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1. The global spectrum of plant form and function: enhanced species-level trait dataset

Author

Sandra Díaz, Jens Kattge, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Ian J. Wright, Sandra Lavorel, Stéphane Dray, Björn Reu, Michael Kleyer, Christian Wirth, I. Colin Prentice, Eric Garnier, Gerhard Bönisch, Mark Westoby, Hendrik Poorter, Peter B. Reich, Angela T. Moles, John Dickie, Amy E. Zanne, Jérôme Chave, S. Joseph Wright, Serge N. Sheremetiev, Hervé Jactel, Christopher Baraloto, Bruno E. L. Cerabolini, Simon Pierce, Bill Shipley, Fernando Casanoves, Julia S. Joswig, Angela Günther, Valeria Falczuk, Nadja Rüger, Miguel D. Mahecha, Lucas D. Gorné, Bernard Amiaud, Owen K. Atkin, Michael Bahn, Dennis Baldocchi, Michael Beckmann, Benjamin Blonder, William Bond, Ben Bond-Lamberty, Kerry Brown, Sabina Burrascano, Chaeho Byun, Giandiego Campetella, Jeannine Cavender-Bares, F. Stuart Chapin, Brendan Choat, David Anthony Coomes, William K. Cornwell, Joseph Craine, Dylan Craven, Matteo Dainese, Alessandro Carioca de Araujo, Franciska T. de Vries, Tomas Ferreira Domingues, Brian J. Enquist, Jaime Fagúndez, Jingyun Fang, Fernando Fernández-Méndez, Maria T. Fernandez-Piedade, Henry Ford, Estelle Forey, Gregoire T. Freschet, Sophie Gachet, Rachael Gallagher, Walton Green, Greg R. Guerin, Alvaro G. Gutiérrez, Sandy P. Harrison, Wesley Neil Hattingh, Tianhua He, Thomas Hickler, Steven I. Higgins, Pedro Higuchi, Jugo Ilic, Robert B. Jackson, Adel Jalili, Steven Jansen, Fumito Koike, Christian König, Nathan Kraft, Koen Kramer, Holger Kreft, Ingolf Kühn, Hiroko Kurokawa, Eric G. Lamb, Daniel C. Laughlin, Michelle Leishman, Simon Lewis, Frédérique Louault, Ana C. M. Malhado, Peter Manning, Patrick Meir, Maurizio Mencuccini, Julie Messier, Regis Miller, Vanessa Minden, Jane Molofsky, Rebecca Montgomery, Gabriel Montserrat-Martí, Marco Moretti, Sandra Müller, Ülo Niinemets, Romà Ogaya, Kinga Öllerer, Vladimir Onipchenko, Yusuke Onoda, Wim A. Ozinga, Juli G. Pausas, Begoña Peco, Josep Penuelas, Valério D. Pillar, Clara Pladevall, Christine Römermann, Lawren Sack, Norma Salinas, Brody Sandel, Jordi Sardans, Brandon Schamp, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Fritz Schweingruber, Satomi Shiodera, Ênio Sosinski, Nadejda Soudzilovskaia, Marko J. Spasojevic, Emily Swaine, Nathan Swenson, Susanne Tautenhahn, Ken Thompson, Alexia Totte, Rocío Urrutia-Jalabert, Fernando Valladares, Peter van Bodegom, François Vasseur, Kris Verheyen, Denis Vile, Cyrille Violle, Betsy von Holle, Patrick Weigelt, Evan Weiher, Michael C. Wiemann, Mathew Williams, Justin Wright, and Gerhard Zotz

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Measurement(s) plant trait Technology Type(s) various Factor Type(s) none Sample Characteristic - Organism Tracheophyta Sample Characteristic - Environment natural environment Sample Characteristic - Location global

Published
2022
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2. A trait-based framework for seagrass ecology: Trends and prospects

Author

Agustín Moreira-Saporiti, Mirta Teichberg, Eric Garnier, J. Hans C. Cornelissen, Teresa Alcoverro, Mats Björk, Christoffer Boström, Emanuela Dattolo, Johan S. Eklöf, Harald Hasler-Sheetal, Nuria Marbà, Lázaro Marín-Guirao, Lukas Meysick, Irene Olivé, Thorsten B. H. Reusch, Miriam Ruocco, João Silva, Ana I. Sousa, Gabriele Procaccini, and Rui Santos

Subjects
functional ecology, trait-based approach, seagrass traits database, ecosystem service vulnerability, response-effect framework, Plant culture, SB1-1110
Abstract

In the last three decades, quantitative approaches that rely on organism traits instead of taxonomy have advanced different fields of ecological research through establishing the mechanistic links between environmental drivers, functional traits, and ecosystem functions. A research subfield where trait-based approaches have been frequently used but poorly synthesized is the ecology of seagrasses; marine angiosperms that colonized the ocean 100M YA and today make up productive yet threatened coastal ecosystems globally. Here, we compiled a comprehensive trait-based response-effect framework (TBF) which builds on previous concepts and ideas, including the use of traits for the study of community assembly processes, from dispersal and response to abiotic and biotic factors, to ecosystem function and service provision. We then apply this framework to the global seagrass literature, using a systematic review to identify the strengths, gaps, and opportunities of the field. Seagrass trait research has mostly focused on the effect of environmental drivers on traits, i.e., “environmental filtering” (72%), whereas links between traits and functions are less common (26.9%). Despite the richness of trait-based data available, concepts related to TBFs are rare in the seagrass literature (15% of studies), including the relative importance of neutral and niche assembly processes, or the influence of trait dominance or complementarity in ecosystem function provision. These knowledge gaps indicate ample potential for further research, highlighting the need to understand the links between the unique traits of seagrasses and the ecosystem services they provide.

Published
2023
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3. PhenoSpace: A Shiny application to visualize trait data in the phenotypic space of the global spectrum of plant form and function

Author

Jules Segrestin, Kevin Sartori, Marie‐Laure Navas, Jens Kattge, Sandra Díaz, and Eric Garnier

Subjects
comparative plant ecology, functional dimensions, plant phenotypes, plant traits, trait variation, user‐friendly application, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Abstract A recent analysis of variation in six major traits conducted on a large worldwide sample of vascular plant species showed that three‐quarters of trait variation was captured by a two‐dimensional global spectrum of plant form and function (“global spectrum” hereafter). We developed the PhenoSpace application, whose aim is to visualize and export the position of any individual/population/species in the phenotypic space of the global spectrum. PhenoSpace is a Shiny application that helps users to manipulate and visualize data pertaining to the global spectrum of plant form and function. It is freely accessible at the following URL: https://shiny.cefe.cnrs.fr/PhenoSpace/. PhenoSpace has three main functionalities. First, it allows users to visualize the phenotypic space of the global spectrum using different combinations of traits and growth forms. Second, trait data from any new user‐defined dataset can be projected onto the phenotypic space of the global spectrum, provided that at least two of the six traits are available. Finally, figures produced and loadings of the imported data on the PCA axes can be downloaded, allowing users to conduct further analyses. PhenoSpace fulfills the practical goal of positioning plants in the phenotypic space of the global spectrum, making it possible to compare trait variation at any level of organization against the worldwide background. This serves a major aim of comparative plant ecology, which is to put specific sets of individuals, populations or species into a broader context, facilitating comparison and synthesis of results across different continents and environments using relevant indicators of plant design and function.

Published
2021
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4. Robust Calorimetric Micro-Sensor for Aerodynamic Applications

Author

Cécile Ghouila-Houri, Célestin Ott, Romain Viard, Quentin Gallas, Eric Garnier, Abdelkrim Talbi, and Philippe Pernod

Subjects
MEMS sensor, thermal sensor, calorimetric sensor, wall shear stress sensor, active flow control, General Works
Abstract

This paper reports a calorimetric micro-sensor designed for aerodynamic applications. Measuring both the amplitude and the sign of the wall shear stress at small length-scale and high frequencies, the micro-sensor is particularly suited for flow separation detection and flow control. The micro-sensor was calibrated in static and dynamic in a turbulent boundary layer wind tunnel. Several micro-sensors were embedded in various configurations for measuring the shear stress and detecting flow separation. Specially, one was embedded inside an actuator slot for in situ measurements and twelve, associated with miniaturized electronics, were implemented on a flap model for active flow control experiments.

Published
2018
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5. Predicting leaf litter decomposability: an exploratory assessment of leaf traits, litter traits and spectral properties in six Mediterranean herbaceous species

Author

Natalia Pérez Harguindeguy, Jacques Cortez, Eric Garnier, Dominique Gillon, and María Poca

Subjects
Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Ecología Austral, 25:54-64 (2015) Several studies attempted to find quick and easy methods to assess litter decomposability. We tested three frequently used methods on 6 Mediterranean herbaceous species from different plant families and life forms: (1) ‘green leaves traits’: traits of living leaves related to the strategies of living plants; (2) ‘litter traits’: litter respiration during in vitro incubation and initial litter properties; and (3) ‘leaf and litter spectral properties’: the spectral characteristics (NIR) of green leaves and litter. We analyzed the relationship between these methods and their consistency to assess litter decomposability in the field. Green leaves spectral properties were the most accurate to predict field decomposability, followed by leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and initial content of non-labile compounds. In vitro decomposability marginally correlated with field decomposability. The selection among these predictors may then depend on the instruments available. LDMC is the easiest and least expensive, and is also a constant trait within species. Alternatively, if available, NIR spectra of green leaves and initial litter represent the quickest method for estimating decomposability and litter quality at the same time. Our findings confirm previous evidence that for species from semi-arid systems structural traits like LDMC and non-labile compounds content are important properties controlling species litter decomposability. The validity of our conclusions when a wider range of species is included remains to be tested.

Published
2015
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6. A functional characterisation of a wide range of cover crop species: growth and nitrogen acquisition rates, leaf traits and ecological strategies.

Author

Hélène Tribouillois, Florian Fort, Pablo Cruz, Raphaël Charles, Olivier Flores, Eric Garnier, and Eric Justes

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Cover crops can produce ecosystem services during the fallow period, as reducing nitrate leaching and producing green manure. Crop growth rate (CGR) and crop nitrogen acquisition rate (CNR) can be used as two indicators of the ability of cover crops to produce these services in agrosystems. We used leaf functional traits to characterise the growth strategies of 36 cover crops as an approach to assess their ability to grow and acquire N rapidly. We measured specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf nitrogen content (LNC) and leaf area (LA) and we evaluated their relevance to characterise CGR and CNR. Cover crop species were positioned along the Leaf Economics Spectrum (LES), the SLA-LDMC plane, and the CSR triangle of plant strategies. LA was positively correlated with CGR and CNR, while LDMC was negatively correlated with CNR. All cover crops could be classified as resource-acquisitive species from their relative position on the LES and the SLA-LDMC plane. Most cover crops were located along the Competition/Ruderality axis in the CSR triangle. In particular, Brassicaceae species were classified as very competitive, which was consistent with their high CGR and CNR. Leaf functional traits, especially LA and LDMC, allowed to differentiate some cover crops strategies related to their ability to grow and acquire N. LDMC was lower and LNC was higher in cover crop than in wild species, pointing to an efficient acquisitive syndrome in the former, corresponding to the high resource availability found in agrosystems. Combining several leaf traits explained approximately half of the CGR and CNR variances, which might be considered insufficient to precisely characterise and rank cover crop species for agronomic purposes. We hypothesised that may be the consequence of domestication process, which has reduced the range of plant strategies and modified the leaf trait syndrome in cultivated species.

Published
2015
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7. Nanogap Pirani Sensor Operating in Constant Temperature Mode for Near Atmospheric Pressure Measurements

Author

Cécile Ghouila-Houri, Ralph Sindjui, Mohammed Moutaouekkil, Omar Elmazria, Quentin Gallas, Eric Garnier, Alain Merlen, Romain Viard, Abdelkrim Talbi, and Philippe Pernod

Subjects
MEMS sensors, pressure sensors, pirani sensors, flow control, General Works
Abstract

This paper presents a high sensitive micro-sensor designed for pressure measurements in a wide range around atmospheric pressure, for application in aerodynamics. The sensor is a temperature-resistance transducer operating with the Pirani effect, which states that below a certain pressure limit, the thermal conductivity of a gas is pressure-dependent. The sensor presents a wide measurement range between 10 kPa and about 800 kPa, in both constant current and constant temperature mode. The last mode enables high-sensitive measurements with a maximum of sensitivity around atmospheric pressure, enabling the use of the sensor for applications in aerodynamics and fluid dynamics, such as active flow control.

