30 results on '"Erhan, Koray"'
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2. Prototype production and comparative analysis of high-speed flywheel energy storage systems during regenerative braking in hybrid and electric vehicles
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Erhan, Koray and Özdemir, Engin
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- 2021
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3. Module and Cell Configuration Optimization for Multiple Voltage Level EV Battery Pack
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Öz, Nurşah, primary, Erhan, Koray, additional, and Baba, Ahmet Fevzi, additional
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- 2023
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4. Determination and Static Analysis of the Chassis Model for Electric Vehicles
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ERHAN, KORAY, primary, KURT, MUSTAFA CAN, additional, and ERFAN KUYUMCU, FERİHA, additional
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- 2023
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5. Dynamic energy management for photovoltaic power system including hybrid energy storage in smart grid applications
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Aktas, Ahmet, Erhan, Koray, Özdemir, Sule, and Özdemir, Engin
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- 2018
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6. Experimental investigation of a new smart energy management algorithm for a hybrid energy storage system in smart grid applications
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Aktas, Ahmet, Erhan, Koray, Ozdemir, Sule, and Ozdemir, Engin
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- 2017
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7. Feasibility Check of Electrification in Metrobus Line
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AVL Research & Engineering, Turkey, Gucukoglu, Turgay, Sarı, Haluk, Erhan, Koray, AVL Research & Engineering, Turkey, Gucukoglu, Turgay, Sarı, Haluk, and Erhan, Koray
- Abstract
Today, climate change is a significant effect on population growth, especially in big cities. Transport in metropolitan cities is the most important reason for climate change with the contribution of CO2 pollution that threatens human health and the environment. Electrified transport systems can, therefore, provide a suitable solution to air pollution and health problems. This study investigates the feasibility of applying electric buses to the Metrobus line in Istanbul. Initially, Metrobus line data regarding the number of vehicles, number of stops, route length is gathered from the official Istanbul transportation system to define how much energy is needed for the routes. Then, it is analyzed how to re-charge proposed batteries for the allocation of chargers on the stations where it is applicable. It is observed that the electrification of each line is not possible.
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- 2020
8. A Novel Cost-efficient Daylight-based Lighting System For Public Buildings: Design And Implementation
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Ayaz, Murat, primary, Yucel, Ugur, additional, Erhan, Koray, additional, and Ozdemir, Engin, additional
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- 2020
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9. Feasibility Check of Electrification in Metrobus Line
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Gucukoglu, Turgay, primary, Sarı, Haluk, additional, and Erhan, Koray, additional
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- 2020
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10. Comprehensive Analysis of Pre-Charge Sequence in Automotive Battery Systems
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Ozguc, Murat Kubilay, primary, Ipek, Eymen, additional, Aras, Kadir, additional, and Erhan, Koray, additional
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- 2019
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11. Comprehensive Analysis of Pre-Charge Sequence in Automotive Battery Systems
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AVL Research & Engineering, Turkey, Ozguc, Murat Kubilay, Ipek, Eymen, Aras, Kadir, Erhan, Koray, AVL Research & Engineering, Turkey, Ozguc, Murat Kubilay, Ipek, Eymen, Aras, Kadir, and Erhan, Koray
- Abstract
Electric vehicles (EV) have brought promising technologies for future mobility solutions. As one of the key components of EVs, battery systems have fundamental functions which disconnect the battery during parking and in case of failure. To provide a safe system, specialized high voltage (HV) electromechanical switches are used to perform these major functions such as switch on, switch off or pre-charging. Due to these components can be easily damaged, expensive, heavy and bulky, a solution based on pure semiconductors may be desired to accomplish these operations. Many studies were exhibited on EV battery systems regarding developing solid-state systems for HV switchgear. Developing technology on semiconductor devices allows to make a safety concept based on only solidstate components. This study presents a comprehensive analysis off pre-charge sequences between conventional and semiconductor switchgear to be used in electric vehicle battery systems. Spice simulations are presented to investigate advantages and drawbacks of these systems.
