2017. This database was designed to identify high and low functioning protocols based on length of stays (LOS) and admission rates. Results Over 20 months, a total of 984 patients qualified for the study. The average age was 49.5 ± 17.2 years, 57.3% were women, and 32.3% were non-Caucasian. The admission rate was 23.5% with an average LOS in observation of 13.7 h [95% CI 13.3–14.1]. Thirty day return rate was 16.8% with 5.3% of the patients returning to the ED within the first 72 h. Thirty six different protocols were used, with the most common being chest pain (13.9%) and general (13.2%). Almost 70% received a consultation from another service, and 7.2% required a procedure while in observation. Procedures included fluoroscopic-guided lumbar punctures, endoscopies, dental extractions, and catheter replacements (nephrostomy, gastrostomy, and biliary tubes). Conclusions An Obs Unit can care for a wide variety of patients who require multiple consultations, procedures, and care coordination while maintaining an acceptable length of stay and admission rate.

Emergency departments (EDs) have seen rising numbers of patients in psychiatric crises, patient boarding, and throughput delays. This study describes and evaluates the impact of a Crisis Assessment Linkage and Management (CALM) service designed to manage behavioral health crises. A year-to-year comparison was performed before (n = 2211 ED visits) and after implementation of CALM (n = 2387). CALM was associated with reductions in median ED and hospital length of stay (LOS) from 9.5 to 7.3 hours and 46.2 to 31.4 hours, respectively. Mean transformed ED LOS decreased by 32.4% ( P < .001). The CALM model improved patient care and throughput metrics by proactively managing behavioral health crises.

In search of a standardized noninvasive assessment of intravascular volume status, we prospectively compared the sonographic inferior vena cava collapsibility index (IVC-CI) and central venous pressures (CVPs). Our goals included the determination of CVP behavior across clinically relevant IVC-CI ranges, examination of unitary behavior of IVC-CI with changes in CVP, and estimation of the effect of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on the IVC-CI/CVP relationship.Prospective, observational study was performed in surgical/medical intensive care unit patients between October 2009 and July 2013. Patients underwent repeated sonographic evaluations of IVC-CI. Demographics, illness severity, ventilatory support, CVP, and patient positioning were recorded. Correlations were made between CVP groupings (7, 7-12, 12-18, 19+) and IVC-CI ranges (25, 25-49, 50-74, 75+). Comparison of CVP (2-unit quanta) and IVC-CI (5-unit quanta) was performed, followed by assessment of per-unit ΔIVC-CI/ΔCVP behavior as well as examination of the effect of PEEP on the IVC-CI/CVP relationship.We analyzed 320 IVC-CI/CVP measurement pairs from 79 patients (mean [SD] age, 55.8 [16.8] years; 64.6% male; mean [SD] Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, 11.7 [6.21]). Continuous data for IVC-CI/CVP correlated poorly (R = 0.177, p0.01) and were inversely proportional, with CVP less than 7 noted in approximately 10% of the patients for IVC-CIs less than 25% and CVP less than 7 observed in approximately 85% of patients for IVC-CIs greater than or equal to 75%. Median ΔIVC-CI per unit CVP was 3.25%. Most measurements (361 of 320) were collected in mechanically ventilated patients (mean [SD] PEEP, 7.76 [4.11] cm H2O). PEEP-related CVP increase was approximately 2 mm Hg to 2.5 mm Hg for IVC-CIs greater than 60% and approximately 3 mm Hg to 3.5 mm Hg for IVC-CIs less than 30%. PEEP also resulted in lower IVC-CIs at low CVPs, which reversed with increasing CVPs. When IVC-CI was examined across increasing PEEP ranges, we noted an inverse relationship between the two variables, but this failed to reach statistical significance.IVC-CI and CVP correlate inversely, with each 1 mm Hg of CVP corresponding to 3.3% median ΔIVC-CI. Low IVC-CI (25%) is consistent with euvolemia/hypervolemia, while IVC-CI greater than 75% suggests intravascular volume depletion. The presence of PEEP results in 2 mm Hg to 3.5 mm Hg of CVP increase across the IVC-CI spectrum and lower collapsibility at low CVPs. Although IVC-CI decreased with increasing degrees of PEEP, this failed to reach statistical significance. While this study represents a step forward in the area of intravascular volume estimation using IVC-CI, our findings must be applied with caution owing to some methodologic limitations.Diagnostic study, level III. Prognostic study, level III.