Published
2017
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8. Wall Shear Stress Calorimetric Micro-Sensor Designed for Flow Separation Detection and Active Flow Control

Author

Cécile Ghouila-Houri, Quentin Gallas, Eric Garnier, Alain Merlen, Romain Viard, Abdelkrim Talbi, and Philippe Pernod

Subjects
MEMS sensors, wall shear stress sensors, calorimetric sensors, flow control, separation detection, General Works
Abstract

This paper presents an efficient and high-sensitive micro-sensor designed for wall shear stress measurement. The main technical application targeted is flow separation detection for closed-loop active flow control. The sensor is a temperature-resistance transducer operating on heat transfer. The device is micro-structured with three substrate-free wires presenting a high aspect ratio, and periodic perpendicular micro-bridges ensuring mechanical toughness and thermal insulation. This design achieves a homogeneous temperature distribution along the wires. Welded on a flexible printed circuit, the sensor is wall-mounted on a wind tunnel. The experiments, conducted in both attached and separated flow configurations, demonstrate the sensor sensitivity to wall shear stress up to 2.4 Pa and the ability of the 3-wires based design to perform flow direction sensing for back-flow detection.

Published
2017
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14. Trade‐offs and synergies between ecosystem productivity and stability in temperate grasslands

Author

Lucie Mahaut, Philippe Choler, Pierre Denelle, Eric Garnier, Wilfried Thuiller, Jens Kattge, Servane Lemauviel‐Lavenant, Sandra Lavorel, François Munoz, Delphine Renard, Josep M. Serra‐Diaz, Nicolas Viovy, Cyrille Violle, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

Aim: It is crucial to monitor how the productivity of grasslands varies with its temporal stability for management of these ecosystems. However, identifying the direction of the productivity-stability relationship remains challenging because ecological stability has multiple components that can display neutral, positive or negative covariations. Furthermore, evidence suggests that the direction of the productivity-stability relationship depends on the biotic interactions and abiotic conditions that underlie ecosystem productivity and stability. We decipher the relationships between grassland productivity and two components of its stability in four habitat types with contrasting environments and flora.

Published
2023

16. Roughness-Induced Instabilities and Transition on a Generic Hypersonic Forebody at Mach 6

Author

Neil D. Sandham, Jean-Philippe Brazier, Eric Garnier, Julien Lefieux, and Antoine Durant

Subjects
Physics, 020301 aerospace & aeronautics, Hypersonic speed, Turbulence, Direct numerical simulation, Aerospace Engineering, Reynolds number, 02 engineering and technology, Mechanics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Vortex, symbols.namesake, 0203 mechanical engineering, Heat flux, Mach number, 0103 physical sciences, symbols, Laminar-turbulent transition
Abstract

In hypersonic flows, it is often necessary to be able to trip the transition to turbulence, upstream of air intakes, for example. Direct numerical simulations have been performed to identify the ro...

Published
2021

17. Species dominance rather than complementarity drives community digestibility and litter decomposition in species‐rich Mediterranean rangelands

Author

Elena Kazakou, Iris Bumb, Eric Garnier, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)

Subjects
Ecology, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract

International audience

Published
2022

18. Consistency of species ranking based on functional leaf traits

Author

S. Debain, A. Bellmann, P. Berthelier, G. Laurent, Catherine Roumet, Marie-Laure Navas, B. Ducout, and Eric Garnier

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, Agronomy, Specific leaf area, Dry weight, Physiology, Botany, Trait, Dry matter, Spatial variability, Plant Science, Herbaceous plant, Biology, Woody plant
Abstract

○ Specific leaf area (leaf area to dry mass ratio), leaf dry matter content (leaf dry mass to saturated fresh mass ratio) and leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC) have been proposed as indicators of plant resource use in data bases of plant functional traits. ○ We tested whether species ranking based on these traits was repeatable by studying spatio-temporal variations in specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content of water-saturated leaves (SLA SAT and LDMC SAT ), as well as in LNC, for 57 herbaceous and woody species (or subsets thereof) growing under the Mediterranean climate of southern France. ○ Interseason and intersite variations were more pronounced than interannual variations, but species ranking for a given trait remained mostly consistent in space and time. Classifications based on LDMC SAT were generally more repeatable across years and sites, whereas those based on SLA SAT were more stable over seasons. LNC usually gave the least repeatable classifications. ○ Species rankings were not completely similar for the three traits. Discussion of reproducibility, ease of trait measurement, as well as trait-function relationships led us to propose that measurements of the leaf traits, SLA SAT and/or LDMC SAT , were the most suitable in large screening programmes.

Published
2022

19. Functional traits trade-offs define plant population stability worldwide

Author

Luisa Conti, Enrique Valencia, Thomas Galland, Lars Götzenberger, Jan Lepš, Anna E-Vojtkó, Carlos P. Carmona, Maria Májeková, Jiří Danihelka, Jürgen Dengler, David J. Eldridge, Marc Estiarte, Ricardo García-González, Eric Garnier, Daniel Gómez, Věra Hadincová, Susan P. Harrison, Tomáš Herben, Ricardo Ibáñez, Anke Jentsch, Norbert Juergens, Miklós Kertész, Katja Klumpp, František Krahulec, Frédérique Louault, Rob H. Marrs, Gábor Ónodi, Robin J. Pakeman, Meelis Pärtel, Begoña Peco, Josep Peñuelas, Marta Rueda, Wolfgang Schmidt, Ute Schmiedel, Martin Schuetz, Hana Skalova, Petr Šmilauer, Marie Šmilauerová, Christian Smit, MingHua Song, Martin Stock, James Val, Vigdis Vandvik, David Ward, Karsten Wesche, Susan K. Wiser, Ben A. Woodcock, Truman P. Young, Fei-Hai Yu, Martin Zobel, and Francesco de Bello

Abstract

SummaryEcological theory posits that temporal stability patterns in plant populations are associated with differences in species’ ecological strategies. However, empirical evidence is lacking about which traits, or trade-offs, underlie species stability, specially across different ecosystems.To address this, we compiled a global collection of long-term permanent vegetation records (>7000 plots from 78 datasets) from a wide range of habitats and combined this with existing trait databases. We tested whether the observed inter-annual variability in species abundance (coefficient of variation) was related to multiple individual traits and multivariate axes of trait variations (PCoA axes).We found that species with greater leaf dry matter content and seed mass were consistently more stable over time (lower variability in species abundance) although other leaf traits played a significant role as well, albeit weaker. Using multivariate axes did not improve predictions by specific traits.Our results confirm existing theory, providing compelling empirical evidence on the importance of specific traits, which point at ecological trade-offs in different resource use and dispersal strategies, on the stability of plant populations worldwide.

Published
2022

20. High temperature gradient Pirani micro-sensor designed and tested for aerodynamic wall pressure measurement

Author

Cécile Ghouila-Houri, Q. Gallas, M. Kazar-Mendes, Romain Viard, T. Arnoult, A. Merlen, Philippe Pernod, A. Mazzamurro, Eric Garnier, Abdelkrim Talbi, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Acoustique Impulsionnelle & Magnéto-Acoustique Non linéaire - Fluides, Interfaces Liquides & Micro-Systèmes - IEMN (AIMAN-FILMS - IEMN), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Fluiditech (Thurmelec), ISEN Yncréa Ouest, Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides de Lille – Kampé de Fériet - UMR 9014 (LMFL), Centrale Lille-ONERA-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), DAAA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Meudon], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, This work is funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR) in the framework of the ANR ASTRID 'CAMELOTT' project, grant number ANR-14-ASTR-0023-01. It is supported by the regional platform CONTRAERO in the framework of the CPER ELSAT 2020 project. The authors also thank RENATECH, the French national nanofabrication network, and FEDER., Renatech Network, ANR-14-ASTR-0023,CAMELOTT,Capteurs et Actionneurs MEMS pour Le ConTrôle réactif de décollement sur voleT(2014), and European Project

Subjects
Materials science, Aerodynamic wall pressure micro-sensor, Mechanics, Aerodynamics, Pirani sensor, law.invention, Boundary layer, Temperature gradient, MEMS, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Pressure measurement, Flow velocity, law, Thermal, Perpendicular, pressure sensor, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Instrumentation, Wind tunnel
Abstract

An earlier version of this paper was presented at the IEEE Sensors 2020 conference and was published in its Proceedings with the title “Aerodynamic wall pressure measurement using a high temperature gradient Pirani micro-sensor” (DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278842); International audience; This paper presents and discusses the first demonstration of aerodynamic wall pressure measurement using a thermal Pirani effect based micro-sensor. The thermal micro-sensor is designed as a suspended micro-hot-wire separated from the substrate by a nanoscale gap, and mechanically supported by perpendicular micro-bridges. The micro-sensor was calibrated for pressure measurement from 10 kPa to 800 kPa. It was then used as aerodynamic wall pressure sensor in a turbulent boundary layer wind tunnel and successfully measured the 1.1 kPa depression occurring in the wind tunnel when the flow velocity goes up to 40 m/s.

Published
2022

21. LOTVS: A global collection of permanent vegetation plots

Author

Marta Gaia Sperandii, Francesco de Bello, Enrique Valencia, Lars Götzenberger, Manuele Bazzichetto, Thomas Galland, Anna E‐Vojtkó, Luisa Conti, Peter B. Adler, Hannah Buckley, Jiří Danihelka, Nicola J. Day, Jürgen Dengler, David J. Eldridge, Marc Estiarte, Ricardo García‐González, Eric Garnier, Daniel Gómez‐García, Lauren Hallett, Susan Harrison, Tomas Herben, Ricardo Ibáñez, Anke Jentsch, Norbert Juergens, Miklós Kertész, Duncan M. Kimuyu, Katja Klumpp, Mike Le Duc, Frédérique Louault, Rob H. Marrs, Gábor Ónodi, Robin J. Pakeman, Meelis Pärtel, Begoña Peco, Josep Peñuelas, Marta Rueda, Wolfgang Schmidt, Ute Schmiedel, Martin Schuetz, Hana Skalova, Petr Šmilauer, Marie Šmilauerová, Christian Smit, Ming‐Hua Song, Martin Stock, James Val, Vigdis Vandvik, Karsten Wesche, Susan K. Wiser, Ben A. Woodcock, Truman P. Young, Fei‐Hai Yu, Amelia A. Wolf, Martin Zobel, Jan Lepš, Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificacion (CIDE), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos [Madrid] (URJC), Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IB / CAS), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH BOHEMIA CESKE BUDEJOVICE CZE, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CZU), Utah State University (USU), Auckland University of Technology (AUT), Masaryk University [Brno] (MUNI), Victoria University of Wellington, Zürich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), University of New South Wales [Kensington], CREAF - Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologìa = Pyrenean Institute of Ecology [Zaragoza] (IPE - CSIC), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, United States, University of California (UC), Department of Zoology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Viniicna 7, 128 43 Praha 2, Universidad Pública de Navarra [Espagne] = Public University of Navarra (UPNA), University of Hamburg, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), University of Liverpool, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), The James Hutton Institute, University of Tartu, Autonomous University of Madrid, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Ecology, 28049 Madrid, Spain, Universidad de Sevilla / University of Sevilla, Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land-use [University of Göttingen] (CBL), Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences [Hamburg], Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, University of South Bohemia, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences [Groningen] (GELIFES), University of Groningen [Groningen], Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wadden Sea National Park of Schleswig-Holstein, University of Bergen (UiB), Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Leibniz Association-Leibniz Association, Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research [Lincoln], Center for Ecology and Hydrology, Taizhou University, University of Texas-Pan, Smit group, Royal Society of New Zealand, Czech Science Foundation, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (France), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), Oberfranken Stiftung, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Scottish Government's Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services, Estonian Research Council, European Commission, Fundación Ramón Areces, Generalitat de Catalunya, European Research Council, Dresden University of Technology, Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment (New Zealand), Natural Environment Research Council (UK), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (UK), Comunidad de Madrid, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, National Science Foundation (US), South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses [University of South Bohemia] (CENAKVA), Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters [University of South Bohemia], University of South Bohemia -University of South Bohemia, Desertification Research Centre (CIDE), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universitat de València (UV), University of Bayreuth, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Unit CREAF-CSIC-UABB, Global Ecology Unit (CREAF-CSIC-UAB), Université de Montpellier (UM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Department of Mathematics, University of Oregon [Eugene], University of Oregon [Eugene], Department of Computer Science [Univ California Davis] (CS - UC Davis), University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Charles University [Prague] (CU), Distributed Events Analysis Research Group (MTA SZTAKI Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Mpala Research Centre, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Institute of Computer Science [University of Tartu, Estonie], Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals - Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications, Partenaires INRAE, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (UCAS), Lake Ecosystems Group [Lancaster, U.K.] (Centre for Ecology & Hydrology), Lancaster Environment Centre [Lancaster, U.K.], Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering - University of Texas (ECE), University of Texas at Austin [Austin], ANR-11-INBS-0001,ANAEE-FR,ANAEE-Services(2011), Sperandii, M. G., de Bello, F., Valencia, E., Gotzenberger, L., Bazzichetto, M., Galland, T., E-Vojtko, A., Conti, L., Adler, P. B., Buckley, H., Danihelka, J., Day, N. J., Dengler, J., Eldridge, D. J., Estiarte, M., Garcia-Gonzalez, R., Garnier, E., Gomez-Garcia, D., Hallett, L., Harrison, S., Herben, T., Ibanez, R., Jentsch, A., Juergens, N., Kertesz, M., Kimuyu, D. M., Klumpp, K., Le Duc, M., Louault, F., Marrs, R. H., Onodi, G., Pakeman, R. J., Partel, M., Peco, B., Penuelas, J., Rueda, M., Schmidt, W., Schmiedel, U., Schuetz, M., Skalova, H., Smilauer, P., Smilauerova, M., Smit, C., Song, M. -H., Stock, M., Val, J., Vandvik, V., Wesche, K., Wiser, S. K., Woodcock, B. A., Young, T. P., Yu, F. -H., Wolf, A. A., Zobel, M., and Leps, J.