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- 2019
12. Effects of Cell and Module Configuration on Battery System in Electric Vehicles
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Eren, Mahmut Kerem, İpek, Eymen, Aras, Kadir, Gücükoğlu, Turgay, and Erhan, Koray
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Battery electric vehicle,battery pack,battery module,battery cell ,Battery module ,Engineering ,Battery electric vehicle ,Research Subject Categories::TECHNOLOGY::Electrical engineering, electronics and photonics::Electric power engineering ,Battery cell ,Mühendislik ,Battery pack - Abstract
Battery pack is one of the most important powertrain components in Electric Vehicles (EV). The performance of battery pack directly affects vehicle’s range and performance. Configuration of cells and modules inside battery pack also plays an important role on battery performance and safety. In this study, the work deals with an electric vehicle that has 400 V DC bus voltage and 78 kWh total energy content. When the vehicle’s battery is designed, the criteria to be focused on are evaluated for three different configurations of given cell quantity. Thus, optimum design solution can be achieved. According to calculations, cost analysis, total electrical power loss and most efficient solution scenarios (alternatives) are determined for these three different configurations afterwards system complexity is optimized. In the first configuration, 8 series modules are selected which have 12s6p cell configuration. In the second configuration, there are 16 modules with 8s2p module combination. Each module is equipped with 12s3p cell configuration. Last configuration has 16 modules in series where each module has 6s6p cell configuration. Advantages and disadvantages of the systems are revealed as a result of the calculations made for each configuration.
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- 2018
13. Design and Implementation of Automation System for Water Leakage Test in Vehicles
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Özdemir, Engin, Ayaz, Murat, and Erhan, Koray
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Engineering ,Mühendislik ,Industrial automation systems,Automotive applications,PLC ,Endüstriyel otomasyon sistemleri,Otomotiv uygulamaları,PLC - Abstract
Otomotivsektörü, araştırma-geliştirme faaliyetlerinin sürekli olarak devam ettiği veher geçen gün yeni bir teknolojinin entegre edildiği bir alandır. Otomotivüreticileri pazardaki diğer üreticiler ile rekabet edebilmek için gerek üretimmaliyetlerini gerekse de üretim standartlarını sürekli olarak iyileştirmekzorundadırlar. Bu durum otomotiv sektöründe, otomasyon sistemlerinin dahayaygın bir biçimde kullanılmasını kaçınılmaz hale getirmektedir. Bu çalışmada,bir otomotiv üretim tesisinde üretilen aracın kalite kontrol testlerinden biriolan basınçlı su ile sızdırmazlık testinin, kesintisiz ve seri üretimiaksatmayacak şekilde gerçekleştirilmesini sağlayacak bir otomasyon sistemtasarımı ele alınmaktadır. Tasarlanan basınçlı su testi sisteminde bütünaraçların aynı standardı sağlayacak şekilde, eşit sürelerde ve tamamenkurutulduktan sonra bir sonraki istasyona ulaşması sağlanmaktadır. Bu işlemlergerçekleştirilirken minimum enerji ve su sarfiyatı yapılması hedeflenmektedir.Bu amaçla, geleneksel sistemlere göre bazı tasarım değişiklikleriyapılmaktadır. Böylece % 40’lara varan enerji ve % 80’e varan su tasarrufusağlanmaktadır. Ayrıca, test sistemi operatörlerden bağımsız hale getirilereküretim sürecinin kesintiye uğraması veya sistemin gereksiz yere çalışmasıönlenmektedir., Automotive production is a field which is open tocontinuous improvement and the application of new technologies. Automotivemanufacturers have to constantly improve production costs, as well asproduction standards, in order to maintain and increase their market share.This situation makes inevitable to develop or extend usage of the automationsystems in the automotive production lines. In this study, an automation systemdesign that is enable perform pressurized water leakage test of vehicleswithout interrupt of the serial production in automotive production lines ishandled. Before vehicles transferred the next assembly station, it is ensuredthat all the vehicles are tested at the same standard pressure values and atequal duration in the proposed pressure water test system. The minimum energyand water consumption has been aimed during carrying out these processes. Forthis purpose, some design changes have been made compared to conventionalsystems. Thus, up to 40% energy and up to 80% water savings have been achieved.In addition, by making the system independent from the operators, the proposedautomation system provides to prevent the production process from beinginterrupted or running the system unnecessarily.