Background Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited blood disorder that affects millions of people worldwide, with approximately 100,000 Americans affected (Center for Disease Control, 2017). In the U.S., SCD results in over 200,000 emergency department (ED) visits annually, with pain as the most common complaint (Lanzkron S, et al 2010). At The Ohio State University (OSU) Wexner Medical Center, there is a comprehensive care center for patients with SCD. At their initial patient visit, the patient and their hematologist determine a customized pain plan to be enacted when they present to the ED in acute vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC). In January 2015, these plans were implemented to allow for more rapid treatment of pain crisis in the ED at OSU. Methods A multidisciplinary group was formed in order to accelerate the treatment of SCD patients who presented with VOC. The group's goal was to reduce the time to first opioid by utilizing individualized pain plans for each patient. This would reduce the amount of time deciding the best course of treatment. With reduction in time to first opioid, outcomes including overall length of ED stay, disposition, and length of inpatient admission were identified. Data regarding these endpoints were collected from 01/01/14 to 12/31/15. Generalized linear models were fit to compare the clinical outcomes pre and post implementation of the new protocol. Comorbidities were associated with outcomes using the same modeling technique, where univariable models were built and multi-test adjustment was performed through false-discovery rate (FDR). Results During the 2-year study period, 214 patients with SCD accumulated 2429 ED visits in total. The model estimated a 48% decrease in time to first opioid after implementation of the individualized pain plan protocol (p Conclusion Utilization of individualized pain plans for patients with sickle cell disease presenting with VOC results in a significant reduction in the amount of time to first opioid administration. Implementation of the protocol also led to a reduction in length of stay in the emergency department, however the probability of admission did not change. In examining the effect of comorbidities on clinical outcomes, patients with history of kidney disease or VTE had increased length of ED stay and those with history of VTE also had longer hospital admissions. Patients with comorbid essential hypertension were also twice as likely to be admitted to the hospital though length of inpatient admission did not change. It is possible that patients with kidney disease have worse disease as evidenced by end-organ damage due to repeated vascular insult, ischemia, and inflammation. Similarly, those with history of VTE may have higher viscosity, endothelial adhesion, and dysfunction leading to clots. Patients with comorbid essential hypertension can also be thought to have recurrent vascular damage leading to systemic hypertension. From this information, it can be concluded that utilizing individualized pain plans in SCD patients with VOC will lead to decreased time to analgesia and perhaps decrease use of healthcare resources. Disclosures Desai: Novartis: Research Funding; Pfizer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; University of Pittsburgh: Research Funding; Ironwood: Other: Adjudication Board; Global Blood Therapeutics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Potomac: Speakers Bureau.

Crew resource management (CRM) has the potential to improve safety culture and reduce patient safety errors across different hospitals and inherent cultures, but hospital-wide implementations have not been studied. The authors examined the impact of a systematic CRM implementation across 8 departments spanning 3 hospitals and 2 campuses. The Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPS) was administered electronically to all employees before CRM implementation and about 2 years after; changes in percent positive composite scores were compared in pre-post analyses. Across all respondents, there was a statistically significant increase in composite score for 10 of the 12 HSOPS dimensions ( P < .05). These significant results persisted across the 8 departments studied and among both practitioners and staff. Consideration of score changes across dimensions reveals that the teamwork and communication dimensions of patient safety culture may be more highly influenced by CRM training than supervisor and management dimensions.

Beau Meyer,1,2 Eric Adkins,3,4 Nathan M Finnerty,4 Fonda G Robinson5 1Division of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 2Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 3The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Emergency Department, 4Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, 5Clinic Administration and Patient Care, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA Background: Emergency department (ED) visits for dental reasons continue to impact EDs nationwide. This investigation determined the rate of follow-up in an emergency dental clinic (EDC) after hospital ED visits for nontraumatic dental conditions. Methods: This prospective investigation reports the number of patients who presented to an ED for nontraumatic dental conditions and the rate of follow-up at an EDC. Upon ED discharge, patients were provided instructions to follow-up for low-cost care at the EDC. Telephone contact was attempted following failed referrals. Descriptive statistics were reported for comparing referral sources and demographic trends. Results: Two hundred and forty-seven referrals were made and 31% followed up for definitive treatment at the EDC. More referrals were made on weekends than on weekdays. Failed referrals were unreachable by telephone in 75% of cases. Tooth extraction was the most common treatment rendered in the EDC. Of the ED patients who accessed EDC care, 14% became comprehensive patients in the EDC's regular dental clinic. Conclusion: Less than one-third of ED referrals to the EDC followed up for definitive care when provided an opportunity to do so, and 75% of referrals were unreachable by telephone in the week following the ED dental visit. Keywords: emergencies, dental health services, health services accessibility, access to care, dental emergency treatment