Subjects
Plant communities, temporal analysis, Plant community, Plant Science, ecological succession, Permanent plot, ecoinformatic, plant communitie, Ecology and Environment, ecoinformatics, vegetation, Ecological succession, Ecoinformatics, Global scale, 577: Ökologie, time-serie, Vegetation, ecosystem stability, Ecology, time-series, Temporal analysis, permanent plot, plant diversity, plant communities, temporal analysi, 580: Pflanzen (Botanik), Plant diversity, global scale, Ecosystem stability, Permanent plots, Time-series, permanent plots, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

Analysing temporal patterns in plant communities is extremely important to quantify the extent and the consequences of ecological changes, especially considering the current biodiversity crisis. Long-term data collected through the regular sampling of permanent plots represent the most accurate resource to study ecological succession, analyse the stability of a community over time and understand the mechanisms driving vegetation change. We hereby present the LOng-Term Vegetation Sampling (LOTVS) initiative, a global collection of vegetation time-series derived from the regular monitoring of plant species in permanent plots. With 79 data sets from five continents and 7,789 vegetation time-series monitored for at least 6 years and mostly on an annual basis, LOTVS possibly represents the largest collection of temporally fine-grained vegetation time-series derived from permanent plots and made accessible to the research community. As such, it has an outstanding potential to support innovative research in the fields of vegetation science, plant ecology and temporal ecology., The authors acknowledge institutional support as follows. Nicola J. Day: Te Apārangi Royal Society of New Zealand (Rutherford Postdoctoral Fellowship). Jiří Danihelka: Czech Science Foundation (project no. 19-28491X) and Czech Academy of Sciences (project no. RVO 67985939). Francesco de Bello: Spanish Plan Nacional de I+D+i (project PGC2018-099027-B-I00). Eric Garnier: La Fage INRA experimental station. Tomáš Herben: GAČR grant 20-02901S. Anke Jentsch: German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant 031B0516C - SUSALPS) and Oberfrankenstiftung (grant OFS FP00237). Norbert Juergens: German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant 01LG1201N - SASSCAL ABC). Frédérique Louault and Katja Klumpp: AnaEE-France (ANR-11-INBS-0001). Robin J. Pakeman: Strategic Research Programme of the Scottish Government's Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division. Meelis Pärtel: Estonian Research Council (PRG609) and European Regional Development Fund (Centre of Excellence EcolChange). Josep Peñuelas: Spanish Government (grant PID2019-110521GB-I00), Fundación Ramon Areces (grant ELEMENTAL-CLIMATE), Catalan Government (grant SGR 2017-1005), and European Research Council (Synergy grant ERC-SyG-2013-610028, IMBALANCE-P). Ute Schmiedel: German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Promotion numbers 01LC0024, 01LC0024A, 01LC0624A2, 01LG1201A, 01LG1201N). Hana Skálová: GAČR grant 20-02901S. Karsten Wesche: International Institute Zittau, Technische Universität Dresden. Susan K. Wiser: New Zealand Ministry for Business, Innovation and Employment’s Strategic Science Investment Fund. Ben A. Woodcock: NERC and BBSRC (NE/N018125/1 LTS-M ASSIST - Achieving Sustainable Agricultural Systems). Enrique Valencia: Program for attracting and retaining talent of Comunidad de Madrid (no. 2017-T2/AMB-5406) and Community of Madrid and Rey Juan Carlos University (Young Researchers R&D Project. Ref. M2165 – INTRANESTI). Truman P. Young: National Science Foundation (LTREB DEB 19-31224).

Published
2022

22. Control Surface Geometry Surrogate-Based Optimization for Spin-Stabilized Projectile Course Correction

Author

Mickael Zeidler, Eric Garnier, Guillaume Arnoult, Nexter Munitions, Nexter, DAAA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay (COmUE) [Meudon], and ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay

Subjects
Surface (mathematics), Computer Science::Neural and Evolutionary Computation, INTERPOLATION, Aerospace Engineering, 02 engineering and technology, NEURAL NETWORKS, Computational fluid dynamics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Surrogate model, 0203 mechanical engineering, 0103 physical sciences, OPTIMIZATION, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Physics, Aircraft flight mechanics, 020301 aerospace & aeronautics, Artificial neural network, Projectile, business.industry, Mechanics, STATISTICS, PROJECTILES, COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS, LIFT DRAG RATIO, Artillery, business, Spin (aerodynamics)
Abstract

International audience; In the present paper, a surrogate-based methodology is developed and applied to the design of a control surface placed on an artillery projectile. An artificial neural network is used to estimate the aerodynamic contribution of the control device from numerical simulations. These estimations are coupled to a flight mechanics code to evaluate the trajectories of controlled projectiles. From these six-/seven-degree-of-freedom computations, the trajectories modifications are modeled using kriging. A correction device should minimize the distance to a 3σ ellipse (with σ as the projectile standard deviation of the projectile dispersion) around the mean impact point while ensuring problem-specific constraint fulfillment. The kriging databases are sequentially enriched with the impact point position of the projectile configurations maximizing the expected improvement criterion until a convergence state, assessed by leave-one-out cross validation, is reached. Computational-fluid-dynamics-based evaluations of the optimum configuration coefficients provide a refinement of the neural network databases in the relevant area of the design space. A course correction corresponding to a decrease of two standard deviations in the lateral direction and an increase of two standard deviations in range is achieved, respectively, by reducing the pitching moment of the projectile and increasing its lift-to-drag ratio.

Published
2020

24. Multi-scale study of the transitional shock-wave boundary layer interaction in hypersonic flow

Author

Mathieu Lugrin, Reynald Bur, Eric Garnier, Samir Beneddine, DAAA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Meudon], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, DAAA, ONERA [Lille], and ONERA

Subjects
Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes, Shock wave, High fidelity simulation, Scale (ratio), Hypersonic flow, General Engineering, Computational Mechanics, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, [SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph], Physics::Fluid Dynamics, Boundary layer, Shock-wave/boundary layer interaction, 0103 physical sciences, Transition, Linear stability, 010306 general physics, Geology
Abstract

International audience; A high-fidelity simulation of the massively separated shock/ transitional boundary layer interaction caused by a 15-degrees axisymmetrical compression ramp is performed at a free stream Mach number of 6 and a transitional Reynolds number. The chosen configuration yields a strongly multiscale dynamics of the flow as the separated region oscillates at low-frequency, and high-frequency transitional instabilities are triggered by the injection of a generic noise at the inlet of the simulation. The simulation is post-processed using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition to extract the large scale low-frequency dynamics of the recirculation region. The bubble dynamics from the simulation is then compared to the results of a global linear stability analysis about the mean flow. A critical interpretation of the eigenspectrum of the linearized Navier-Stokes operator is presented. The recirculation region dynamics is found to be dominated by two coexisting modes, a quasi-steady one that expresses itself mainly in the reattachment region and that is caused by the interaction of two self-sustained instabilities, and an unsteady one linked with the separation shock-wave and the mixing layer. The unsteady mode is driven by a feedback loop in the recirculation region, which may also be relevant for other unsteady shock-motion already documented for shock-wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction. The impact of the large-scale dynamics on the transitional one is then assessed through the numerical filtering of those low wavenumber modes; they are found to have no impact on the transitional dynamics.

Published
2022

25. Numerical investigation of the unsteady distortion for an Sduct intake with mechanical vortex generators

Author

Geoffrey Tanguy, David G. MacManus, Eric Garnier, DAAA, ONERA [Lille], ONERA, Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides de Lille – Kampé de Fériet - UMR 9014 (LMFL), Centrale Lille-ONERA-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Cranfield University, DAAA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Meudon], and ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay

Subjects
Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes, ECOULEMENT INSTATIONNAIRE, DISTORTION, GENERATEUR TOURBILLON MECANIQUE, Stereo-particle image velocimetry, Mechanical Engineering, zonal detached eddy simulation, ENTREE AIR, Condensed Matter Physics, stereo-particle image velocimetry, [SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph], Vortex generators, Zonal detached eddy simulation, PIV, S-duct intake, ZDES, Unsteady flow distortion, vortex generators, unsteady flow
Abstract

International audience; Flow control devices are used within complex intakes to reduce the flow distortion which can adversely impact the stability and performance of embedded engines. There is a need to assess the capability of modern computational methods such as detached eddy based models to compute the unsteady flowfield and to evaluate the potential benefits of flow control devices on the unsteady distortion. This paper investigates the unsteady flowfield for an S-duct using Zonal Detached Eddy Simulations (ZDES) with passive flow control devices modelled with an overlapping Chimera grid method. The ability of ZDES to evaluate the impact of passive flow control devices on the unsteady flow distortion was assessed. The computed unsteady flowfield at the Aerodynamic Interface Plane was compared with experimental data based on total pressure and velocity field measurements. For the baseline configuration, the ZDES model has proven to be able to simulate the unsteady flowfield at the AIP, to provide the time averaged and fluctuating levels of swirl distortion within 1% and 13% respectively of the measurements. The strong impact of the flow control devices on the AIP flowfield was also captured by the ZDES. The overall increase of pressure ratio (PR) at the AIP due to the flow control devices was predicted with less than 1% error. The 65% reduction in swirl distortion fluctuation when the flow control devices are used was predicted within less than 8% error by the ZDES compared with S-PIV measurements. Overall it was determined that the ZDES method is able to simulate the unsteady flow and distortion characteristics for both the baseline reference configuration as well as the case with flow control.

Published
2022

26. BROADCAST: A high-order compressible CFD toolbox for stability and sensitivity using Algorithmic Differentiation

Author

Arthur Poulain, Cédric Content, Denis Sipp, Georgios Rigas, and Eric Garnier

Subjects
Hardware and Architecture, Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn), FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Physics - Fluid Dynamics, Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph), Physics - Computational Physics
Abstract

The evolution of any complex dynamical system is described by its state derivative operators. However, the extraction of the exact N-order state derivative operators is often inaccurate and requires approximations. The open-source CFD code called BROADCAST discretises the compressible Navier-Stokes equations and then extracts the linearised Nderivative operators through Algorithmic Differentiation (AD) providing a toolbox for laminar flow dynamic analyses. Furthermore, the gradients through adjoint derivation are extracted either by transposition of the linearised operator or through the backward mode of the AD tool. The software includes base-flow computation and linear global stability analysis via eigen-decomposition of the linearised operator or via singular value decomposition of the resolvent operator. Sensitivity tools as well as weakly nonlinear analysis complete the package. The numerical method for the spatial discretisation of the equations consists of a finite-difference high-order shock-capturing scheme applied within a finite volume framework on 2D curvilinear structured grids. The stability and sensitivity tools are demonstrated on two cases: a cylinder flow at low Mach number and a hypersonic boundary layer.

Published
2023

27. LOTVS: a global collection of permanent vegetation plots

Author

Daniel Gómez-García, Peter B. Adler, Norbert Juergens, Miklós Kertész, de Bello F, Katja Klumpp, Wolfgang Schmidt, Jiří Danihelka, Lauren M. Hallett, Ricardo Ibáñez, Luisa Conti, Rob H. Marrs, Josep Peñuelas, Martin Zobel, Martin Schuetz, Begoña Peco, Karsten Wesche, Eric Garnier, Hana Skálová, Frédérique Louault, Marie Šmilauerová, Thomas Galland, Fei-Hai Yu, Anna E-Vojtkó, Martin Stock, Tomáš Herben, Wiser Sk, Goetzenberger L, Marc Estiarte, Le Duc M, Truman P. Young, Minfang Song, Enrique Valencia, Ricardo García-González, Duncan M. Kimuyu, Gábor Ónodi, Hannah L. Buckley, Petr Šmilauer, Sperandii Mg, Marta Montenegro Rueda, Ute Schmiedel, James Val, Nicola J. Day, Paertel M, Jürgen Dengler, Vandvik, Bazzichetto M, Jan Lepš, Susan Harrison, David J. Eldridge, Anke Jentsch, Robin J. Pakeman, Christian Smit, and Ben A. Woodcock

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Resource (biology), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology (disciplines), Biodiversity, Sampling (statistics), Plant community, Ecological succession, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Plant ecology, Geography, Physical geography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Analysing temporal patterns in plant communities is extremely important to quantify the extent and the consequences of ecological changes, especially considering the current biodiversity crisis. Long-term data collected through the regular sampling of permanent plots represent the most accurate resource to study ecological succession, analyse the stability of a community over time and understand the mechanisms driving vegetation change. We hereby present the LOng-Term Vegetation Sampling (LOTVS) initiative, a global collection of vegetation time-series derived from the regular monitoring of vascular plants in permanent plots. With 79 datasets from five continents and 7789 vegetation time-series monitored for at least six years and mostly on an annual basis, LOTVS possibly represents the largest collection of temporally fine-grained vegetation time-series derived from permanent plots and made accessible to the research community. As such, it has an outstanding potential to support innovative research in the fields of vegetation science, plant ecology and temporal ecology.