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- 2018
14. Hibrit ve elektrikli araçlarda volan ve ultrakapasitör teknolojilerinin kullanımının incelenmesi ve volan enerji depolama ünitesinin prototip üretimi
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Erhan, Koray, Özdemir, Engin, and Enerji Sistemleri Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı
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Energy ,Electric vehicles ,Energy storage system ,Flywheels ,Enerji - Abstract
Elektrikli ve hibrit elektrikli araç teknolojileri günümüzde artan bir ivme ile gelişmektedir. Düşük karbon salınımı ile çevreci, düşük enerji tüketimiyle ise verimli olan bu araçların yaygınlaşmasının önündeki en önemli engel menzil problemi olmaktadır. Araç üreticileri yüksek menzile sahip araçları üretme ve üretilen bu araçları geleneksel araçlara yakın fiyatlara mal etmekte zorlanmaktadırlar. Bir diğer husus araçlarda kullanılan bataryaların şarj işleminin yakıt dolum süresinden çok daha uzun sürmesidir ve bu durumun uzun menzilli yolculuklarda özellikle elektrikli araçlar için büyük sorun teşkil etmektedir. Bu doğrultuda, mevcut enerji kapasitesiyle araçlara daha uzun menzil kat ettirmek üzerine çok sayıda verimlilik artırıcı uygulama ve geliştirme çalışması mevcuttur. EA ve HEA'larda verimlilik artırmaya yönelik çalışmaların başında geri kazanımlı frenleme gelmektedir. Enerji kaybı en çok araçların hızlanması ve yavaşlaması sırasında yaşanmaktadır. Geri kazanımlı frenleme ile aracın sahip olduğu kinetik enerji yavaşlama sırasında depolanmakta ve hızlanma sırasında tekrar kullanılmaktadır. Bu tez çalışmasında, geri kazanımlı frenleme enerjisinin depolanması için geleneksel yöntemlerden (bataryaya depolama) farklı olarak Volan Enerji Depolama Sistemi önerilmektedir. Literatürde yer alan mekanik enerji aktarımı ile enerji depolayan sistemlere alternatif olarak, elektriksel enerji aktarımı prensibiyle çalışan VEDS ünitesi önerilmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında farklı hızlarda, kütlelerde ve enerji depolama kapasitelerine sahip 4 adet VEDS üretimi gerçekleştirilmekte ve bu sistemlerin performans analizleri yapılmaktadır. Geri kazanımlı frenleme enerjisinin depolanması için kullanılan bir diğer yöntem ise Ultra-kapasitör Enerji Depolama Sistemidir (UEDS). UEDS teknolojisinin araçlarda kullanımına yönelik performans testleri de yine çalışma kapsamında gerçekleştirilmektedir. Sonuç olarak ise VEDS ile UEDS teknolojilerinin EA ve HEA'larda kullanımının avantaj ve dezavantajları deneysel olarak ortaya konmaktadır. Electric and hybrid electric vehicle technologies are developing at a great speed. These vehicles are environmentally friendly with low carbon emissions and efficient with low energy consumption. The most important obstacle to the widespread usage of these vehicles is the short range problem. Vehicle manufacturers are forced to produce long range vehicles with low costs. Another point is that the batteries used in vehicles need a much longer charge time than the fill up the fuel, which is a big problem especially for electric vehicles on long-haul journeys. To overcome these problems, there are a large number of productivity enhancing application and development studies on increasing the range of the vehicle with available battery capacity. The most useful and preferred tehcnology is regenerative braking systems in EVs and HEVs. The highest energy loss occurs during acceleration and deceleration (braking). With the regenerative braking system, the kinetic energy of the vehicle is stored during deceleration and reused during acceleration. In this thesis study, the Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) is proposed to store the regenerative braking energy instead of conventional storage system like battery., The FESS unit, which operates on the principle of electrical energy transfer is proposed as an alternative to the mechanical energy transferred FESS. Within the scope of the study, four FESS production with different speeds, masses and energy storage capacities are realized and performance analyzes of these systems are performed.Another method for storing the regenerative braking energy is the Ultra-Capacitor Energy Storage System (UESS). Performance tests of the UESS technology in EVs and HEVs are also performed in this study.As a result, the advantages and disadvantages of using VEDS and UEDS technologies in EA and HEA are empirically performed. 114
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- 2018
15. An Energy Storage System Including Ultra-capacitor Unit for Extended Driving Range of EVs
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AYAZ, MURAT, AKTAŞ, AHMET, ÖZDEMİR, ENGİN, and ERHAN, KORAY
