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Bu çalışmada yeni ve gelişmekte olan teknolojilerden ultrason kullanımının ozon ve enzim kullanımı ile kombine edilmesi ve bunların tekstil terbiye uygulanmalarında kullanımları araştırılmıştır.Ultrason insanın duyma limitinin üzerinde ses dalgalarının bilimidir. Tekstil terbiyesinde kullanımı yönünde çalışmalar yenidir ve hala uygulamaya yansımış değildir. Literatürde anlatılan deneysel çalışmalarda tekstil terbiye işlemlerinde ultrason kullanımının birçok avantaj sağladığı rapor edilmiştir. Tekstil terbiyesinde enzimatik işlemler ılımlı şartlarda muamele ve doğal yapıları ile düşük çevresel etkilerinin yanında substrat spesifikliği ile mamüle zarar vermeme gibi avantajları barındırdıklarından mümkün olan alanlarda tercih edilmektedir. Tekstil terbiyesinde enzimlerin ticari kullanımının henüz yerleşemediği alan enzimatik ağartmadır. Ozon ise yüksek oksidasyon potansiyeline sahip bir gaz olup son yıllarda ozonun terbiyede kullanımı üzerine giderek artan çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Tekstil terbiyesinde ozon kullanımının avantajları; enerji tasarrufu, kimyasal madde tasarrufu ve atık yükünde azalmadır.Yapılan çalışma kapsamında üç iş paketi belirlenmiştir. Bu iş paketlerinin ilkinde ozon ve ultrasonun kombine kullanımının atık boyama banyolarının renk ve KOİ giderimi üzerine etkisi belirlenmiştir. İkinci iş paketinde enzimatik hidrofilleştirmede pektinaz ve enzimatik ağartma işlemlerinde lakkaz ve glikozoksidaz enzimleri kullanılarak ultrasonun desteğinin etkisi araştırılmıştır. Üçüncü iş paketinde pamuk ve yün kumaşların ağartılmasında ultrason ve ozon kombinasyonunun etkisi belirlenmiştir.Ultrason desteğinin tüm iş paketlerinde işlem etkinliğini artırdığı tespit edilmiş olup detaylar tez çalışmasının içeriğinde verilmiştir.Tez çalışması 110M300 no'lu TÜBİTAK 1001 projesi kapsamında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Proje Uludağ Üniversitesi Tekstil Mühendisliği Bölümünde yürütülmüştür.Anahtar Kelimeler: Ultrason, Ozon, Enzim, Tekstil terbiyesi.2012, xii + 140 sayfa. In this project, the combination of ultrasound with ozone and enzymes, which are new and emerging technologies, and the use of ozone and ultrasound in textile wet processing was evaluated.Ultrasonic is the science of sound waves above the limits of human audibility. The ultrasound in textile industry is a new method. In experimental studies mentioned in the literature use of ultrasound in textile treatment was reported to provide several advantages. Enzymes are used in mild conditions in textile finishing resulting in less environmental impact and less fiber damage. Enzymatic bleaching is a topic which is a scientific concern that could not find commercial use yet. Ozone is an oxidative gas with a high oxidation potential. There are several studies for the utilisation of ozone in textile finishing. The advantages of ozone utilisation in textile finishing are; energy savings, chemical savings and environmentally friendly production.In the first section of this project, the effect of the combined use of ultrasound and ozone on decolorization and COD reduction of waste dyeing bath was determined. In the second section of this project, the usage of pectinase, laccase and glucoseoxidase enzymes and the effects of ultrasonic support on these enzymatic treatments in textile finishing were tested. Finally, in the third section of the project, in bleaching of cotton and wool fabrics, the effect of combined use of ultrasound was examined.Ultrasound asist increased the effectiveness of the treatments in all three sections of the Project, detailed results are given within this project report. 155