Published
2021

29. Wind tunnel integration of Micro-Magneto-Mechanical Systems (MMMS) microvalves for flow control experiments

Author

Philippe Pernod, Denis Sipp, Eric Garnier, T. Arnoult, Cécile Ghouila-Houri, Abdelkrim Talbi, Colin Leclercq, Romain Viard, M. Benedito, A. Mazzamurro, Q. Gallas, DAAA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Meudon], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Acoustique Impulsionnelle & Magnéto-Acoustique Non linéaire - Fluides, Interfaces Liquides & Micro-Systèmes - IEMN (AIMAN-FILMS - IEMN), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), JMH Conception F- 68100 Mulhouse, France, Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides de Lille – Kampé de Fériet - UMR 9014 (LMFL), Centrale Lille-ONERA-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Laboratoire International associé sur les phénomènes Critiques et Supercritiques en électronique fonctionnelle, acoustique et fluidique (LIA LICS/LEMAC), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), This work was funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR) in the framework of the ANR ASTRID MATURATION 'CAMELOTT-MATVAL' Project. It is supported by the regional platform CONTRAERO in the framework of the CPER ELSAT 2020 Project. The Innovation Defense Agency (AID) has also financially sustained this work. The authors also thank RENATECH, the French national nanofabrication network, and FEDER., Renatech Network, ANR-18-ASMA-0008,CAMELOTT-MATVAL,Maturation & Valorisation de Capteurs et Actionneurs MEMS pour Le cOnTrôle réacTif d'écoulements(2018), and European Project

Subjects
Flow control (data), quasi-steady jets, Materials science, Mechanical engineering, cavity, flow control, pulsed jets, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, Momentum, Mechanical system, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Flow (mathematics), Control system, Micro-Magneto-Mechanical Systems (MMMS), Actuator, Magneto, Computer Science::Databases, Wind tunnel
Abstract

International audience; Flow control techniques can be defined as methods changing a flow natural dynamics. The control of a flow can be achieved with actuators affecting the flow momentum. Therefore, a MMMS microvalve was designed and characterized. The micro-actuators have then been integrated to a wind tunnel on the upstream corner of a cavity. Open-loop flow control experiments have been performed.

Published
2021

30. High temperature gradient micro-sensors for skin-friction measurement in flow control applications

Author

Abdelkrim Talbi, A. Mazzamurro, Eric Garnier, Romain Viard, Cécile Ghouila-Houri, T. Arnoult, A. Merlen, Philippe Pernod, Q. Gallas, M. Benedito, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Acoustique Impulsionnelle & Magnéto-Acoustique Non linéaire - Fluides, Interfaces Liquides & Micro-Systèmes - IEMN (AIMAN-FILMS - IEMN), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), DAAA, ONERA [Lille], ONERA, JMH Conception F- 68100 Mulhouse, France, Université de Lille, ONERA, Université de Toulouse [Mauzac], ONERA-PRES Université de Toulouse, Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR, This work was funded by the French National ResearchAgency (ANR) in the framework of the ANR ASTRID'CAMELOTT' and the ANR ASTRID MATURATION'CAMELOTT-MATVAL' projects. It is also supported bythe regional platform CONTRAERO in the framework of theCPER ELSAT 2020 Project. The Innovation Defense Agency(AID) has also financially sustained this work. The authorsalso thank RENATECH, the French national nanofabricationnetwork, and FEDER., Renatech Network, ANR-18-ASMA-0008,CAMELOTT-MATVAL,Maturation & Valorisation de Capteurs et Actionneurs MEMS pour Le cOnTrôle réacTif d'écoulements(2018), ANR-14-ASTR-0023,CAMELOTT,Capteurs et Actionneurs MEMS pour Le ConTrôle réactif de décollement sur voleT(2014), and European Project

Subjects
Flow control (data), Jet (fluid), Work (thermodynamics), Materials science, Calorimetric sensors, Acoustics, Temperature measurement, Temperature gradient, Flow separation, Flow control, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Transducer, Thermal, Wind tunnel experiments, MEMS sensors, Thermal sensors
Abstract

International audience; Robust micro machined high temperature gradient calorimetric (HTGC) transducers were designed and developed for flow separation control. Based on thermal principle, the transducers measure the amplitude and the sign of skin friction, making them particularly useful for flow separation detection. A set of 12 calorimetric micro-sensors along with miniaturized electronics was implemented on a flap model also equipped with pulsed jets. Flow control experiments were successfully conducted as the natural separation occurring on the model was detected by the micro sensors network and controlled by pulsed jet actuation. Ongoing work concerns the realization of closed-loop flow control experiments using the micro-sensors for feedback. © 2021 IEEE.

Published
2021

31. Quantifying the relationship linking the community-weighted means of plant traits and soil fertility

Author

Laurent Daou, Eric Garnier, Bill Shipley, Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
Specific leaf area, Biology, Structural equation modeling, plant height, Soil, Ecosystem, Cwm, leaf dry matter content, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 2. Zero hunger, Grime’s CSR strategies, Biomass (ecology), Ecology, soil fertility, Quebec, 15. Life on land, community weighted functional traits, Structural equation modelling, SEM, Trait, France, Soil fertility, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Weighted arithmetic mean, specific leaf area
Abstract

International audience; Is it possible to generalize relationships between certain plant traits and soil fertility? In particular, are there quantitative relationships between community-weighted mean (CWM) trait values of leaf dry-matter content (LDMC), specific leaf area (SLA), plant height, and Grime’s competitor-stress tolerator-ruderal (CSR) strategy scores and the generalized soil fertility, FG (i.e., the capacity of a soil to produce biomass when all nonsoil variables are held constant) that are generalizable across different species assemblages and geographical areas? We assessed FG in 21 sites in southern Quebec and 7 sites in southern France using a previously published method based on structural equation modeling. We then determined the CWM values of LDMC, SLA, plant height, and CSR scores in the 21 Quebec sites to obtain quantitative relationships between FG and these CWM traits. Using these relationships, we independently tested the generality of the trait–fertility relationships using data from French sites. The relationships between FG and the CWM traits were nonlinear, but displayed the expected qualitative trends as reported in the literature. In particular, the S score and CWM LDMC decreased with increasing soil fertility, and the R score and CWM SLA increased. CWM traits were more strongly correlated to measures of FG (r2 up to 0.48) than to measures of other soil characteristics (r2 up to 0.17 for nitrogen flux). Importantly, the independently tested French FG–trait relationships showed no significant deviations from these quantitative relationships. Further investigation is necessary to confirm if the same trend applies to other regions and or ecosystems.

Published
2021

32. A starting guide to root ecology: strengthening ecological concepts and standardizing root classification, sampling, processing and trait measurements

Author

Boris Rewald, Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna, Hans Lambers, Ina C. Meier, Grégoire T. Freschet, Tao Sun, A. Glyn Bengough, Marcin Zadworny, Larry M. York, Jitka Klimešová, Laura Rose, Oscar J. Valverde-Barrantes, Loïc Pagès, Monique Weemstra, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Johannes A. Postma, Eric Garnier, Ivano Brunner, Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia, V. G. Salmon, M. Luke McCormack, Peter Ryser, Štěpán Janeček, Moemy Gomes de Moraes, Catherine Picon-Cochard, Hendrik Poorter, Colleen M. Iversen, Alexandra Weigelt, Louise H. Comas, Elison B. Blancaflor, Catherine Roumet, Sarah A. Batterman, Arthur Gessler, Nishanth Tharayil, Nina Wurzburger, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Sarah E. Hobbie, Thomas S. Adams, Alexia Stokes, Liesje Mommer, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles (PSH), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Swiss Federal Research Institute, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System, VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Leiden University, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Florida International University [Miami] (FIU), Leipzig University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, University of Leeds, Federal University of Goiás [Jataí], The University of Western Australia (UWA), The Morton Arboretum, Narodowe Centrum Nauki. Grant Number: 2012/07/E/NZ9/00194, Volkswagen Foundation. Grant Number: 11-76251- 99-34/13 (ZN 2928), Natural Environment Research Council. Grant Numbers: NE/ M019497/1, NE/N012542/1, Grantová Agentura České Republiky. Grant Number: GA 19-13103S, British Council. Grant Number: 275556724, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung. Grant Number: 31003A_159866, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Grant Number: ME 4156/2-1, ANR-10-LABX-0041,TULIP,Towards a Unified theory of biotic Interactions: the roLe of environmental(2010), Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Environmental Sciences Division [Oak Ridge], UT-Battelle, LLC-UT-Battelle, LLC, Water Management and Systems Research (WMSR), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IB / CAS), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Macquarie University, The James Hutton Institute, University of Dundee, Noble Research Institut, Institut Fédéral de Recherches [Suisse], Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), University of Hamburg, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main-Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Leibniz Association-Leibniz Association, Laurentian University, Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], University of Georgia [USA], BioSciences Division [Oak Ridge], Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Clemson University, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité expérimentale du Groupe d'Etude et de contrôle des Variétés et des Semences - INRA Avignon (GEVES Cavaillon), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences (BIOLOGY CENTRE CAS), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Department of Environmental Sciences [Wageningen], Universiteit Leiden, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing], University of Oklahoma (OU), Charles University [Prague] (CU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de Recherche Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité (FR AIB), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Universität Leipzig

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Root (linguistics), Databases, Factual, Physiology, Computer science, Root ecology, Plant Science, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 01 natural sciences, trait measurements, starting guide, Protocol, below‐ground ecology, below-ground ecology, handbook, plant root functions, protocol, root classification, root ecology, root traits, Ecology, Handbook, Plants, Root traits, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, PE&RC, Phenotype, ddc:580, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Trait, Plantenecologie en Natuurbeheer, Trait measurements, Ecology (disciplines), Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Context (language use), 010603 evolutionary biology, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Controlled vocabulary, Ecosystem, Protocol (science), Forum, 15. Life on land, Metadata, Root classification, standardizing root classification, Below-ground ecology, Community Resources, Plant root functions, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany, Meaning (linguistics)
Abstract

In the context of a recent massive increase in research on plant root functions and their impact on the environment, root ecologists currently face many important challenges to keep on generating cutting-edge, meaningful and integrated knowledge. Consideration of the below-ground components in plant and ecosystem studies has been consistently called for in recent decades, but methodology is disparate and sometimes inappropriate. This handbook, based on the collective effort of a large team of experts, will improve trait comparisons across studies and integration of information across databases by providing standardised methods and controlled vocabularies. It is meant to be used not only as starting point by students and scientists who desire working on below-ground ecosystems, but also by experts for consolidating and broadening their views on multiple aspects of root ecology. Beyond the classical compilation of measurement protocols, we have synthesised recommendations from the literature to provide key background knowledge useful for: (1) defining below-ground plant entities and giving keys for their meaningful dissection, classification and naming beyond the classical fine-root vs coarse-root approach; (2) considering the specificity of root research to produce sound laboratory and field data; (3) describing typical, but overlooked steps for studying roots (e.g. root handling, cleaning and storage); and (4) gathering metadata necessary for the interpretation of results and their reuse. Most importantly, all root traits have been introduced with some degree of ecological context that will be a foundation for understanding their ecological meaning, their typical use and uncertainties, and some methodological and conceptual perspectives for future research. Considering all of this, we urge readers not to solely extract protocol recommendations for trait measurements from this work, but to take a moment to read and reflect on the extensive information contained in this broader guide to root ecology, including sections I–VII and the many introductions to each section and root trait description. Finally, it is critical to understand that a major aim of this guide is to help break down barriers between the many subdisciplines of root ecology and ecophysiology, broaden researchers’ views on the multiple aspects of root study and create favourable conditions for the inception of comprehensive experiments on the role of roots in plant and ecosystem functioning. ISSN:0028-646X ISSN:1469-8137

Published
2021

33. MEMS High Temperature Gradient Sensor for Skin-Friction Measurements in Highly Turbulent Flows

Author

Pascal Molton, Cécile Ghouila-Houri, Eric Garnier, Quentin Gallas, Romain Viard, Alain Merlen, Jerome Delva, Abdelkrim Talbi, Philippe Pernod, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Acoustique Impulsionnelle & Magnéto-Acoustique Non linéaire - Fluides, Interfaces Liquides & Micro-Systèmes - IEMN (AIMAN-FILMS - IEMN), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Laboratoire International associé sur les phénomènes Critiques et Supercritiques en électronique fonctionnelle, acoustique et fluidique (LIA LICS/LEMAC), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides de Lille – Kampé de Fériet - UMR 9014 (LMFL), Centrale Lille-ONERA-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), DAAA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Meudon], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, +CPER ELSAT 2020 project, This work was supported in part by the French National Research Agency (ANR) in the framework of the ANR ASTRID 'CAMELOTT' Project under Grant ANR-14-ASTR-0023-01, in part by the regional platform CONTRAERO in the framework of the CPER ELSAT 2020 project. T, Renatech Network, ANR-14-ASTR-0023,CAMELOTT,Capteurs et Actionneurs MEMS pour Le ConTrôle réactif de décollement sur voleT(2014), European Project, Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), and HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)

Subjects
Materials science, Temperature measurement, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, MEMS SENSOR, 010305 fluids & plasmas, [SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph], Physics::Fluid Dynamics, symbols.namesake, SKIN-FRICTION MEASUREMENT, Parasitic drag, Wide dynamic range, 0103 physical sciences, Shear stress, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Aerospace engineering, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, Instrumentation, Wind tunnel, Microelectromechanical systems, business.industry, Turbulence, 010401 analytical chemistry, Aerodynamics, Mechanics, 0104 chemical sciences, Temperature gradient, Mach number, Power consumption, symbols, business, Microfabrication
Abstract

This article was presented in part at the IEEE Sensors 2019 and in part at the Selected Papers from the IEEE SENSORS 2019 Conference.; International audience; This paper presents and discusses the results obtained with a MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical System) high temperature gradient sensor for time-averaged and fluctuating skin-friction measurements in highly turbulent flows. Designed as a robust wall-mounted suspended hot-wire structure, the micro-sensor was made using conventional microfabrication techniques, compatible with microelectronics for designing integrated smart systems. Successfully implemented into two air wind tunnels, the sensor was tested in a large range of turbulent flows, with mainstream velocities going up to 270 m/s (Mach number of 0.79), which corresponds to the mean velocity of airliner cruise flights. The experiments demonstrated the wide dynamic range of the micro-sensor without reaching its limits. The micro-sensor thereby demonstrated its value for measuring turbulence in aerodynamic applications, being particularly suitable for aeronautics.