- Published
- 2017
16. Araçlarda Su Sızdırmazlık Testi için Otomasyon Sistem Tasarımı ve Uygulaması
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Özdemir, Engin, primary, Ayaz, Murat, additional, and Erhan, Koray, additional
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- 2018
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17. Opportunities and challenges for energy storage applications in smart grid
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AKTAŞ, AHMET, ÖZDEMİR, ŞULE, Erhan, Koray, and ÖZDEMİR, ENGİN
- Abstract
Energy storage technologies (EST) will have an important position in combination of renewable energy sources (RES) in modern electrical power systems and smart grid. EST can provide more balancing and flexibility to the power system, providing incorporation of intermittent RES to the smart grid. Energy storage technologies have a critical function to provide ancillary services in the generation mode for smart grid. This paper gives a short overview of the current energy storage technologies and their applications available and the opportunities and challenges the power systems faces for successful integration of RES to smart grid. This paper also discusses different types of EST experimentally tested in smart grid environment such as electrochemical batteries and ultra-capacitor energy storage systems. This paper is concluded by giving some important experimental results, recommendations and suggestions to whom, which are studying on different energy storage applications including battery and ultra-capacitors in the smart grid.
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- 2017
18. A Case Study for Hybrid Energy Storage System Supplied from Grid Connected Photovoltaic Power
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ÖZDEMİR, ENGİN, ÖZDEMİR, ŞULE, ERHAN, KORAY, and AKTAŞ, AHMET
- Published
- 2016
19. Conceptual Design of a Smart Parking Lot System for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
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ERHAN, Koray, primary, AYAZ, Murat, additional, and ICER, Yusuf, additional
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- 2018
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20. Design and Analysis of Flywheel Regenerative Braking Energy Storage System for Hybrid and Electrical Vehicles
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ERHAN, KORAY, AKTAŞ, AHMET, and ÖZDEMİR, ENGİN
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- 2016
21. Design and Analysis of Ultra-Capacitor Regenerative Braking Energy Storage System for Hybrid and Electrical Vehicles
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ÖZDEMİR, ENGİN, ERHAN, KORAY, and AKTAŞ, AHMET
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- 2016
22. AKILLI ŞEBEKELERDE ENERJİ DEPOLAMA UYGULAMALARININ ÖNÜNDEKİ FIRSATLAR VE KARŞILAŞILAN ZORLUKLAR
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Özdemir, Engin, primary, Aktaş, Ahmet, additional, Erhan, Koray, additional, and Özdemir, Şule, additional
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- 2017
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23. Şebeke Bağlantılı Fotovoltaik Elektrik Üretim Sistemlerinin Güç Kalitesine Etkileri ve Performans Analizi
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AKTAŞ, AHMET, ÖZDEMİR, ENGİN, Erkurt, Selma, Koç, İsmail Murat, and ERHAN, KORAY
- Published
- 2015
24. Development of a Hybrid Energy Storage System Composed Battery And Ultracapacitor Supplied from Photovoltaic Power Source for 3-Phase 4-Wire Smart Micro Grid Structure
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AKTAŞ, AHMET, ERHAN, KORAY, ÖZDEMİR, ENGİN, and ÖZDEMİR, ŞULE
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- 2015
25. Akıllı Şebekelerde Enerji Depolama Çözümleri
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Özdemir, Engin, İsmail Murat Koç, Erhan, Koray, and Aktaş, Ahmet
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- 2015
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26. Analysis of a Hybrid Energy Storage System Composed from Battery and Ultra-capacitor
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ÖZDEMİR, ENGİN, ERHAN, KORAY, and AKTAŞ, AHMET
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- 2014
27. Animation Based PLC and Human Machine Interface Module Technical Training Set
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AYAZ, Murat, ERHAN, Koray, ÖZDEMİR, Engin, and ÇİLLİYÜZ, Yusuf
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PLC,Operation panel,Technical training set,Automation system ,PLC,Operatör panel,Eğitim Seti,Otomasyon sistemleri - Abstract