Cancer care has become increasingly specialized and advances in treatment have resulted in a larger proportion of cancer patients receiving treatment as outpatients. Although there are many cancer centers throughout the world that are dedicated solely to the care of cancer patients, there are few centers that specialize in the emergent care of these patients. In this chapter, we compare different models of care for oncologic emergencies, as well as common treatment needs and challenges of treating this population. The models range from emergency departments at large, dedicated cancer centers (the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, USA), to a cancer-dedicated emergency department alongside a general emergency department, with some shared resources (Asan Medical Center, Korea), to a distributed model in which an oncology service provides support at general acute care facilities, often rural (Merseyside and Cheshire Cancer Network, England). We also include the cancer emergency department at the Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute (USA), which is still in its planning phase, to illustrate planning considerations involved in providing acute care to patients with cancer.

There is a need for consistent, repetitive, and reliable terminology to describe the basic manipulations of the ultrasound transducer. Previously, 5 basic transducer motions have been defined and used in education. However, even with this effort, there is still a lack of consistency and clarity in describing transducer manipulation and motion. In this technical innovation, we describe an expanded definition of transducer motions, which include movements to change the transducer's angle of insonation to the target as well as the location on the body to optimize the ultrasound image. This new terminology may allow for consistent teaching and improved communication in the process of image acquisition.

Ambulance diversion presents a dilemma pitting the ethical principles of patient autonomy and beneficence against the principles of justice and nonmaleficence. The guiding priority in requesting ambulance diversion is to maintain the safety of all patients in the emergency department as well as those waiting to be seen. Policies and procedures can be developed that maintain the best possible outcome for patients transported by ambulance during periods of diversion. More importantly, the discussion must focus on addressing the operational inefficiencies within our health systems that lead to conditions such as patient boarding, high waiting room congestion, and ambulance diversion. Addressing these inefficiencies has a greater potential impact on ambulance diversion than simply banning or restricting the practice for practical or ethical considerations.

Background Physician-performed focused ultrasonography is a rapidly growing field with numerous clinical applications. Focused ultrasound is a clinically useful tool with relevant applications across most specialties. Ultrasound technology has outpaced the education, necessitating an early introduction to the technology within the medical education system. There are many challenges to integrating ultrasound into medical education including identifying appropriately trained faculty, access to adequate resources, and appropriate integration into existing medical education curricula. As focused ultrasonography increasingly penetrates academic and community practices, access to ultrasound equipment and trained faculty is improving. However, there has remained the major challenge of determining at which level is integrating ultrasound training within the medical training paradigm most appropriate. Methods The Ohio State University College of Medicine has developed a novel vertical curriculum for focused ultrasonography which is concordant with the 4-year medical school curriculum. Given current evidenced-based practices, a curriculum was developed which provides medical students an exposure in focused ultrasonography. The curriculum utilizes focused ultrasonography as a teaching aid for students to gain a more thorough understanding of basic and clinical science within the medical school curriculum. The objectives of the course are to develop student understanding in indications for use, acquisition of images, interpretation of an ultrasound examination, and appropriate decision-making of ultrasound findings. Results Preliminary data indicate that a vertical ultrasound curriculum is a feasible and effective means of teaching focused ultrasonography. The foreseeable limitations include faculty skill level and training, initial cost of equipment, and incorporating additional information into an already saturated medical school curriculum. Conclusions Focused ultrasonography is an evolving concept in medicine. It has been shown to improve education and patient care. The indications for and implementation of focused ultrasound is rapidly expanding in all levels of medicine. The ideal method for teaching ultrasound has yet to be established. The vertical curriculum in ultrasound at The Ohio State University College of Medicine is a novel evidenced-based training regimen at the medical school level which integrates ultrasound training into medical education and serves as a model for future integrated ultrasound curricula.