Published
2021

34. Optimization of a Fluidic Vortex Generator’s Control in a Transonic Channel Flow

Author

Eric Garnier, Reynald Bur, Quentin Chanzy, DAAA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Meudon], and ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay

Subjects
Aerospace Engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Vortex generator, BOUNDARY LAYER, 01 natural sciences, Compressible flow, 010305 fluids & plasmas, SHOCK WAVE, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 0203 mechanical engineering, 0103 physical sciences, ACTIVE CONTROL, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], [MATH]Mathematics [math], Wind tunnel, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], 020301 aerospace & aeronautics, Mechanics, Open-channel flow, Vortex, Flow control (fluid), SEPARATION, Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations, Transonic
Abstract

International audience; Flow control of separation caused by transonic shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction (SWBLI) is investigated. The control of the unsteadiness associated with SWBLI is not an objective of this paper. A SWBLI in a transonic channel is considered, and Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations are carried out to compute the flow in the test section. The massive separation due to the interaction is controlled by fluidic vortex generators (VGs). Ten VGs are positioned in the center of the test section according to analyses based on physical considerations and literature results. A first kriging-based optimization is used to determine the most appropriate pitch and skew angles of the VGs. The optimum configuration found is then considered, and a second kriging algorithm is used to enhance the control of the corner flow by adding two VGs. The longitudinal and lateral locations and the pitch and skew angles of the two lateral VGs are optimized. The objective of these optimizations is to minimize the total pressure losses through the shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction. A configuration improving the objective function by 61% is found with slightly upstream-blowing jets. To understand this original finding, a comparison of the vorticity patterns generated by downstream- and upstream-blowing jets is therefore carried out.

Published
2020

35. Aerodynamic wall pressure measurement using a high temperature gradient Pirani micro-sensor

Author

T. Arnoult, Philippe Pernod, Romain Viard, Eric Garnier, Cécile Ghouila-Houri, Q. Gallas, M. Kazar-Mendes, A. Merlen, Abdelkrim Talbi, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Acoustique Impulsionnelle & Magnéto-Acoustique Non linéaire - Fluides, Interfaces Liquides & Micro-Systèmes - IEMN (AIMAN-FILMS - IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Laboratoire International associé sur les phénomènes Critiques et Supercritiques en électronique fonctionnelle, acoustique et fluidique (LIA LICS/LEMAC), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), JMH Conception F- 68100 Mulhouse, France, DAAA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Meudon], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, ANR ASTRID 'CAMELOTT' Project. It is supported by the regional platform CONTRAERO in the framework of the CPER ELSAT 2020 Project. The authors also thank RENATECH, the French national nanofabrication network, and FEDER., Renatech Network, ANR-14-ASTR-0023,CAMELOTT,Capteurs et Actionneurs MEMS pour Le ConTrôle réactif de décollement sur voleT(2014), Acoustique Impulsionnelle & Magnéto-Acoustique Non linéaire - Fluides, Interfaces Liquides & Micro-Systèmes - IEMN (AIMAN-FILMS-IEMN), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - Département Opto-Acousto-Électronique - UMR 8520 (IEMN-DOAE), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France), and Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA)

Subjects
Materials science, Pressure sensor, 02 engineering and technology, Pirani sensor, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Temperature measurement, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], law, 0103 physical sciences, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], [MATH]Mathematics [math], Aerodynamic wall pressure, Wind tunnel, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Aerodynamics, Mechanics, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, MEMS, Temperature gradient, Boundary layer, Pressure measurement, Flow velocity, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

International audience; This paper presents and discusses the first demonstration of aerodynamic wall pressure measurement using a thermal Pirani effect based micro-sensor. The thermal micro-sensor is designed as a suspended micro-hot-wire separated from the substrate by a nanoscale gap, and mechanically supported by perpendicular micro-bridges. The micro-sensor was calibrated for pressure measurement from 10 kPa to 800 kPa. It was then used as aerodynamic wall pressure sensor in a turbulent boundary layer wind tunnel and successfully measured the 1.1 kPa depression occurring in the wind tunnel when the flow velocity goes up to 40 m/s.

Published
2020

36. Synchrony matters more than species richness in plant community stability at a global scale

Author

Meelis Pärtel, Katja Klumpp, Jürgen Dengler, Romà Ogaya, Begoña Peco, Jiří Danihelka, Ricardo Ibáñez, Rob H. Marrs, Martin Stock, Thomas Galland, Susan K Wiser, Marc Estiarte, Anke Jentsch, Robin J. Pakeman, David Ward, Wolfgang Schmidt, Iker Pardo, Christian Smit, Martin Schuetz, Ricardo García-González, Martin Zobel, Eric Garnier, Hana Skálová, Minghua Song, Karsten Wesche, Richard F. Pywell, Vigdis Vandvik, Lars Götzenberger, Anna E-Vojtkó, Ben A. Woodcock, James Val, Marie Šmilauerová, Frédérique Louault, Norbert Juergens, Jan Lepš, Ute Schmiedel, Francesco de Bello, Susan Harrison, David J. Eldridge, Carlos P. Carmona, Josep Peñuelas, Peter B. Adler, Tomáš Herben, Roel van Klink, Fei-Hai Yu, Daniel Gómez-García, Miklós Kertész, Enrique Valencia, Gábor Ónodi, Petr Šmilauer, Marta Rueda, Truman P. Young, Conservation Ecology Group, Smit group, Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Palacky University Olomouc, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences [Tartu], University of Tartu, Universität Bayreuth, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos [Madrid] (URJC), University of South Bohemia, Institute of Physics of Materials of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IPM / CAS), Utah State University (USU), German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Masaryk University [Brno] (MUNI), Zürich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), University of Bayreuth, University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), CREAF - Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California, Charles University [Prague] (CU), Universidad de Navarra [Pamplona] (UNAV), Hamburg University of Applied Sciences [Hamburg], Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Liverpool, Open University of Catalonia [Barcelona], The James Hutton Institute, University of the Basque Country [Bizkaia] (UPV/EHU), Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), UK Centre of Ecology and Hydrology (UKCEH), Göttingen State and University Library (SUB Göttingen), Georg-August-University [Göttingen], University of Hamburg, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Community and Conservation Ecology Group [Groningen], Université de Groningen, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Landesbetrieb für Küstenschutz, Nationalpark und Meeresschutz Schleswig-Holstein [Husum, Allemagne] (LKN.SH), University of Bergen (UiB), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Kent State University, Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research [Lincoln], Taizhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Library of the Czech Academy of Sciences (LCAS), National Science Foundation (US), New Zealand National Vegetation Survey Databank, University of Minnesota, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (UK), Czech Science Foundation, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Comunidad de Madrid, Bello, Francesco de [0000-0001-9202-8198], Galland, Thomas [0000-0003-0883-8871], Lepš, J. [0000-0002-4822-7429], E‐Vojtkó, Anna [0000-0001-6370-680X], Carmona, Carlos P. [0000-0001-6935-4913], García-González, Ricardo [0000-0001-5625-8690], Götzenberger, L. [0000-0003-3040-2900], Bello, Francesco de, Galland, Thomas, Lepš, J., E‐Vojtkó, Anna, Carmona, Carlos P., García-González, Ricardo, and Götzenberger, L.

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Carbon Sequestration, Life on Land, Climate Change, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 333.7: Landflächen, Naturerholungsgebiete, Biodiversity, Land management, Climate change, Plant Development, climate change drivers, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, Climate change driver, Soil, 577: Ökologie, species richness, Life Below Water, Ecosystem, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 2. Zero hunger, Ecological stability, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, synchrony, Plant community, 15. Life on land, Biological Sciences, Plants, stability, 13. Climate action, Species evenness, evenness, Species richness
Abstract

The stability of ecological communities is critical for the stable provisioning of ecosystem services, such as food and forage production, carbon sequestration, and soil fertility. Greater biodiversity is expected to enhance stability across years by decreasing synchrony among species, but the drivers of stability in nature remain poorly resolved. Our analysis of time series from 79 datasets across the world showed that stability was associated more strongly with the degree of synchrony among dominant species than with species richness. The relatively weak influence of species richness is consistent with theory predicting that the effect of richness on stability weakens when synchrony is higher than expected under random fluctuations, which was the case in most communities. Land management, nutrient addition, and climate change treatments had relatively weak and varying effects on stability, modifying how species richness, synchrony, and stability interact. Our results demonstrate the prevalence of biotic drivers on ecosystem stability, with the potential for environmental drivers to alter the intricate relationship among richness, synchrony, and stability., We were supported by US NSF Grants DEB-8114302, DEB8811884, DEB-9411972, DEB-0080382, DEB-0620652, DEB-1234162, and DEB0618210; the Nutrient Network (https://nutnet.org/) experiment from NSF Research Coordination Network Grant NSF-DEB-1042132; the New Zealand National Vegetation Survey Databank; and Institute on the Environment Grant DG-0001-13. Data (Dataset 56, SI Appendix, Supplementary Text S4) owned by NERC Database Right/Copyright NERC. Further support was provided by the Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research project, Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve, and the University of Minnesota. The Rothamsted Long-term Experiments National Capability is supported by UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council Grant BBS/E/C/000J0300 and the Lawes Agricultural Trust. This research was funded by Czech Science Foundation Grant GACR16-15012S and Czech Academy of Sciences Grant RVO 67985939. E.V. was funded by 2017 Program for Attracting and Retaining Talent of Comunidad de Madrid Grant 2017-T2/AMB-5406.

Published
2020

37. Functional trait effects on ecosystem stability: assembling the jigsaw puzzle

Author

Maria Májeková, Luisa Conti, Alicia Montesinos-Navarro, Lauren M. Hallett, Christiane Roscher, Juli G. Pausas, Thomas Galland, Eric Garnier, Miguel Verdú, Sandra Lavorel, Jan Lepš, Marta Goberna, Lars Götzenberger, Francesco de Bello, Enrique Valencia, Anna E-Vojtkó, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Spain) (CSIC), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of South Bohemia, University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, České Budějovice, Czech Republic, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Generalitat Valenciana, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), and Comunidad de Madrid

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Functional diversity and redundancy, Population, Biodiversity, Insurance effect, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, Economics, Ecosystem, education, Empirical evidence, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecological stability, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Environmental resource management, Global change, 15. Life on land, Community weighted mean, Compensatory dynamics, Phenotype, 13. Climate action, Trait probability density, Trait, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Under global change, how biological diversity and ecosystem services are maintained in time is a fundamental question. Ecologists have long argued about multiple mechanisms by which local biodiversity might control the temporal stability of ecosystem properties. Accumulating theories and empirical evidence suggest that, together with different population and community parameters, these mechanisms largely operate through differences in functional traits among organisms. We review potential trait-stability mechanisms together with underlying tests and associated metrics. We identify various trait-based components, each accounting for different stability mechanisms, that contribute to buffering, or propagating, the effect of environmental fluctuations on ecosystem functioning. This comprehensive picture, obtained by combining different puzzle pieces of trait-stability effects, will guide future empirical and modeling investigations., This study is the result of an international workshop financed by the Valencian government in Spain (Generalitat Valenciana, reference AORG/2018/) and was supported by Spanish Plan Nacional de I+D+i (project PGC2018-099027-B-I00). E.V. was supported by the 2017 program for attracting and retaining talent of Comunidad de Madrid (no. 2017-T2/ AMB-5406).