Günümüz teknolojisinde yaşanan hızlı gelişim, endüstri alanının her noktasında olduğu gibi otomasyon sistemlerini de doğrudan etkilemektedir. Bu doğrultuda otomasyon sistemini oluşturan alt bileşenlerinde sürekli değişimi ve gelişimi kaçınılmaz olmaktadır. Bütün bu yenilik ve gelişmeler e açık teknik elemanların eğitilmesi, endüstri talepleri bakımından büyük bir önem arz etmektedir. Teknik elemanların yetiştirilmesinde, teknolojik gelişmeleri güncel bir şekilde takip eden üniversiteler, meslek yüksekokulları ve meslek liseleri başlıca so rumlu kuruluşlardır. Bu kurumlarda verilen eğitimlerin nitelikli ve yetkin olabilmesi için hem teorik hem de pratik öğretilerin deney sistemleri ile sağlanması gerekmektedir. Özellikle uygulamalı eğitimde kullanılan deney sistemlerinin düşük maliyetli, güv enlik şartlarını sağlayan ve güncel gelişmelere uyum sağlayabilecek yapıda olması tercih edilmelidir. Bu çalışmada, belirtilen özellikleri sağlayabilecek bir deney seti önerilmektedir., The rapid development of today's technology directly affects automation systems as well as at every point in the industrial area. In this regard the sub - components of the automation systems have continuously developed and changed. In terms of industry, education of the technical personel has importance. Universities, technical colleges and vocational schools following current technological d evelopments are mainly responsible organizations for training of technical personnel. To effective technical education in these institutions, both theoretical and practical teachings should be provided by experimental systems. Especially in the practical t raining, experimental systems should be low - priced, safety and innovative. In this study, a low - priced, safety and innovative experimental set is recommended.
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- 2014
28. Energy storage technologies opportunities and challenges in smart grids
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Ozdemir, Engin, primary, Ozdemir, Sule, additional, Erhan, Koray, additional, and Aktas, Ahmet, additional
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- 2016
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29. Gerilim çentiği tespiti için yeni bir algoritma tasarımı
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Erhan, Koray, Usta, Ömer, Elektrik Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, Elektrik Mühendisliği, and Electrical Engineering
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Power Quality ,Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği ,Güç Kalitesi ,Gerilim Çentiği ,Voltage Notch ,Electrical and Electronics Engineering - Abstract
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2013, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2013, Günümüzde enerji ihtiyacı her geçen gün artmaktadır. Artan ihtiyaçla birlikte enerjinin üretilmesi ve tüketilmesi konuları da önem kazanmaktadır. Teknolojinin ilerlemesiyle, geçmişte çok fazla dikkat edilmeyen ve ihmal edilebilecek boyutlarda olan bazı olaylar, bugün dikkat edilmesi ve önlem alınması gereken durumlar halini almıştır. Bu durumlar neticesinde, zaman içerisinde bir takım yeni kavramlar ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu kavramlardan biri de “Güç Kalitesi”dir. Güç kalitesi kavramı enerjinin üretim evresinden başlayarak iletimi, dağıtımı ve son kullanıcı tarafından tüketilmesine kadar geniş bir yelpazede ele alınmaktadır. Enerjinin yol aldığı her bir aşama için dünya genelinde güç kalitesini düzenleyen bazı standartlar ortaya konulmuştur. Bu standartlar enerji üretimi ve tüketimi arasında kalite bakımından bir denge kurmak üzere hazırlanmışlardır. Bu tezde güç kalitesini olumsuz yönde etkileyen olaylardan biri olan “Gerilim Çentiği” etkisini tespit etmek için bir algoritma tasarlanmıştır. Birinci bölümde tezin amacına ve neden gerilim çentiği algılama algoritması geliştirilmek istendiğine yer verilmiştir. Gerilim çentiğinin sebep olduğu olaylardan bahsedildikten sonra literatür araştırması yapılmıştır. Literatürde gerilim çentiği tespiti yapılmak üzere hangi yöntemlerin kullanıldığı ve bu yöntemlerin pozitif ve negatif yönlerinden bahsedilmiştir. Ayrıca literatürdeki çalışmaların eksik yönlerine atıfta bulunularak çalışma sonunda bu eksikler kapatılmıştır. İkinci bölümde öncelikle güç kalitesi kavramı açıklanmıştır. Ardından IEEE Std 1159-2009 ve IEEE Std 519-1992 standartları temel alınarak güç kalitesini bozan olaylar sırasıyla açıklanmıştır. Geçici olaylar, kısa süreli gerilim değişimleri, uzun süreli gerilim değişimleri, dengesizlikler, dalga şekli bozuklukları, gerilim dalgalanmaları ve frekans değişimleri tek tek ele alınmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde standartlar