In this study, the effects of ultrasound on the bioscouring of cotton by alkaline pectinase were examined. Conventional alkaline scouring was considered as the control treatment, and two different sources of ultrasound, an ultrasonic bath and an ultrasonic homogeniser, were tested, along with the enzymatic scouring process. Results indicated a clear increase in the efficiency of the enzymatic scouring process when the ultrasonic homogeniser was used: wettability time and wicking distance after ultrasonic homogeniser-assisted bioscouring were much better than for enzymatic scouring without the use of ultrasound energy and almost the same as when conventional alkaline scouring was employed. Ultrasonic bath-assisted enzymatic bioscouring gave slightly better results than enzymatic scouring without sonication. Reasons for the difference in efficacy of the ultrasound sources were postulated. Weight loss was increased by the use of ultrasonic equipment during enzymatic scouring. Fabric thickness and fabric strength was not significantly affected by the scouring processes. The environmental impact of the processes was also monitored by chemical oxygen demand measurement of the treatment liquors. Conventional alkaline scouring resulted in the highest environmental impact. Ultrasonic homogeniser-assisted bioscouring also led to slightly higher chemical oxygen demand loads than other enzymatic processes owing to the more efficient removal of impurities.

In this study, the effects of ultrasound on ozone treatment processes for bleaching cotton fabrics were investigated and compared with the conventional hydrogen peroxide bleaching process (60 °C over 90 min). Two ultrasonic + ozone treatments of cotton fabric samples were carried out: (1) ozone in an ultrasonic homogenizer (UH) and (2) ozone in an ultrasonic bath. Ozone dosages, temperature and time variations were determined with both ozone-ultrasonic bleaching processes. Whiteness, yellowness, weight, tensile strength properties, FTIR (ATR) spectra and visual appearance, via scanning electron microscopy of treated cotton fabrics as well as chemical oxygen demand (COD) of bleaching effluents, were investigated. It was concluded that the ozone + UH process, conducted for 30 min at 30 °C, produced closely equivalent values of cotton fabric whiteness and yellowness to the classic peroxide bleaching process, with slightly less weight loss, dramatically less COD in the process effluent (29 mg/l for ozone-UH vs. 4,316 mg/l for classical peroxide treatment), and without causing any adverse and/or detrimental effects on loss of fabric strength or elongation of the cotton fabrics. The ozone-UH process also leads to time and energy savings with much less environmental impact. Consequently, the combination of ozonation plus UH carried out at 30 °C over 30 min can be used successfully for cotton bleaching instead of the classic hydrogen peroxide bleaching process. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

In this study, the effect of ultrasound on the activity of the glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme for bleaching of the cotton fabrics was investigated. Hydrogen peroxide generation with the GOx enzyme from glucose was carried out under ultrasonic homogenizer (UH) and ultrasonic bath support. The aim of using ultrasonic support was to increase the yield of the enzyme reactions. The enzymatically generated hydrogen peroxide was used for bleaching of cotton fabrics. The bleaching process was performed at 90 °C and pH 11 (with NaOH) for 60 min, followed by rinsing at 70 and 50 °C then cold washing. The whiteness degrees of the cotton samples that were bleached by the generated peroxide were compared to the whiteness degrees of the conventionally bleached cotton fabrics. Sufficient whiteness degrees in cotton fabrics could be obtained by enzymatically generated hydrogen peroxide by UH support. The initial whiteness degree of the cotton fabric was 59.9 Stensby degrees; the whiteness was increased to 75.6 Stensby degrees by the GOx enzyme under UH support where the conventional bleaching process yielded a whiteness value of 76.7 Stensby degrees. For efficient cotton bleaching by the GOx enzyme, UH support contributed to the concentration of enzymatically generated hydrogen peroxide by the GOx enzyme. Bleaching of cotton by the GOx enzyme was approved as a more environmentally friendly process compared to the conventional bleaching method in respect of the results of chemical oxygen demand tests. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

In this study, the effects of ozonation, ozonation with ultrasonic bath and ozonation with ultrasonic homogeniser processes on colour and chemical oxygen demand removal properties of disperse (CI Disperse Red60, CI Disperse Blue337) and reactive (CI Reactive Blue171 and CI Reactive Blue19) dyebath solutions with and without dyeing auxiliaries were investigated. Chemical oxygen demand (in mg/l) and colour (in Hazen) measurements of the studied dyebath solutions were determined. The ozonation process caused simultaneous chemical oxygen demand removal during decolorisation. However, the improvement in chemical oxygen demand reduction was less than of that on decolorisation. The application of the combination of ozonation with ultrasonic homogeniser is the most efficient process and creates a great time advantage over the other process types studied (ozonation alone and ozonation with ultrasonic bath) to reach the same colour and levels of chemical oxygen demand removal. © 2012 The Authors. Coloration Technology © 2012 Society of Dyers and Colourists.