Published
2020

38. Directional trends in species composition over time can lead to a widespread overemphasis of year-to-year asynchrony

Author

Martin Schuetz, Eric Garnier, Hana Skálová, Martin Stock, Marc Estiarte, Marie Šmilauerová, Martin Zobel, Norbert Juergens, Karsten Wesche, Jiří Danihelka, Katja Klumpp, Wolfgang Schmidt, Josep Peñuelas, Ricardo Ibáñez, Christian Smit, Ute Schmiedel, Frédérique Louault, Begoña Peco, Ricardo García-González, Truman P. Young, Marta Rueda, Vigdis Vandvik, Thomas Galland, Fei-Hai Yu, Anna E-Vojtkó, Ben A. Woodcock, Daniel Gómez, Petr Šmilauer, Enrique Valencia, Tomáš Herben, Luisa Conti, Jürgen Dengler, Rob H. Marrs, Meelis Pärtel, Gábor Ónodi, Lars Götzenberger, Miklós Kertész, James Val, Francesco de Bello, Susan Harrison, David J. Eldridge, Anke Jentsch, Robin J. Pakeman, Minghua Song, Jan Lepš, Smit group, National Science Foundation (US), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Comunidad de Madrid, European Commission, New Zealand National Vegetation Survey Databank, European Research Council, Estonian Research Council, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Czech Science Foundation, German Federal Environmental Foundation, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), Scottish Government's Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services, Bello, Francesco de, Lepš, J., Galland, Thomas, E‐Vojtkó, Anna, Götzenberger, L., Universidad Rey Juan Carlos [Madrid] (URJC), University of South Bohemia, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CZU), Masaryk University [Brno] (MUNI), Zürich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Universität Bayreuth, University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), CREAF - Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón [Saragoza, España] (ICMA-CSIC), University of Zaragoza - Universidad de Zaragoza [Zaragoza], Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California (UC), Charles University [Prague] (CU), Clínica Universidad de Navarra [Pamplona], Hamburg University of Applied Sciences [Hamburg], MTA-ELTE Research Group for Geology, Geophysics and Space Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)-Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Liverpool, The James Hutton Institute, University of Tartu, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Centro Nacional de Biotecnología [Madrid] (CNB-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Göttingen State and University Library (SUB Göttingen), Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf = University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf [Hamburg] (UKE), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences (BIOLOGY CENTRE CAS), Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences [Groningen] (GELIFES), University of Groningen [Groningen], Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Wadden Sea Centre, University of Bergen (UiB), Museum of Natural History Görlitz, Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Taizhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of California, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), Biocomputing Unit [Madrid], Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Bello, Francesco de [0000-0001-9202-8198], Lepš, J. [0000-0002-4822-7429], Galland, Thomas [0000-0003-0883-8871], E‐Vojtkó, Anna [0000-0001-6370-680X], and Götzenberger, L. [0000-0003-3040-2900]

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Asynchrony, Biodiversity, DIVERSITY, Plant Science, Biology, Year-to-year fluctuation, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, Year‐to‐year fluctuation, RICHNESS, Statistics, Ecosystem, Temporal dynamics, 577: Ökologie, Relative species abundance, year-to-year fluctuation, 2. Zero hunger, Ecology, STABILITY, temporal dynamics, synchrony, Plant community, Moving window, 15. Life on land, Population variability, COMMUNITY, Synchrony, 13. Climate action, COMPENSATORY DYNAMICS, BIODIVERSITY, Species richness, asynchrony, Quadrat, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Stability, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Questions. Compensatory dynamics are described as one of the main mechanisms that increase community stability, e.g., where decreases of some species on a year‐to‐year basis are offset by an increase in others. Deviations from perfect synchrony between species (asynchrony) have therefore been advocated as an important mechanism underlying biodiversity effects on stability. However, it is unclear to what extent existing measures of synchrony actually capture the signal of year‐to‐year species fluctuations in the presence of long‐term directional trends in both species abundance and composition (species directional trends hereafter). Such directional trends may lead to a misinterpretation of indices commonly used to reflect year‐to‐year synchrony. Methods. An approach based on three‐term local quadrat variance (T3) which assesses population variability in a three‐year moving window, was used to overcome species directional trend effects. This “detrending” approach was applied to common indices of synchrony across a worldwide collection of 77 temporal plant community datasets comprising almost 7,800 individual plots sampled for at least six years. Plots included were either maintained under constant “control” conditions over time or were subjected to different management or disturbance treatments. Results. Accounting for directional trends increased the detection of year‐to‐year synchronous patterns in all synchrony indices considered. Specifically, synchrony values increased significantly in ~40% of the datasets with the T3 detrending approach while in ~10% synchrony decreased. For the 38 studies with both control and manipulated conditions, the increase in synchrony values was stronger for longer time series, particularly following experimental manipulation. Conclusions. Species’ long‐term directional trends can affect synchrony and stability measures potentially masking the ecological mechanism causing year‐to‐year fluctuations. As such, previous studies on community stability might have overemphasised the role of compensatory dynamics in real‐world ecosystems, and particularly in manipulative conditions, when not considering the possible overriding effects of long‐term directional trends., We thank multiple entities for the financial support necessary to obtain the different databases: the U.S. National Science Foundation under grant numbers DEB‐8114302, DEB‐8811884, DEB‐9411972, DEB‐0080382, DEB‐0620652, DEB‐1234162, DEB‐9707477, DEB‐0316402, DEB‐08‐16453, and DEB‐12‐56034, DEB‐0618210, the Nutrient Network (http://www.nutnet.org) experiment from the National Science Foundation Research Coordination Network (NSF‐DEB‐1042132), the New Zealand National Vegetation Survey Databank, the Spanish MINECO (Project CGL2014‐53789‐R), the Madrid Regional Government (Projects REMEDINAL‐3 and REMEDINAL‐TE), the European Research Council Synergy grant 610028 (IMBALANCE‐P), the Institute on the Environment (DG‐0001‐13), the SOERE‐ACBB financed through French National Agency for Research (ANAEE‐F, ANR‐11‐INBS‐0001), the Estonian Research Council (IUT 20‐28, IUT 20‐29), Czech Science Foundation (GAČR 17‐05506S and 19‐28491X), the European Regional Development Fund (Centre of Excellence EcolChange), the German Federal Environmental Foundation (DBU) for a grant to the NABU Hamburg (management experiment Calamagrostis epigejos), and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research within the framework of the project BIOTA Southern Africa (promotion numbers 01LC0024, 01LC0024A and 01LC0624A2), Task 159 of SASSCAL (promotion number 01LG1201) and the Scottish Government's Rural and Environmental Science and Analytical Services division. Acknowledgement Data owned by NERC© Database Right/Copyright NERC. Further support was provided by the Jornada Basin Long‐Term Ecological Research (LTER) project, Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve and the University of Minnesota. We also thank the Lawes Agricultural Trust and Rothamsted Research for data from the e‐RA database. The Rothamsted Long‐term Experiments National Capability (LTE‐NCG) is supported by the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (Grant BBS/E/C/000J0300) and the Lawes Agricultural Trust.

Published
2020

39. Reproductive phenology as a dimension of the phenotypic space in 139 plant species from the Mediterranean

Author

Marie-Laure Navas, Jules Segrestin, Eric Garnier, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Mediterranean climate, Perennial plant, Physiology, Seed dispersal, Context (language use), Flowers, Plant Science, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Flowering, 03 medical and health sciences, Quantitative Trait, Heritable, Species Specificity, Seed maturation, Plant Physiological Phenomena, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Plant traits, Principal Component Analysis, Mediterranean Region, Phenology, Ecology, Reproduction, fungi, Water, food and beverages, 15. Life on land, Herbaceous plant, Comparative ecology, Phenotype, 030104 developmental biology, Phenotypic space, Seeds, Reproductive phenology, Trait, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Phenology, the study of seasonal timing of events in nature, plays a key role in the matching between organisms and their environment. Yet, it has been poorly integrated in trait-based descriptions of the plant phenotype. Here, we focus on three phases of reproductive phenology - time of flowering, time of seed dispersal and duration of seed maturation - to test how these traits relate to other recognized dimensions of plant functioning. Traits describing reproductive phenology, together with reproductive plant height, seed mass, area of a leaf, and traits involved in leaf economics, were compiled for 139 species growing under Mediterranean climate conditions. Across all species, flowering time was positively related to reproductive height, while the duration of seed maturation was related to leaf economics. Relationships differed among growth forms, however: flowering time and reproductive height were related both in annuals and in herbaceous perennials, whereas the duration of seed maturation was related to seed mass only in annuals; no correlations were found for woody species. Phenology relates to other dimensions of plant functioning in a complex manner, suggesting that it should be considered as an independent dimension in the context of plant strategies.

Published
2020

40. Transition scenario in hypersonic axisymmetrical compression ramp flow

Author

Samir Beneddine, Colin Leclercq, Eric Garnier, Reynald Bur, Mathieu Lugrin, DAAA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Meudon], and ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay

Subjects
Hypersonic speed, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, symbols.namesake, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 0103 physical sciences, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Mean flow, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], [MATH]Mathematics [math], 010306 general physics, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Shock (fluid dynamics), Mechanical Engineering, Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn), Reynolds number, Mechanics, Physics - Fluid Dynamics, Condensed Matter Physics, Nonlinear system, Boundary layer, Mach number, Flow (mathematics), Mechanics of Materials, symbols, TRANSITION LAMINAIRE TURBULENTE, ECOULEMENT HYPERSONIQUE
Abstract

International audience; A high-fidelity simulation of the shock/transitional boundary layer interaction caused by a 15∘ axisymmetrical compression ramp is performed at a free stream Mach number of 5 and a transitional Reynolds number. The inlet of the computational domain is perturbed with a white noise in order to excite convective instabilities. Coherent structures are extracted using spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD), which gives a mathematically optimal decomposition of spatio-temporally correlated structures within the flow. The mean flow is used to perform a resolvent analysis in order to study non-normal linear amplification mechanisms. The comparison between the resolvent analysis and the SPOD results provides insight on both the linear and nonlinear mechanisms at play in the flow. To carry out the analysis, the flow is separated into three main regions of interest: the attached boundary layer, the mixing layer and the reattachment region. The observed transition process is dependent on the linear amplification of oblique modes in the boundary layer over a broad range of frequencies. These modes interact nonlinearly to create elongated streamwise structures which are then amplified by a linear mechanism in the rest of the domain until they break down in the reattachment region. The early nonlinear interaction is found to be essential for the transition process.

Published
2020
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41. Aerodynamic Coefficient Reconstruction of a Controlled Spin Stabilized Projectile Using Mono and Multi Fidelity Surrogate Models

Author

Mickael Zeidler, Eric Garnier, and Guillaume Arnoult

Subjects
Surrogate model, Kriging, Projectile, Computer science, Trajectory, Applied mathematics, Aerodynamics, Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations, Spin (aerodynamics), Wind tunnel
Abstract

The trajectory of a 155 spin-stabilized controlled projectile is reproduced using surrogate models. RANS evaluations of a spoiler aerodynamic coefficients constitute a kriging database. The mono-fidelity surrogate model is unable to reproduce the evolution of the aerodynamic coefficients. A second level of fidelity is constituted of wind tunnel measurements in the definition of a cokriging model. The measurement points are chosen using an exchange algorithm over the available data. The inclusion of three experimental data points in the cokriging database improves greatly the accuracy of the coefficients estimations, leading to the quasi reproduction of the trajectory.

Published
2019

42. When is the best time to flower and disperse? A comparative analysis of plant reproductive phenology in the Mediterranean

Author

Marie-Laure Navas, Cyrille Violle, Eric Garnier, Maud Bernard-Verdier, Jean Richarte, Jules Segrestin, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), and Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, Ecology, Phenology, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Seed dispersal, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience

Published
2018

43. A revised trait-based framework for agroecosystems including decision rules

Author

Marie-Laure Navas, Gaëlle Damour, Eric Garnier, Fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de cultures horticoles (UPR HORTSYS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab [Meudon], and ONERA-Université Paris Saclay (COmUE)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Écologie, F40 - Écologie végétale, Agriculteur, Computer science, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, agroécologie, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, Agriculture durable, Agroecology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 2. Zero hunger, Structure (mathematical logic), Ecology, business.industry, Environmental resource management, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Decision rule, 15. Life on land, Environmental economics, Pratique culturale, approches participatives, Agroécosystème, Agriculture, Choix des espèces, Sustainability, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Trait, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Système de culture, Biodiversité, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, Cropping
Abstract

Summary Designing agroecological cropping systems, which have enhanced biodiversity and that improve agroecosystem services, is recognized as the most likely method of improving the environmental sustainability of agriculture. However, tools and methods for designing such systems are lacking. To help fill this gap, we propose a revised trait-based response/effect framework as applied to agroecosystems, which takes into account farmers' decision rules. The framework consists of a “Biophysical module”, which describes the biophysical functioning of the agroecosystem on a response/effect traits basis and a “Decision module”, which encompasses the farmer's choices that follow decision rules, to account for the high degree of human control of filters and community structure operating in cultivated systems. The introduction of the Decision module and its interactions with the Biophysical module opens new research priorities related to trade-offs between services, to species choice and to the relationships between the community composition, functional structure and the functions. Synthesis and applications. We proposed a revised trait-based response/effect framework as applied to agroecosystems, which incorporates farmers' decisions. This framework has great potential to address questions related to the strategic choices associated with multispecies cropping system design, from plant (species choices) to community (optimization of community composition) scales. It also contributes to improving the rationale to manage multifunctional agroecosystems, which extend beyond yield alone, by enabling the exploration of trade-offs between ecosystem services.