çerçevesinde gerilim çentiği tanımına yer verilmiştir. Bununla birlikte gerilim çentiği tespitinde kullanılacak olan kriterler irdelenerek bu kriterler hakkında açıklamalarda bulunulmuştur. Aynı zamanda kabul edilebilir sınır değerler tablo halinde verilmiştir. Daha sonra gerilim çentiği tespiti için tasarlanan algoritmanın akış diyagramı çizilmiştir. Akış diyagramında numaralandırılan işlem basamakları teker teker açıklanmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde geliştirilen algoritmanın performans analizine yönelik çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Öncelikle standartta gerilim çentiğinin oluşmasına sebep olarak gösterilen üç fazlı kontrolsüz bir doğrultucu modeli oluşturulmuştur. Ardından bu modelden elde edilen gerilim dalgası algoritmayı test etmek için kullanılmıştır. Test işleminin ardından elde edilen sonuçlar değerlendirilmiştir. Bir sonraki test işleminde karşılaştırmalı performans analizi yapılmıştır. İlk olarak standartta belirtilen kriterlerden yola çıkılıp bir algoritma oluşturularak, performans analizi harmonikli bir dalga ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonucunda standarttaki kriterlerin yeterli seçiciliğe sahip olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Ardından standarttaki kriterlere ek olarak yeni bir kriter ortaya konulup işlem basamakları algoritmaya eklenmiştir. Daha sonra aynı harmonikli dalga kullanılarak performans analizi işlemi tekrar edilmiştir. Sonucunda çentik etkili dalga ile harmonikli dalga birbirinden başarı ile ayırt edilebilmiştir. Bir sonraki kısımda grafiksel olarak çenik etkisine çok benzeyen bir dalga ile algoritma performansı karşılaştırmalı olarak test edilmiştir. Test işleminin sonucunda çentik etkisine benzer özellikler gösteren harmonikli dalga çentik etkisinden başarılı bir şekilde ayırt edilmiştir. Bir sonraki performans analizinde darbe işareti kullanılarak algoritma test işlemi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu test işlemi sonucunda da hedeflenen sonuç elde edilmiştir. Ardından algoritma şebekenin sinüzoidal formunu bozmayan gerilim düşmesi (voltage sag) olayı ile test edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak algoritma bu testten de başarılı bir şekilde geçmiştir. Bir sonraki performans analizi güç kalitesini bozucu etkilerden biri olan gerilim şişmesi (voltage swell) olayı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Algoritma bu performans analizinden de başarılı bir şekilde geçerek ele alınan bütün bozucu etkileri çentik etkisinden ayırt etmede olumlu sonuçlar vermiştir., At the present time, the need of electrical energy has been increasing. With this rising need, the subjects of being produced and being consumed of energy has gained importance. By development of technology; some events like transients, RMS variations, unbalance conditions, waveform distortions, voltage fluctuations and power frequency variations that were unimportantly observed and could be accepted as neglected events in the past have today become the situations to be considered and taken precautions on. As a result of those cases mentioned above, in time, some new concepts have come out and one of these concepts is called ‘’Power Quality’’. The concept of power quality has been handled within the large spectrum of starting from the production stage of electricity to its transmission, distribution and also being consumed by last user. For each process of progressing energy, some worldwide standards which regulate the power quality have been presented. Those standards have been prepared to harden between the producing and consuming electrical energy in terms of power quality. In this thesis, an algorithm has been proposed in order to detect the ‘’Voltage Notch’’ which is one of the events that affects power quality. In the first section of the thesis included objectives of the thesis, a literature review is carried out for power quality and voltage notch detection. The literature survey covers present techniques used to detect voltage notch. The advantages and disadvantages of the present techniques in detecting voltage notch are also discussed. Notching is a periodic voltage disturbance caused by the normal operation of power electronics devices when current is commutated from one phase to another. During this period, there is a momentary short circuit between two phases. Voltage notching represents a special case that is periodic, yet has frequency content that is quite high. Thus it has attributes that could be considered both transients and harmonic distortion. Since notching occurs continuously (steady-state), it can be characterized through the harmonic spectrum of the affected voltage. However, the