Background Recently, high-dose insulin (HDI) and intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) have emerged as treatment options for severe toxicity from calcium-channel blocker (CCB) and beta blocker (BB). Objective Our aim was to describe the use and effectiveness of HDI and ILE for the treatment of CCB and BB overdose. Case Reports We describe 2 patients presenting to the emergency department after intentional ingestions of CCBs and BBs. A 35-year-old man presented in pulseless electrical activity after ingesting amlodopine, verapamil, and metoprolol. A 59-year-old man presented with cardiogenic shock (CS) after ingesting amlodopine, simvastatin, lisinopril, and metformin. Both patients were initially treated with glucagon, calcium, and vasopressors. Shortly after arrival, HDI (1 unit/kg × 1; 1 unit/kg/h infusion) and ILE 20% (1.5 mL/kg × 1; 0.25 mL/kg/min × 60 min) were initiated. This led to hemodynamic improvement and resolution of shock. At the time of hospital discharge, both patients had achieved full neurologic recovery. Conclusions HDI effectively reverses CS induced by CCBs and BBs due to its inotropic effects, uptake of glucose into cardiac muscle, and peripheral vasodilatation. ILE is theorized to sequester agents dependent on lipid solubility from the plasma, preventing further toxicity. To our knowledge, these are the first two successful cases reported using the combination of HDI and ILE for reversing CS induced by intentional ingestions of CCBs and BBs.

We describe a case of a middle-aged male with end-stage renal disease who presented with dyspnea after a recent mycoplasma infection. The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Medical knowledge, Patient care. Republished with permission from: Wallace LA, Adkins EJ, Bahner DP. Bedside sonography primer: diagnosis of pleural effusion with ultrasound. OPUS 12 Scientist 2012;6(1):12-13.

Background: The millennial learner is reliant on technology to gain knowledge. Social media in the form of Twitter and Facebook provide a unique way to reach these learners. Aims: To demonstrate a supplement to a curriculum using ‘‘push technology’’ via Twitter and Facebook to deliver educational content to mobile devices. Methods: A curriculum consisting of high-yield ultrasound concepts was developed and posted to Twitter @EDUltrasound daily. Followers received tweets ‘‘pushed’’ directly to their mobile devices. Following the year-long program, followers were surveyed regarding the program’s effectiveness. To determine the ways in which tweets were reaching users, followers were categorized demographically. Results: Daily ‘‘tweets’’ were posted each morning beginning on July 1, 2010. By the end of the year, there were 87 followers on Twitter and 78 on Facebook. The majority of followers (55.6%) had not previously used Twitter. The majority of followers (88.9%) found Twitter user-friendly, while most (81.5%) found the information useful. Conclusions: Due to ease of use and widespread applicability, Twitter and Facebook are excellent applications of ‘‘push technology’’ as a means to deliver educational content. This pilot project demonstrates the potential of social media to both supplement and enhance traditional educational methods.

Simulation experiences have begun to replace traditional education models of teaching the skill of bad news delivery in medical education. The tiered apprenticeship model of medical education emphasizes experiential learning. Studies have described a lack of support in bad news delivery and inadequacy of training in this important clinical skill as well as poor familial comprehension and dissatisfaction on the part of physicians in training regarding the resident delivery of bad news. Many residency training programs lacked a formalized training curriculum in the delivery of bad news. Simulation teaching experiences may address these noted clinical deficits in the delivery of bad news to patients and their families. Unique experiences can be role-played with this educational technique to simulate perceived learner deficits. A variety of scenarios can be constructed within the framework of the simulation training method to address specific cultural and religious responses to bad news in the medical setting. Even potentially explosive and violent scenarios can be role-played in order to prepare physicians for these rare and difficult situations. While simulation experiences cannot supplant the model of positive, real-life clinical teaching in the delivery of bad news, simulation of clinical scenarios with scripting, self-reflection, and peer-to-peer feedback can be powerful educational tools. Simulation training can help to develop the skills needed to effectively and empathetically deliver bad news to patients and families in medical practice.