Published
2017

44. Plant community structure and nitrogen inputs modulate the climate signal on leaf traits

Author

Cyrille Violle, Henry Brisse, Sylvain Diquélou, Alexis Mikolajczak, Nicolas Viovy, Guilhem Debarros, Sandra Lavorel, Eric Garnier, Bernard Amiaud, Benjamin Borgy, Claudy Jolivet, Pierre Denelle, Patrice de Ruffray, Jens Kattge, Servane Lemauviel-Lavenant, Peter M. van Bodegom, Michael Bahn, Jenny C. Ordoñez, Jean Olivier, Philippe Choler, Jessy Loranger, François Munoz, Sophie Gachet, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre de Synthèse et d’Analyse sur la Biodiversité (CESAB), Fondation pour la recherche sur la Biodiversité (FRB), Université de Grenoble, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Université de Montpellier (UM), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS), Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), University of Innsbruck, VU University Amsterdam, Fédération des Conservatoires Botaniques Nationaux, Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie et Nutritions (EVA), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), InfoSol (InfoSol), Conservatoire Botanique National Alpin, Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes (IBMP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Systems Ecology, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Sherbrooke University, Unité INFOSOL (ORLEANS INFOSOL), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Conservatoire Botanique National Alpin (CBNA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Biogeochemical cycle, community functional structure, Specific leaf area, plant community, permanent pastures, Growing season, Biology, modèle, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, growing season length, fertilisation, permanent grasslands, functional biogeography, Nutrient, trait foliaire, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, environmental gradients, Relative species abundance, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 2. Zero hunger, numerical models, écosystème terrestre, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, land management, terrestrial ecosystems, facteur climatique, Plant community, prairie permanente, Vegetation, biogeochemical cycle, 15. Life on land, functional diversity, communauté végétale, Agronomy, fertilization, plant traits, 13. Climate action, azote disponible, Terrestrial ecosystem, cycle biogéochimique, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Aim: Leaf traits strongly impact biogeochemical cycles in terrestrial ecosystems. Understanding leaf trait variation along environmental gradients is thus essential to improve the representation of vegetation in Earth system models. Our aims were to quantify relationships between leaf traits and climate in permanent grasslands at a biogeographical scale and to test whether these relationships were sensitive to (a) the level of nitrogen inputs and (b) the inclusion of information pertaining to plant community organization. Location: Permanent grasslands throughout France. Methods: We combined existing datasets on climate, soil, nitrogen inputs (fertilization and deposition), species composition and four traits, namely specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content and leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, for 15,865 French permanent grasslands. Trait–climate relationships were tested using the following four climatic variables available across 1,833 pixels (5 km × 5 km): mean annual temperature (MAT) and precipitation (MAP), and two indices accounting for the length of the growing season. We compared these relationships at the pixel level using either using community-level or species’ trait means. Results: Our findings were as follows: (a) leaf traits related to plant nutrient economy shift consistently along a gradient of growing season length accounting for temperature and soil water limitations of plant growth (GSLtw); (b) weighting leaf traits by species abundance in local communities is pivotal to capture leaf trait–environment relationships correctly at a biogeographical scale; and (c) the relationships between traits and GSLtw weaken for grasslands with a high nitrogen input. Main conclusions: The effects of climate on plant communities are better described using composite descriptors than coarse variables such as MAT or MAP, but appear weaker for high-nitrogen grasslands. Using information at the community level tends to strengthen trait–climate relationships. The interplay of land management, community assembly and bioclimate appears crucial to the prediction of leaf trait variations and their effects on biogeochemical cycles.

Published
2017

45. Passive Flow Control Study in an S-Duct Using Stereo Particle Image Velocimetry

Author

Pavlos K. Zachos, Geoffrey Tanguy, Daniel Gil-Prieto, David G. MacManus, Eric Garnier, Cranfield University, ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab [Meudon], and ONERA-Université Paris Saclay (COmUE)

Subjects
Physics, 020301 aerospace & aeronautics, Acoustics, Aerospace Engineering, VELOCIMETRIE IMAGE PARTICULE, 02 engineering and technology, Aerodynamics, Vortex generator, Velocimetry, Boundary layer thickness, 01 natural sciences, [SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph], 010305 fluids & plasmas, Vortex, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, 0203 mechanical engineering, Particle image velocimetry, ECOULEMENT DYNAMIQUE, Particle tracking velocimetry, 0103 physical sciences, Duct (flow), ECOULEMENT DISTORSION ENTREE AIR, CONTROLE ECOULEMENT
Abstract

International audience; The ability of vortex generators to reduce the unsteady distortion at the exit plane of an S duct is investigated. The three components of the velocity at the aerodynamic interface plane were measured using a stereo particle velocimetry system with high spatial resolution. This enabled an assessment of the synchronous swirl distortion at the duct exit. A total of nine vortex generator cases have been investigated with a systematic variation of key design variables. Overall, the vortex generators change the duct secondary flows and separation and are able to substantially restructure the flowfield at the aerodynamic interface plane. The pressure distortion could be reduced up to 50%, and a reduction in pressure loss of 30% was achieved for the mean flowfield. The vortex generators had a substantial influence on the unsteadiness of the flowfield with a reduction in peak swirl unsteadiness of 61% and an overall reduction of unsteady swirl distortion of 67%. They also suppressed the primary unsteady flow switching mechanism of the datum configuration, which is associated with the oscillation of bulk and twin swirl regimes. Consequently, extreme events that lead to high swirl intensity are suppressed, which lower by 45% the maximum swirl intensity for the vortex generator cases.

Published
2017

46. Towards a thesaurus of plant characteristics

Author

Eric Garnier, Pedro Jaureguiberry, Stefan Klotz, J. Hans C. Cornelissen, Marie-Angélique Laporte, Gerhard Bönisch, Evan Weiher, Bernard Amiaud, Lutz Maicher, Sandra Díaz, Mark Schildhauer, Sophie Gachet, Christian Wirth, Baptiste Laporte, Ingolf Kühn, Farshid S. Ahrestani, Natalia Pérez-Harguindeguy, Ulrike Stahl, Hendrik Poorter, Cyrille Violle, Ian J. Wright, Bill Shipley, Sandra Lavorel, Isabelle Mougenot, Jens Kattge, Michael Kleyer, Daniel E. Bunker, Brian J. Enquist, Publica, Systems Ecology, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre de Synthèse et d’Analyse sur la Biodiversité (CESAB), Fondation pour la recherche sur la Biodiversité (FRB), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Bioversity International [Rome], Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR], Département Environnement et Ressources [Montpellier] (ESPACE-DEV), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG), Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University [New York], Frontier Wildlife Conservation [Mumbai], New Jersey Institute of Technology [Newark] (NJIT), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal [Córdoba] (IMBIV), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales [Córdoba], Universidad Nacional de Córdoba [Argentina]-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba [Argentina], Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology [University of Arizona], University of Arizona, Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), Faculty 5, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, AG Zoosystematics, University of Oldenburg, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Fraunhofer Center for International Management and Knowledge Economics (Fraunhofer MOEZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS), Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, Université de Sherbrooke, University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire (UWEC), Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], Dpt Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie University, GDR 2574 (‘Traits’)of CNRS (France), the TraitNet Research Coordination Network (US NationalScience Foundation Grant No. 0639161), the SONet effort (US NSF Grant No.0753144), the project ‘Towards a unifying system of plant trait definition andmeasurement’ (the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv)Halle-Jena-Leipzig/Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft via Grant No. 50170649_#16), the German Federation for Biological Data - GFBio (DeutscheForschungsgemeinschaft via Grant No. KA 3323/2-2), and FONCyT, CONICET,Universidad Nacional de Cordoba and Inter-American Institute for GlobalChange Research (CRN 2015 and SGP-CRA2015, supported by NS grantsGEO-0452325 and GEO-1138881)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, thesaurus, PLANT CHARACTERISTICS, Computer science, Otras Ciencias Biológicas, plant trait, Context (language use), CONTROLLED VOCABULARY, Plant Science, Ontology (information science), ECOLOGY, Semantics, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Terminology, Ciencias Biológicas, INFORMATICS, PLANT TRAIT, SEMANTICS, Controlled vocabulary, plant environmental association, informatics, THESAURUS, ontology, Semantic Web, semantics, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, biodiversity, Thesaurus (information retrieval), Ecology, Biological Ontologies, 15. Life on land, PLANT ENVIROMENTAL ASSOCIATION, ONTOLOGY, 13. Climate action, BIODIVERSITY, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, ecology, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, plant characteristics, 010606 plant biology & botany, controlled vocabulary
Abstract

The context of Open Biological Ontologies; (ii) whenever possible, the Entities and Qualities aretaken from existing terminology standards, mainly the Plant Ontology (PO) and Phenotypic QualityOntology (PATO) ontologies; and (iii) whenever a characteristic already has a definition, if appropriate,it is reused and referenced. The development of TOP, which complies with semantic web principles,was carried out through the involvement of experts from both the ecology and the semanticsresearch communities. Regular updates of TOP are planned, based on community feedback andinvolvement.3. TOP provides names, definitions, units, synonyms and related terms for about 850 plant characteristics.TOP is available online (www.top-thesaurus.org), and can be browsed using an alphabeticallist of characteristics, a hierarchical tree of characteristics, a faceted and a free-text search, andthrough an Application Programming Interface.4. Synthesis. Harmonizing definitions of concepts, as proposed by TOP, forms the basis for betterintegration of data across heterogeneous data sets and terminologies, thereby increasing the potentialfor data reuse. It also allows enhanced scientific synthesis. TOP therefore has the potential toimprove research and communication not only within the field of ecology, but also in related fieldswith interest in plant functioning and distribution Fil: Garnier, Eric. Université de Montpellier. Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; Francia Fil: Stahl, Ulrike. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research; Alemania. Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry; Alemania. Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research; Alemania Fil: Laporte, Marie-Angelique. Université de Montpellier. Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; Francia. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research; Alemania. Bioversity International; Italia Fil: Kattge, Jens. Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry; Alemania. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research; Alemania Fil: Mougenot, Isabelle. Maison de la Télédétection; Francia Fil: Kuhn, Ingolf. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research; Alemania Fil: Laporte, Baptiste. Centre for the Synthesis and Analysis of Biodiversity; Francia Fil: Amiaud, Bernard. Université de Lorraine; Francia Fil: Ahrestani, Farshid S.. Columbia University; Estados Unidos Fil: Bonisch, Gerhard. Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry; Alemania Fil: Bunker, Daniel E.. New Jersey Institute of Technology. Department of Biological Sciences; Estados Unidos Fil: Cornelissen, Johannes H. C.. Vrije Universteit; Países Bajos Fil: Díaz, Sandra Myrna. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Enquist, Brian J.. University of Arizona; Estados Unidos Fil: Gachet, Sophie. Avignon Université Avignon Université. Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale; Francia Fil: Jaureguiberry, Pedro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Kleyer, Michael. University of Oldenburg. Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences; Alemania Fil: Lavorel, Sandra. Université Joseph Fourier; Francia Fil: Maicher, Lutz. Universitat Jena; Alemania Fil: Pérez Harguindeguy, Natalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Poorter, Hendrik. Forschungszentrum Jülich; Alemania Fil: Schildhauer, Mark. University of California. National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis; Estados Unidos Fil: Shipley, Bill. Université de Sherbrooke; Canadá Fil: Violle, Cyrille. Université de Montpellier; Francia Fil: Weiher, Evan. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos Fil: Wirth, Christian. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research; Alemania Fil: Wright, Ian J.. Macquarie University; Australia Fil: Klotz, Stefan. Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research; Alemania

Published
2017

47. Bande de micro-capteurs à fort gradient thermique pour la détection du décollemen et son contrôle

Author

Cécile Ghouila-Houri, Quentin Gallas, A. Merlen, Philippe Pernod, Romain Viard, Abdelkrim Talbi, Eric Garnier, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Laboratoire International associé sur les phénomènes Critiques et Supercritiques en électronique fonctionnelle, acoustique et fluidique (LIA LICS/LEMAC), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Acoustique Impulsionnelle & Magnéto-Acoustique Non linéaire - Fluides, Interfaces Liquides & Micro-Systèmes - IEMN (AIMAN-FILMS-IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Fluiditech (Thurmelec), Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides de Lille – Kampé de Fériet - UMR 9014 (LMFL), Centrale Lille-ONERA-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), DAAA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay (COmUE) [Meudon], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - Département Opto-Acousto-Électronique - UMR 8520 (IEMN-DOAE), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France), Acoustique Impulsionnelle & Magnéto-Acoustique Non linéaire - Fluides, Interfaces Liquides & Micro-Systèmes - IEMN (AIMAN-FILMS - IEMN), and HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)