frequency components associated with notching can be quite high and may not be readily characterized with measurement equipment normally used for harmonic analysis. Three-phase converters are the most important case of voltage notching. In the second section, primarily the concept of “Power Quality” was explained. Then, the events distorting Power Quality and included in IEEE Std 1159-2009 and IEEE Std 519-1999 standards were discussed in detail. These events are; transients, short-duration RMS variations, long-duration RMS variations, imbalanced, waveform distortions, voltage fluctuations and power frequency variations. Transient simply states that it is the “part of the change in a variable that disappears during transition from one steady-state operating condition to another. Broadly speaking, transients can be classified into two categories, impulsive and oscillatory. These terms reflect the wave-shape of a current or voltage transient. An impulsive transient is a sudden, non-power frequency change from the nominal condition of voltage, current, or both, that is unidirectional in polarity. An oscillatory transient is a sudden, non-power frequency change in the steady-state condition of voltage, current, or both, that includes both positive and negative polarity values. Short-duration RMS variations category encompasses the IEC category of voltage dips and short interruptions as well as the antithesis of dip: the swell. Short-duration voltage variations are almost always caused by fault conditions, the energization of large loads which require high starting currents, or intermittent loose connections in power wiring. Long-duration variations encompass rms deviations at power frequencies for longer than 1 min. Long-duration variations can be either overvoltages or undervoltages, depending on the cause of the variation. Overvoltages and undervoltages generally are not the result of system faults. They are caused by load variations on the system and system switching operations. Imbalance (sometimes called unbalance) in a three-phase system is defined as the ratio of the magnitude of the negative sequence component to the magnitude of the positive sequence component, expressed as a percentage. This definition can be applied for either voltage or current. Typically, the voltage imbalance of a three-phase service is less than 3%. The current imbalance can be considerably higher, especially when single-phase loads are present. Voltage fluctuations are systematic variations of the voltage envelope or a series of random voltage changes. Such voltage fluctuations can be perceived by humans by changes in lamp illumination intensity. To measure these voltage fluctuations, the functional and design specifications of flickermeter are given in IEC 61000-4-15. Power frequency variations are the deviation of the power system fundamental frequency from its specified nominal value (e.g., 50 Hz, 60 Hz). The steady-state power system frequency is directly related to the rotational speed of the generators on the system. At any instant, the frequency depends on the balance between the load and the capacity of the available generation. When this dynamic balance changes, small changes in frequency occur. Waveform distortion is defined as a steady-state deviation from an ideal power frequency sinusoid principally characterized by the spectral content of the deviation. There are five primary types of waveform distortion: DC offset, harmonics, interharmonics, notching and noise. In the third section, the definition of ‘’Voltage Notch’’ took place firstly as in the related standards. Secondly the weakness of the notch detection algorithm included in the standard is discussed. The present algorithm consists of three criteria as follows. Criteria 1: The average depth of the line voltage notch from the sine wave of voltage. Criteria 2: The area of the line voltage notch. It is the product of the notch depth, in volts, times the width of the notch measured in microseconds. Criteria 3: The ratio of the root-mean-square of the harmonic content to the root-mean-square value of the fundamental quantity, expressed as a percent of the fundamental. The weakness in the present algorithm stated in the standard was about the discrimination between detection of the harmonic related events and voltage notches. A new criterion was added to present algorithm to overcome the weakness. The new criterion use the derivative of the voltage signal, calculates the RMS value of the derivative and compare the obtained with a pre-defined value. This pre-defined value was obtained using several experimental tests. The new criterion provides an ability to distinguish between voltage notch and harmonic