Objectives Ultrasound image interpretation and education relies on obtaining a high-quality ultrasound image; however, no literature exists to date attempting to define a high-quality ultrasound image. The purpose of this study was to design and perform a pilot reliability study of the Brightness Mode Quality Ultrasound Imaging Examination Technique (B-QUIET) method for ultrasound quality image assessment. Methods A single sonologist performed a Trinity hypotensive ultrasound protocol on 3 participants of varying body types. Each participant's ultrasound examination was repeated in 4 locations; static clinic location, mobile ambulance, airplane, and helicopter. Images were reviewed by a sonographer, radiologist, and emergency medicine physician using the B-QUIET method and underwent statistical analysis using generalizability theory for reliability of the assessments using the tool. Results The B-QUIET method showed high reliability of most subscale items. Approximately two-thirds of the reviewed images had complete inter-rater reliability on 90% of the items. There was relatively low inter-rater reliability for the Identification/ Orientation subscale items. The inter-rater reliability κ value was calculated as 0.676 overall for the method. Conclusions The need for a standardized method to evaluate the quality of an ultrasound image is well documented. The B-QUIET method represents the first attempt to quantify the sonographer component of ultrasound images. Further reliability and validation studies of this method will be needed; however, it represents a tool for standardized ultrasound interpretation, ultrasound training, and institutional quality assessment.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a clinical syndrome defined by the acute onset of hypoxemic respiratory failure and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates not primarily due to left atrial hypertension (1;2). When hypoxemia is more severe, the condition is termed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ALI/ARDS is a common cause of respiratory failure with a crude incidence of 78.9 per 100,000 person-years and an age-adjusted incidence of 86.2 per 100,000 person-years (3). In-hospital mortality remains unacceptably high between 38% and 60% (2;3). It is estimated that there are almost 191,000 cases of ALI annually, accounting for 3.6 million hospital days and almost 75,000 deaths (3). Because of physiologic and biochemical changes associated with obesity, it is possible that excess weight affects the incidence and/or outcome of ALI. Alterations in thoraco-abdominal compliance and gas exchange might predispose obese patients to respiratory failure and ALI and could affect the response to therapeutic measures. The inflammation of obesity might also incline obese patients to lung injury when they suffer a secondary insult (e.g. sepsis). However, provider bias and disparities in provided care could be as influential in the outcome of obese patients with ALI and require consideration in the assessment of any such association (4;5).

Introduction: Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) affects approximately 1 in 350 African American newborn infants each year in the United States and 70,000-100,000 people in the United States. Vaso-occlusive pain crisis is the most common complication that results in patients seeking emergency care for sickle cell disease. In the US in 2006, an estimated 232,381 emergency department (ED) visits were related to sickle cell disease, which resulted in approximately $356 million of ED health care costs and $2.6 billion of combined ED and inpatient costs. Initial pediatric data suggests that time to opiate initiation effectively decreased the total ED length of stay, and total intravenous opiates. While adult ED protocols have been implemented, results on time to first opiate as well as health care utilization has been variable. Methods: A multidisciplinary quality improvement group was formed to improve emergency room department care delivery for patients with sickle cell disease. The existing NIH 2014 sickle cell guideline and Tanabe protocol was modified to include individualized pain plans (Figure 1). The primary goal was defined as average time to first opiate of < 60 minutes. The secondary goal was to improve long term health care utilization as measures by length of ED stay and readmission rates for patients with sickle cell disease. The data was compared to a year prior to protocol implementation given the seasonal variations observed in patient admissions and encounter volumes. For reporting, those patients that require a toxicology screen prior to opiate administration were excluded from the data analysis. Results: There were a total of 352 encounters from 102 unique patients that occurred time of protocol initiation (January 2015-June 2015). The average time to first opiate in January 2014 was 170 min and June 2014 was 166min. After protocol implementation, the average time to first opiate in January 2015 was 123 min and June 2015 62 min (Figure 2). The readmission rate compared to May and June 2014 was decreased by 43% and 20% in May and June 2015, respectively. The average length of ED stay decreased from 9.4 hrs in June 2014 to 5.0 hrs in June 2015 (Figure 3). Conclusion: With a collaborative multi-disciplinary approach, successful ED protocol implementation is feasible. The collaboration can lead to better patient care with improvement in time to analgesia. The model may also contribute to reduction in health care utilization. Figure 1. ED Pain Protocol Algorithm Figure 1. ED Pain Protocol Algorithm Figure 2. Time to First Opiate (mins) Figure 2. Time to First Opiate (mins) Figure 3. Length of Stay in the Emergency Department (Hrs) Figure 3. Length of Stay in the Emergency Department (Hrs) Disclosures Desai: Pfizer: Consultancy.

Introduction: High dose insulin (HDI) and intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) have emerged as treatment options for severe calcium channel blocker (CCB) and beta-blocker (BB) toxicity. Insulin causes increased glucose uptake into cardiac myocytes and affects various intra-cellular pathways resulting in