Subjects
Leading edge, Materials science, FROTTEMENT, THERMAL SENSORS, Acoustics, 02 engineering and technology, FLOW CONTROL, 01 natural sciences, Flow separation, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 0103 physical sciences, Shear stress, Trailing edge, General Materials Science, CAPTEUR, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, WALL SHEAR STRESS SENSORS, Civil and Structural Engineering, Wind tunnel, CONTROLE ECOULEMENT, 010302 applied physics, Microelectromechanical systems, [PHYS]Physics [physics], FLOW SEPARATION, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, MEMS SENSORS ARRAY, CALORIMETRIC SENSORS, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Flow control (fluid), Boundary layer, MEMS, Mechanics of Materials, Signal Processing, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

International audience; This paper reports the use of an array of calorimetric micro-sensors that perform bidirectional measurement of wall shear stress, for flow separation detection and control. The sensors design is hot-wire like with three parallel micro wires suspended over a micro-cavity and mechanically supported using periodic perpendicular micro-bridges. The micro-sensors were implemented on a flexible packaging and characterized in a turbulent boundary layer wind tunnel on a flat plate. An array of twelve micro-sensors were then implemented in a flap model designed for active flow control experiments and equipped with pulsed jet actuators. The work included the design and manufacturing of appropriate miniaturized electronics. Without control, the micro-sensors successfully detected the natural flow separation and the flow separation point moving from the trailing edge to the leading edge as the angle of the flap increased. Finally, the micro-sensors characterized the efficiency of the active flow control for avoiding separation.; Ce papier présente l'utilisation d'une bande de micro-capteurs de frottement, mesurant le sens de l'écoulement et la valeur du frottement, pour une application de détection et de contrôle d'un écoulement décollé.

Published
2019

48. D2KAB project taking off: Data to Knowledge in Agronomy and Biodiversity

Author

Aubin, Sophie, Adam-Blondon, Anne-Francoise, Alaux, Michael, Ba, Mouhamadou, Bernard, Stéphan, Bisquert, Pierre, Bossy, Robert, Brun, François, Buche, Patrice, Castelltort, Arnaud, Corby, Olivier, Cufi, Julien, David, Romain, Deleger, Louise, Dzale Yeumo, Esther, Faron Zucker, Catherine, Eric, Garnier, Graybeal, John, Haezebrouck, Théo-Paul, Larmande, Pierre, Menut, Luc, Michel, Franck, Musen, Mark, Nédellec, Claire, Pichot, Christian, Pinet, François, Pommier, Cyril, Roumet, Catherine, Roussey, Catherine, Todorov, Konstantin, Toulet, Anne, Jonquet, Clement, DIST Délégation Information Scientifique et Technique (DV-IST), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité de Recherche Génomique Info (URGI), Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées du Génome à l'Environnement [Jouy-En-Josas] (MaIAGE), Technologies et systèmes d'information pour les agrosystèmes (UR TSCF), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes (UMR IATE), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Association de Coordination Technique Agricole (ACTA), Fuzziness, Alignments, Data & Ontologies (FADO), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier (LIRMM), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Web-Instrumented Man-Machine Interactions, Communities and Semantics (WIMMICS), Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Scalable and Pervasive softwARe and Knowledge Systems (Laboratoire I3S - SPARKS), Laboratoire d'Informatique, Signaux, et Systèmes de Sophia Antipolis (I3S), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Informatique, Signaux, et Systèmes de Sophia Antipolis (I3S), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Mathématiques, Informatique et STatistique pour l'Environnement et l'Agronomie (MISTEA), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Stanford Center for BioMedical Informatics Research (BMIR), Stanford University [Stanford], API-AGRO, Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Scalable and Pervasive softwARe and Knowledge Systems (Laboratoire I3S - SPARKS), Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes [Avignon] (URFM 629), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Research Data Alliance, D2KAB, ANR-18-CE23-0017,D2KAB,DATA TO KNOWLEDGE IN AGRICULTURE AND BIODIVERSITY(2018), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), WEB-CUBE, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Laboratoire d'Informatique, Signaux, et Systèmes de Sophia Antipolis (I3S), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Stanford University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Délégation à l’information scientifique et technique (Cirad -Dgdrs-DIST), Direction Générale Déléguée à la Recherche et à la Stratégie (Cirad-Dgdrs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), ANR-18-CE23-0017,D2KAB,Des Données aux Connaissances en Agronomie et Biodiversité(2018), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Les instituts techniques agricoles (Acta), WEB Architecture x Semantic WEB x WEB of Data (WEB3), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)

Subjects
2. Zero hunger, Ontology alignment, [INFO.INFO-DB]Computer Science [cs]/Databases [cs.DB], Text mining, [INFO.INFO-WB]Computer Science [cs]/Web, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, Agriculture, Biodiversity, 15. Life on land, Agronomy, 12. Responsible consumption, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], Ontology repository, 13. Climate action, Knowledge graphs, Ontologies, Data integration, Linked open data, [INFO.INFO-BI]Computer Science [cs]/Bioinformatics [q-bio.QM], [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Semantic Web, Ontologies, Ontology repository, Ontology alignment, Linked open data, Knowledge graphs, Data integration, Text mining, Agronomy, Agriculture, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, [SDV.AEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition, Ecosystem, Semantic Web
Abstract

Agronomy/agriculture and biodiversity (ag & biodiv) communities face several major societal, economic, and environmental challenges that data science approaches will help address. To achieve their goals, researchers of these communities must be able to rapidly discover, aggregate, integrate, and analyse different types of data and information sources. Semantic technologies, combined to open, FAIR data and services, is one of the answers to fully knowledge-driven, and transparent science and innovation. The D2KAB project (www.d2kab.org) aims to create a framework to turn agronomy and biodiversity data into knowledge – semantically described, interoperable, actionable, open – and investigate the scientific methods and tools to exploit this knowledge for applications in agriculture and biodiversity sciences. This project, funded by French ANR (2019-2023), will provide the means –ontologies and linked open data– for ag & biodiv to embrace semantic Web technologies in order to produce and exploit FAIR data and services. To do so, D2KAB will develop new original methods and algorithms in the following areas: data integration, text mining, semantic annotation, ontology alignment and linked data exploitation and visualization. D2KAB project brings together a unique multidisciplinary consortium of 12 partners to achieve this objective: 2 informatics research units (LIRMM, I3S); 6 INRA/IRSTEA/IRD research units at the interface of computer science and ag & biodiv (URGI, MaIAGE, IATE, DIST, TSCF, DIADE) specialized in agronomy or agriculture; 2 labs in biodiversity and ecosystem research (CEFE, URFM); 1 association of agriculture stakeholders (ACTA); and 1 partnership with Stanford BMIR department. Three main goals drive D2KAB’s roadmap: To develop state-of-the-art methods and technologies for ontology lifecycle and alignment. To build the agronomy, agriculture and biodiversity Linked Open Data cloud. To enable new semantically driven agronomy and biodiversity science. The work is starting from the recommendations of several RDA WG and IG already published or in progress (e.g. Agrisemantic WG, Vocabulary Services IG, Wheat and Rice Data Interoperability WGs, Agricultural Data IG, SHARC IG). Some of the key technological building blocks of D2KAB are AgroPortal, a reference repository for ontologies and vocabularies in agronomy; AgroLD, a semantic Web knowledge base that integrates agronomic data from public databases including GO associations, Gramene, UniprotKB, and OryGenesDB ; Corese, a semantic Web factory that implements the W3C standards RDF, RDFS, OWL-RL and SPARQL, and LDScript, a Linked Data Script Language, and STTL, the SPARQL Template Transformation Language for RDF; and Alvis, a text mining for semantic normalisation of free text by ontologies. D2KAB will allow the valorization of ag & biodiv data into real world applications leading to economic impact, smart agriculture and ecological preservation. Five driving scenarios are planned: development of an ontology-based expert system to select food packaging solutions; creation of an augmented semantic reader for Plant Health Bulletins; advanced integration of textual and experimental data on wheat phenotypes; development of new ontologies on plant root traits and extension of the Thesaurus Of Plant Characteristics; integration of plant functional biogeography data related to the Mediterranean Basin. Each of the project scenarios will have a significant impact and produce concrete outcomes for ag & biodiv scientific communities and socio-economic stakeholders in agriculture.

Published
2019

49. MEMS calorimetric transducers for flow separation detection and control

Author

Cécile Ghouila-Houri, Abdelkrim Talbi, Romain Viard, Quentin Gallas, Eric Garnier, Alain Merlen, Philippe PERNOD, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Laboratoire International associé sur les phénomènes Critiques et Supercritiques en électronique fonctionnelle, acoustique et fluidique (LIA LICS/LEMAC), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Acoustique Impulsionnelle & Magnéto-Acoustique Non linéaire - Fluides, Interfaces Liquides & Micro-Systèmes - IEMN (AIMAN-FILMS-IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Fluiditech (Thurmelec), Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides de Lille – Kampé de Fériet - UMR 9014 (LMFL), Centrale Lille-ONERA-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), DAAA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay (COmUE) [Meudon], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, Acoustique Impulsionnelle & Magnéto-Acoustique Non linéaire - Fluides, Interfaces Liquides & Micro-Systèmes - IEMN (AIMAN-FILMS - IEMN), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - Département Opto-Acousto-Électronique - UMR 8520 (IEMN-DOAE), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France)-Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN) - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Ecole Centrale de Lille-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN), Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides de Lille – Kampé de Fériet (LMFL), Ecole Centrale de Lille-ONERA-École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers (ENSAM), Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and DAAA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Meudon]

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], MEMS, ÉCOULEMENT DÉCOLLÉ, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], FROTTEMENT, SHEAR STRESS, FLOW SEPARATION, CONTRÔLE DES ÉCOULEMENTS, MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES, FLOW CONTROL
Abstract

International audience; Robust micro machined high temperature gradient calorimetric (HTGC) transducers were developed for flow separation control. Based on thermal principle, the transducers measure the mean and fluctuating bidirectional shear stress that is particularly useful for flow separation detection. More than a hundred micro-sensors were simultaneously micro-machined using MEMS technology. A flexible array of calorimetric micro-sensors was implemented with miniaturized electronics on a flap model also equipped with pulsed jet actuators. Flow control experiments were successfully conducted as the natural separation occurring on the model was detected the HTGC micro sensors and controlled by pulsed jet actuation.

Published
2019

50. DNS Study of Roughness-Induced Transition at Mach 6

Author

Neil D. Sandham, Julien Lefieux, Eric Garnier, DAAA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay (COmUE) [Meudon], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, and University of Southampton

Subjects
Hypersonic speed, DNS, TRANSITION LAMINAIRE TURBULENT, Impulse (physics), 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, RUGOSITE, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], symbols.namesake, LAMINAR TURBULENT TRANSITION, HYPERSONIQUE, 0103 physical sciences, ROUGHNESS, Laminar-turbulent transition, 0101 mathematics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Physics, Turbulence, Reynolds number, Laminar flow, Mechanics, 010101 applied mathematics, Mach number, HYPERSONIC, symbols, Freestream
Abstract

International audience; In hypersonic flows, it is useful to be able to trip the transition to turbulence upstream of air intakes for example. In the present work, direct numerical simulations have been performed of the flow past an isolated roughness element at Mach 6. First, the capability of two solvers to compute laminar and transitional flow involving freestream disturbances was demonstrated. A series of simulations was then carried out without acoustic perturbation of the freestream. The Reynolds number was increased from 14,000, to 28,000 and then to 40,000. The first two cases remain laminar within the computational domain, whereas the last case undergoes a self-sustained transition to turbulence. A response to a perturbation impulse shows the presence of a varicose mode at the intermediate Reynolds number and a sinuous mode at the largest Reynolds number.; Dans les écoulements hypersoniques, il est nécessaire de pouvoir déclencher la transition vers la turbulence en amont des prises d'air par exemple. Dans cette étude, des simulations numériques directes de l'écoulement autour d'une rugosité isolée à Mach 6 ont été réalisées Dans un premier temps la capacité de deux solveurs à prédire l'écoulement laminaire ainsi que transitionnel impliquant des perturbations acoustiques a été démontrée. Une série de simulations a ensuite été réalisée à Mach 6 avec perturbations acoustiques. Le nombre de Reynolds a été augmenté de 14,000 à 28,000 puis à 40,000. Les deux premiers cas demeurent laminaires, alors que le dernier cas expérience une transition auto-entretenue vers la turbulence.Une étude de la réponse à une perturbation impulsionnelle montre la présence d'une instabilité variqueuse au nombre de Reynolds intermédiaire, et une instabilité sinueuse au plus fort nombre de Reynolds.

Published
2019

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