related events. Thus the proposed algorithm consists of four different criteria as stated follows, while the standard has a technique with three criteria. Criteria 0: The derivative of the distorting signal which is obtained by superposition principle will be calculated. Then RMS of this signal will be calculated and normalized by the mains voltage. Lastly, the result will be compared with the setting value of 1.5 which is obtained by previous experiences. With this comparison, application of the rest of the criteria will be determined. Criteria 1: The average depth of the line voltage notch from the sine wave of voltage. Criteria 2: The area of the line voltage notch. It is the product of the notch depth, in volts, times the width of the notch measured in microseconds. Criteria 3: The ratio of the root-mean-square of the harmonic content to the root-mean-square value of the fundamental quantity, expressed as a percent of the fundamental. Finally, the flow chart of the proposed algorithm was also given step by step in section 3. In the fourth section, the computer simulation studies required to analyze the performance of the new algorithm in detecting voltage notch and distinguishing between voltage notch and other power quality events. For this purposes a three phase uncontrolled rectifier model was developed using Matlab-Simulink to produce voltage waveform corrupted with voltage notches. Then these types of waveforms were used to test the performance of the new algorithm. Computer simulation studies have shown that the new method detects the voltage notch correctly as stated in the related standards. Computer simulation studies were also extended to include the comparative performance analysis of the developed algorithm with the algorithm defined in the related standard. A voltage distortion similar to the voltage waveform distorted by a notch was produced using Matlab. This distortion was produced using different harmonic waveforms rather than using a switching event. The new algorithm did not detect this switching event as a voltage notch as it is expected. However the method in the standard detects this event as a voltage notch. The new algorithm performance was also tested using different voltage signals as corrupted by transient, sag and swell. As it is expected the new algorithm did not detect these events as a voltage notch., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.
- Published
- 2013
30. AUTOMATION SYSTEM DESIGN FOR FAULT DETECTION IN STREET LIGHTING
- Author
-
AYAZ, Murat, ERHAN, Koray, KUNDAKCİ, İ. Malik, and ERTUNC, H. Metin
- Subjects
Engineering ,Mühendislik ,Street lighting systems,industrial automation,industry 4.0,plc - Abstract
Today, with the Industrial 4.0 revolution, industrialapplications are being designed with information technology. Substantialproperties such as decision making, action taking and traceability forindustrial applications are achieved with usage of information technology. Justas in all areas of industry, lighting applications are evaluated within thisscope. In this study, a fault detection system is developed to find thelocation of faults in street lighting. A transformer center provides energy formany street lighting fittings. In some cases, many of the lighting columns arefed by a single distribution transformer. Detection of a faulty lamp in a largenumber of lighting fittings is often not possible, and the user is adverselyaffecting comfort. Generally, the authorities are aware of the situation bymeans of the complaints of the neighborhood residents. With the proposedalgorithm given in this study, it is possible to predict which lighting fittingis faulty with the help of the current sensors placed in the transformercenter. Current values of each lines connected to the transformer is evaluatedin the proposed fault detection system. As it is known how many lightingcolumns are in each line, it can be determined by making calculations how manylighting fittings are defective on one line. Then, the proposed systemcalculates the equivalent resistor value and estimates location of the faultylighting fitting. For example, 15 lighting columns fed by same line are dividedinto 3 groups such as 1-5, 5-10 and 10-15, and the location of the faultylighting fitting can be estimated within a certain range (groups). This allowsdetermining the location of the faulty lighting column within a 100-meter zoneinstead of within lighting columns located in hundreds of kilometers zone. Inthis regard, intervention to the fault is possible in a short time and withgreat certainty. This situation provides both reducing of the workforce andimproving user comfort.
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